reviving Versailles at its glory; by 'Les Paons' (1901), on precious stones and their mystic meanings; and by two volumes of essays, 'Roseaux pensants (1897) and 'Autels privilégiés (1899), both attempting to appreciate some wronged artist. Later works include 'Professionelles beautés (1905); Altesses sérénissimes (1907); Assemblée de notables' (1909); La petite mademoiselle' (1911); L'inextricable graveur Rodolphe Bresdin' (1913). He appeared in New York in the winter of 1902-03 as a lecturer and reader. His style is hyper-æsthetic, with much weird beauty, and his themes strangely far-fetched.

or

MONTESSORI, mon'tës-sō'rē, Maria, Italian educator: b. Rome, about 1872. She was educated to be a physician, and while studying applied herself especially to the investigation of nervous diseases in children, and to the problem of evolving a form of training that would draw out the capabilities of those of diseased and abnormal temperaments. She was the first woman to be graduated in medicine at the University of Rome (1894), and for some time she acted as an assistant in the Psychiatric Clinic and later as a lecturer on anthropology in that institution. Then for six years she was in charge of one of the hospitals for defective children in Rome. Having acquired a familiarity with the systems of Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Seguin, Itard and other early masters, she now developed therefrom a method of educating feeble-minded children under more modern conditions. In 1898-1900 she was directress of the Scuola Ortofrencia, mind-strengthening school, where she met with marked success in applying the methods, particularly, of Seguin and Itard to the education of defectives. She then devoted herself to the study of experimental psychology, pedagogic anthropology and the methods of modern education. An occasion offered in 1907 for putting her theories to practical test, when a school was established in connection with the tenants erected by the Roman Association for Good Building. The first house (Cora dei Bambini) was opened in January 1907, and was soon followed by three others. Dr. Montessori maintained her connection with these schools until 1911 when she devoted her time to the extension of her methods to older children. Both professional educators and laymen have taken a deep interest in her work, the principles of which she has set down in Antropologia pedagogica) (Eng. trans. by F. T. Cooper, 'Pedagogic Anthropology, New York 1913) and Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle case dei Bambini) (Eng. trans. by A. E. George, The Montessori Method,' New York 1912).

MONTEVERDE, mỏn'tā-vãr'dā, or MONTEVERDI, Claudio, Italian composer: b. Cremona, May 1567; d. Venice, 29 Nov. 1643. He was a pupil of Ingegneri at Mantua, became (1590) violinist and singer at the Mantuan court and was appointed (1602) bandmaster. In 1613 he was appointed bandmaster of Saint Mark's, Venice, in which position he served till his death. His is one of the most interesting personalities in the history of modern music. He was a pioneer in opera and became noted as composer of madrigals before entering (1583) the operatic field. Among his operas are

'Orfeo (1607); 'Arianna' (1608); 'Proserpina rapita' (1630); Adone) (1639); 'Enca e Lavinia (1641); Ulisse' (1641); L'incoronatione di Pappea' (1642). He also composed a ballet, Tirsi e Clori (1615) and the dramatic scene 'Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda (1624), besides numerous religious works as masses, psalms, motets, etc. Consult Vogel, Emil, Claudio Montéverdé (in Vierteljahrsschrift für Musikwissenschaft 1889); Goldsmith, Studien der geschichte der Italienischen Opera in 17 Jahrhundert' (Leipzig 1904); Mitjana, Rafael, Claudio Monteverde (Malaga 1911).

MONTEVERDE, Giulio, Italian sculptor: b. Bistagno, 8 Oct. 1837. He was at first woodcarver, but went to the academy at Genoa (1859) and won (1865) the Prize of Rome. His first works were a statuette of 'Columbus as a Boy, a Group of Children playing with a Cat, the Genius of Franklin,' copies of which are found everywhere. He became noted outside Italy by his group 'Jenner inoculating his own Child, a work showing great refinement and sentiment. Of his more recent works should be mentioned 'Crucifixion' in marble; memorial to Bellini for Catania; King Victor Emanuel for Bologna (1888). From 1874 he has been professor of San Luca Academy at Rome.

MONTEVIDEO, Minn., village, countyseat of Chippewa County, at the junction of the Minnesota and the Chippewa rivers, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad, about 125 miles west of Saint Paul. It is in a fertile agricultural region where wheat is one of the important products. The chief industrial establishments are flour-mills, grain elevators, a creamery, cheese factories and a cooperage. It is the seat of Windom Institute (Congregational) and it has a high school, a public library and a town-hall. Near the village is a monument erected to commemorate the surrender of Little Crow, the Sioux chief, in 1862. Pop. 3,100.

MONTEVIDEO, mŏn-tě-vid'ę-ō (Sp. mōntā-vē'dā-ō), Uruguay, capital of the department of the same name; also capital and emporium of the republic; situated on the northern coast of the Rio de la Plata (see LA PLATA, RIO DE). Founded in 1726, its inhabitants numbered only 3,500 in 1818, and 9,000 in 1829; indeed, it was scarcely more than a fortress until 1834, and at various times the governments of Argentina, England and Brazil attempted to gain possession of this stronghold, commanding the entrance of the great waterway of the south. Montevideo was taken by a British force of 4,600 men on 2 Feb. 1807, after a vigorous assault by land and sea (English fleet under Commodore Popham). Subsequently the combined English forces in the river, under command of General Whitelocke, were defeated at Buenos Aires, and, withdrawing from Montevideo, abandoned the Rio de la Plata. The demolition of the walls, the opening of new streets, and (in 1836) the beginning of foreign immigration, transformed the place. In the years from 1838 to 1841, about 28,000 European immigrants entered the port. There were 45,000 inhabitants in 1860; 105,000 in 1872; 238,080 in 1892; and at the beginning of 1902

about 278,186 in the territory of 256 square miles embraced in the department. Immigrants arriving in 1901 were: Italian, 3,777; Spanish, 2,708; Brazilian, 715; French, 512; German, 336; and English, 209. The harbor is the best on the Rio de la Plata; but formerly was far from satisfactory. An elaborate system of moles and docks, projected for harbor improvement, began in July 1901. The water at the harbor's entrance being but 15 to 17 feet deep, vessels of great draught formerly anchored in the outer roadstead and discharged their cargoes on lighters. Since 1913 further improvements have increased the port's facilities. The city is built on a chain of hills of moderate elevation with a gradual slope toward the shore; the conditions are therefore favorable for efficient drainage. An active commerce is maintained with foreign countries and towns of the interior. As it is the only port of entry it furnishes nearly all of the revenue of the government, receiving or forwarding about 90 per cent of the importations of the entire country and about 67 per cent of the total exportations. The imports in a recent year amounted to $21,876,987, and exports to $23,340,239. The steamers of 20 different companies, including 12 British and three French, visit the port periodically. Conspicuous buildings are the Parliament House, Government Palace, National Bank, Solis and San Felipe theatres, Uruguay Club and School of Arts and Sciences. There are commercial houses of every class, street railways, telegraph and telephone service, electric-light works, printing establishments and foundries. The streets are wide, straight and generally well kept. The water supply is obtained from the Saint Lucia River, at a point about 12 miles distant. Plazas, 16 in number, occupy high ground in the middle of the city, the most attractive of these public squares being the Zabala, Independencia and Constitución. The University of Uruguay has more than 400 students and a relatively very large number of native and foreign professors; there are also normal and elementary schools, a military college, etc. Banks are: English (2), and Italian, Spanish and French (1 each). No city in South America is more cosmopolitan in character: nearly all the languages of the civilized world are heard in its streets. The environs contain beautiful residences surrounded by gardens; at a distance of about three miles from the city is the fine park called El Prado.

MARRION WILCOX.

MONTEZ, Lola (assumed name of MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA GILBERT), adventuress: b. Limerick, Ireland, 1818; d. Astoria, N. Y., 17 Jan. 1861. Her parents took the child to India, where her father died, and her mother, again marrying, sent Lola back to Europe. In 1837 she married a Captain James, went to India with him, tired of him and returned to England in 1842. She next became a public dancer, performing in London and in cities of the Continent, and in 1846 went to Munich, where she fascinated the old artist-king Louis I of Bavaria who made her his mistress, created her Countess of Landsfield and granted her a large annuity. For a while she also exercised

great political power, which she directed against the Jesuits and in favor of liberalism; but with the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 she was once more set adrift. In London she married a guardsman, Stafford Heald, was soon divorced from him and in 1851 sailed for the United States. After touring through this country with a play called 'Lola Montez in Bavaria,' she went to Australia, returned here, was twice married in California and in 1858 lectured in New York where she settled and spent her last days in rescue work among women. Her writings include 'Lectures,' with an autobiography, and The Arts of Beauty (1858).

MONTEZUMA, mon-tę-zoo'ma (Aztec MONTECUHZOMA, the severe or sad one; found written also MONTEÇUMA, MOCTEZUMA, MUTECZUMA, MOTEZUMA), surnamed ILHUICAMINA (archer of heaven) and called MONTEZUMA I, chief, or emperor, of ancient Mexico: b. about 1390; d. 1464. He succeeded his brother Izcohuatl in the chieftainship in 1436, but was not inaugurated until 1440. His success in war with neighboring tribes was great, and he is said to have extended Mexican conquest to the Gulf. With Netzahualcoyotl, chief of Tezcuco, he built, to prevent inundations from Lake Tezcuco, huge dams, the ruins of which in the San Lorenzo Valley have shown them to have been a marvelous feat of engineering. He also rebuilt Tenochtitlan (on the site of the modern Mexico), the chief Aztec city, substituting for the primitive buildings others of lime and stone; established a severe legal code and developed the ceremonial and influence of the tribal_religion. Consult Bancroft, H. H., 'Native Races (San Francisco 1874-82).

MONTEZUMA, surnamed XOCOYOTZIN and called MONTEZUMA II, chief, or emperor, of ancient Mexico: b. 1479 (authority of Bernal Diaz); d. Tenochtitlan, Mexico, 30 June 1520. He is well known as the ruler of the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish invasion. He succeeded his uncle Ahuizotl as chief in 1503. Almost constant wars were carried on by him with the Tarascans and Tlascalans, and he is said to have led an expedition as far south as Honduras. His internal policy was in many respects wise. He severely enforced the laws, introduced valuable changes in the courts and built many public works, including temples, a new conduit for the water supply and a hospital for invalided warriors. But by his arrogance and pomp, his seclusion, his restriction of appointments to those only of noble rank and his heavy taxation he made himself greatly disliked. His conquests enlarged the empire, but the various parts were without cohesion, and insurrections were frequent. When news was brought in 1518 that ships and white men (of Jean de Grijälva's expedition) had been seen off the coast, Montezuma was greatly alarmed, because an ancient prophecy foretold that Quetzalcoatl, the white god, would at some time come to reign over Mexico. He sent presents to Cortéz, who had landed at Vera Cruz in April 1519, and tried to prevent him from marching to Tenochtitlan. Cortéz, however, arrived there in November and was well received. Fearing an outbreak of the people, who did not agree with the conciliating policy of the monarch, Cortéz then took Montezuma prisoner and retained him as a hostage in the

quarters of the Spaniards. The Aztecs finally made an attack upon the quarters (June 1520). Montezuma, at the request of Cortéz, attempted in a speech from the wall to end hostilities, but was wounded by a volley of stones and died four days later. The Indians came to regard him as a deity, and indeed called him their chief god, though this reverence did not include worship. Consult Prescott, W. H., Conquest of Mexico (1843); Bancroft, H. H., Mexico,' Vol. I (Vol. IX of his 'Works' 1883–90); Diaz, B., Historia verdadara de la conquista de la Nueva España.'

MONTEZUMA, Iowa, town, county-seat of Poweshiek County, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Iowa Central railroads, about 60 miles east of Des Moines. Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries of the surrounding region. Bituminous coal-fields are in the vicinity. The chief industrial establishments are a pearl-button factory, wagon factory, foundry, machine-shop and a creamery. Pop. 1,200.

MONTEZUMA CASTLE. A remarkable prehistoric dwelling situated in an alcove in a high cliff on the west bank of Beaver Creek, three miles from old Camp Verde, near Prescott, Ariz. It is accredited to Aztecs and even supposed to have been occupied by Montezuma, but ethnologists doubt the validity of this claim, or especially of the existence of any evidence to sustain it. The building consists of five stories, with walls two feet thick at base. It contains about 20 rooms, most of them extending along cliffs which support the higher stories. The structure shows evidence of having been occupied a long time. It was repaired by the Arizona Antiquarian Society in 1895, and in 1906 was made a National Monument. Consult description by Mearns in Popular Science Monthly, 1890.

MONTFAUCON, Bernard de, bar-när de môn-fō-kôn, French critic and classical scholar: b. Languedoc, France, 18 Jan. 1655; d. Paris, 21 Dec. 1741. He entered the army but resigned to become a Benedictine monk and devoted himself to classical studies. His 'Palæographia Græca, published in 1708, made him famous and constituted him the founder of scientific palæography. He traveled in Italy where he was honored by Innocent XII, and in 1719 was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. In the course of his work he examined thousands of manuscripts and his books are a storehouse of classical archæology. Among them are 'LAntiquité expliquée et representée en Figures (15 vols., 1719-24); Monuments de la Monarchie française' (5 vols., 1729–33). Consult De Broglie, 'Bernard de Montfaucon et les Bernardins) (Paris 1891).

MONTFERRAT, môn-fěr-ra, Italy, a former independent duchy, bounded by Piedmont, Genoa and the Milanese territory. It lay in two detached portions between the Maritime Alps and the Po and had an area of about 1,000 square miles. The capital was Casale. Mention is made of a Marquis of Montferrat in 980. In 1305 the marquisate was inherited by a branch of the imperial family of the Palæologi, and in 1536 was granted by Charles V to Federico II, duke of Mantua. It was erected into a duchy by Maximilian in 1573 or

1574. In 1631 a considerable part of it was ceded to Savoy by the Duke of Mantua, to whose ancestors Charles V had granted it in 1536, and in 1703 the remainder was annexed to the same duchy. See SAVOY.

MONTFORT, mont'fört (Fr. môn-fôr), Simon de, EARL OF LEICESTER, English political reformer: b. France, about 1208; d. Evesham, 4 Aug. 1265. His father was Simon, the Conqueror of the Albigenses, his mother, Alice of Montmorency; the former had been disinherited of his English estates by King John in 1207 and hence had joined the more readily the orthodox French party in fighting the Albigenses, who were led by John's brother-in-law, Raymond of Toulouse. But the younger and greater Simon in 1229 was forced to leave France and throw himself on the mercy of the English king, Henry III, who restored him his lands in Leicester and married him to his own sister Eleanor, the young widow of Lord Pembroke, secretly and without dowry in 1238. The irregularity of this match endangered Simon with the nobles, who had not been consulted; almost immediately afterward he quarreled with the king and was only saved by his crusader's vow, which he fulfilled under Richard of Cornwall in 1240. In France he fought under Henry III (1242-48), who made him commander of the army in Gascony. There he crushed successive rebellions, but another quarrel between the monarch and his subject followed and Simon was removed from office. Henry soon had to recall Simon, who in 1257 and 1258 quarreled hotly with William of Valence, one of the king's foreign favorites and his half-brother. Simon's boldness in this matter put him at the head of the movement among the barons for administrative reform. In June 1258 the 24 commissioners, of whom he was one, drew up the famous Provisions of Oxford, signed in October of the same year, but repudiated in 1262 by the king. Simon de Montfort had been actual head of the reforming party since the conclusion of the peace with France (4 Dec. 1259) which had made reform possible. Now, after the cause of the nobles had been submitted to the king of France to arbitrate and his sentence had been entirely favorable to the king, setting aside the Oxford Provisions entirely and reserving to the people only such rights as they had before possessed, Simon put himself at the head of the party which was eager to fight for the privileges of the nobles. On 16 May 1264, after a brilliantly conducted engagement, Simon captured the king; a new constitution was formed giving the power to a council of nine, over whom were three electors, removable by Parliament; and in this new régime Simon was practically master of the kingdom. He summoned a Parliament 30 Jan. 1265, which was the actual basis of the present English Parliament and of British constitutional freedom. But the Parliament was marked by a quarrel between Simon and the Earl of Gloucester; the latter went over to the border nobles. Simon moved against him with splendid fearlessness; made a sudden peace with the Welsh king, and turning to meet Gloucester failed to effect a juncture with his son. At Evesham on 4 Aug. 1265, fighting to the last and scorning to retreat, he was slain, his forces being so outnumbered by the troops

with Gloucester and Prince Edward that at sight of the enemy Simon is said to have exclaimed, "Let us commend our souls to God, for our bodies are theirs.» Personally haughty and high tempered, but sober, simple, pious and cultured, he was a great general, one who stood firmly by the right, the idol of the people, who made his tomb a shrine and carried on the work he had begun. To call him the "creator of the House of Commons," however, is a misapprehension of his work, which forwarded rather than fathered representative government. Consult Pauli's life which treats primarily of the constitutional bearings of Montfort's career and is translated into English by Miss Goodwin (1876); the English life by Prothero (1877); the French biography by Bémont (1884), which first untangles Montfort's continental career; the 'Song of Lewes' (edited by Kingsford, 1890); the Miracles of Simon de Montfort' (edited by Halliwell for the Camden Society, 1840), showing the popular canonization of the hero; and such general works as Stubbs, Constitutional History) (Vol. II, 6th ed., Oxford 1897), and Green, History of the English People' (Vol. I, new ed., London 1908).

MONTGOLFIER, mont-göl'fi-er (Fr. môngol-fē-ā), two French inventors, JOSEPH MICHEL (b. Vidalon-les-Annonai, France, 1740; d. Balarue-les-Bains, 26 June 1810); and JACQUES ETIENNE (b. Vidalon-les-Annonai, 7 Jan. 1745; d. Servières, 2 Aug. 1799). They were sons of a paper-maker and devoted themselves to the study of mathematics, mechanics, physic. and chemistry. As their scientific labors were always carried on in combination it is not easy to decide to which of the two the credit of their several inventions is due. The first idea of the balloon seems to have arisen in the mind of Joseph, but Jacques Etienne suggested many improvements upon it. Joseph was also the inventor, among other things, of the water-ram which raises water to the height of 60 feet, and Jacques Etienne of vellum paper, which he was the first to make in the manufactory formerly carried on by his father. See BALLOON.

MONTGOMERY, môn-gōm-e-rē, Gabriel, COUNT DE, French captain: b. about 1530; d. Paris, 26 June 1574. He was son of the commander of the Scottish troops in the service of the French court, but in 1559 he accidentally wounded King Henry II with whom he was tilting and killed him. Montgomery was condemned to retirement in the country, where he read many religious books, and was soon led to join the Protestant party. In 1562 he entered Condé's army, serving with much bravery and ability. He saved himself by the swiftness of his horse during the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. In 1574 he led a band of Huguenots and began war in Normandy, was captured at Domfront, taken to Paris, tried and beheaded.

MONTGOMERY, mont-gum'ë-ri, George, American Roman Catholic archbishop: b. Daviess County, Ky., 30 Dec. 1847; d. San Francisco, Cal., 10 Jan. 1907. He was educated at Saint Charles College, Maryland, and Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1879. He officiated as a priest for 15 years in San Francisco and in 1894 was consecrated coadjutor bishop of Los

Angeles. He was elevated to the rank of coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco in 1902.

MONTGOMERY, James, British poet and journalist: b. Irvine, Ayrshire, 4 Nov. 1771; d. Sheffield, Yorkshire, 30 April 1854. The son of a Moravian divine, he was educated for the ministry at the Fulneck Moravian Seminary near Leeds, but in 1792 he procured an engagement with a bookseller in Sheffield the proprietor, editor and publisher of the local Register. Montgomery succeeded 1.im later as editor and publisher of the paper, the name of which he changed to the Sheffield Iris. The publication of a liberal journal was at that period fraught with manifold dangers. He was twice prosecuted for trivial offenses and condemned on the first occasion to three and on the second to six months' imprisonment. During his confinement he composed a volume of poems, Prison Amusements, published in 1797. In 1806 appeared his 'Wanderer in Switzerland, his first popular effort. It was followed in 1809 by the West Indies,' a poem exposing the iniquities of the slave trade. Later volumes were "The World before the Flood' (1813); Greenland,' a missionary poem (1819); and The Pelican Island) (1827). In 1825 he resigned the editorship of the Iris and passed the remainder of his life it. religious and literary work. To the world of to-day he is known as a hymn writer. Over 100 of his hymns still keep their places in hymnals, their authorship frequently and unfortunately confounded with the work of Robert Montgomery (q.v.). Consult Carruthers, ed., Political Works of James Montgomery (Boston 1860); Holland and Everett, 'Memoirs (London 1854-56); King, 'Life of James Montgomery' (London 1858).

MONTGOMERY, John Berrien, American naval officer: b. Allentown, N. J., 17 Nov. 1794; d. Carlisle, Pa., 25 March 1873. In 1812 he entered the navy as midshipman and was on board Perry's flagship at the victory on Lake Erie in 1813 where for gallant service he received the thanks of Congress. He was later engaged at Mackinaw in 1814 and in 1815 served in the Algerine war. In 1839 he became commander, and in the war with Mexico, aboard the Portsmouth, established United States authority on the coast of California, blockaded Mazatlan and assisted in the capture of Guaymas. In 1849-51 he was executive officer of the navy-yard at Washington and he commanded the Pacific squadron in 186162. He was made a commodore in 1862 and rear-admiral on the retired list in 1866. Consult Montgomery, T. H., 'A Genealogical History of the Montgomery Family' (1863).

MONTGOMERY, Richard, American soldier: b. Convoy House, near Raphoe, Ireland, 2 Dec. 1736; d. Quebec, 31 Dec. 1775. At 18 he obtained a commission in the British army, in 1757 began his career of active service in America, and at the siege of Louisburg in 1758 and elsewhere gave evidence of high military capacity. After a period of residence in England from 1765, in 1772 he sold out his commission and, emigrating to New York, settled in Rhinebeck. Dutchess County. In 1775 he represented Dutchess County in the provincial Congress, and in the same year was appointed