with Gloucester and Prince Edward that at sight of the enemy Simon is said to have exclaimed, "Let us commend our souls to God, for our bodies are theirs.» Personally haughty and high tempered, but sober, simple, pious and cultured, he was a great general, one who stood firmly by the right, the idol of the people, who made his tomb a shrine and carried on the work he had begun. To call him the "creator of the House of Commons," however, is a misapprehension of his work, which forwarded rather than fathered representative government. Consult Pauli's life which treats primarily of the constitutional bearings of Montfort's career and is translated into English by Miss Goodwin (1876); the English life by Prothero (1877); the French biography by Bémont (1884), which first untangles Montfort's continental career; the 'Song of Lewes' (edited by Kingsford, 1890); the Miracles of Simon de Montfort' (edited by Halliwell for the Camden Society, 1840), showing the popular canonization of the hero; and such general works as Stubbs, Constitutional History) (Vol. II, 6th ed., Oxford 1897), and Green, History of the English People' (Vol. I, new ed., London 1908). MONTGOLFIER, mont-göl'fi-er (Fr. môngol-fē-ā), two French inventors, JOSEPH MICHEL (b. Vidalon-les-Annonai, France, 1740; d. Balarue-les-Bains, 26 June 1810); and JACQUES ETIENNE (b. Vidalon-les-Annonai, 7 Jan. 1745; d. Servières, 2 Aug. 1799). They were sons of a paper-maker and devoted themselves to the study of mathematics, mechanics, physic. and chemistry. As their scientific labors were always carried on in combination it is not easy to decide to which of the two the credit of their several inventions is due. The first idea of the balloon seems to have arisen in the mind of Joseph, but Jacques Etienne suggested many improvements upon it. Joseph was also the inventor, among other things, of the water-ram which raises water to the height of 60 feet, and Jacques Etienne of vellum paper, which he was the first to make in the manufactory formerly carried on by his father. See BALLOON. MONTGOMERY, môn-gōm-e-rē, Gabriel, COUNT DE, French captain: b. about 1530; d. Paris, 26 June 1574. He was son of the commander of the Scottish troops in the service of the French court, but in 1559 he accidentally wounded King Henry II with whom he was tilting and killed him. Montgomery was condemned to retirement in the country, where he read many religious books, and was soon led to join the Protestant party. In 1562 he entered Condé's army, serving with much bravery and ability. He saved himself by the swiftness of his horse during the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. In 1574 he led a band of Huguenots and began war in Normandy, was captured at Domfront, taken to Paris, tried and beheaded. MONTGOMERY, mont-gum'ë-ri, George, American Roman Catholic archbishop: b. Daviess County, Ky., 30 Dec. 1847; d. San Francisco, Cal., 10 Jan. 1907. He was educated at Saint Charles College, Maryland, and Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1879. He officiated as a priest for 15 years in San Francisco and in 1894 was consecrated coadjutor bishop of Los Angeles. He was elevated to the rank of coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco in 1902. MONTGOMERY, James, British poet and journalist: b. Irvine, Ayrshire, 4 Nov. 1771; d. Sheffield, Yorkshire, 30 April 1854. The son of a Moravian divine, he was educated for the ministry at the Fulneck Moravian Seminary near Leeds, but in 1792 he procured an engagement with a bookseller in Sheffield the proprietor, editor and publisher of the local Register. Montgomery succeeded 1.im later as editor and publisher of the paper, the name of which he changed to the Sheffield Iris. The publication of a liberal journal was at that period fraught with manifold dangers. He was twice prosecuted for trivial offenses and condemned on the first occasion to three and on the second to six months' imprisonment. During his confinement he composed a volume of poems, Prison Amusements, published in 1797. In 1806 appeared his 'Wanderer in Switzerland, his first popular effort. It was followed in 1809 by the West Indies,' a poem exposing the iniquities of the slave trade. Later volumes were "The World before the Flood' (1813); Greenland,' a missionary poem (1819); and The Pelican Island) (1827). In 1825 he resigned the editorship of the Iris and passed the remainder of his life it. religious and literary work. To the world of to-day he is known as a hymn writer. Over 100 of his hymns still keep their places in hymnals, their authorship frequently and unfortunately confounded with the work of Robert Montgomery (q.v.). Consult Carruthers, ed., Political Works of James Montgomery (Boston 1860); Holland and Everett, 'Memoirs (London 1854-56); King, 'Life of James Montgomery' (London 1858). MONTGOMERY, John Berrien, American naval officer: b. Allentown, N. J., 17 Nov. 1794; d. Carlisle, Pa., 25 March 1873. In 1812 he entered the navy as midshipman and was on board Perry's flagship at the victory on Lake Erie in 1813 where for gallant service he received the thanks of Congress. He was later engaged at Mackinaw in 1814 and in 1815 served in the Algerine war. In 1839 he became commander, and in the war with Mexico, aboard the Portsmouth, established United States authority on the coast of California, blockaded Mazatlan and assisted in the capture of Guaymas. In 1849-51 he was executive officer of the navy-yard at Washington and he commanded the Pacific squadron in 186162. He was made a commodore in 1862 and rear-admiral on the retired list in 1866. Consult Montgomery, T. H., 'A Genealogical History of the Montgomery Family' (1863). MONTGOMERY, Richard, American soldier: b. Convoy House, near Raphoe, Ireland, 2 Dec. 1736; d. Quebec, 31 Dec. 1775. At 18 he obtained a commission in the British army, in 1757 began his career of active service in America, and at the siege of Louisburg in 1758 and elsewhere gave evidence of high military capacity. After a period of residence in England from 1765, in 1772 he sold out his commission and, emigrating to New York, settled in Rhinebeck. Dutchess County. In 1775 he represented Dutchess County in the provincial Congress, and in the same year was appointed MONTGOMERY one of the eight brigadiers to serve in the newly organized army of the united colonies of the young Republic. He was immediately attached to the larger of the two divisions sent to Canada in the summer of 1775 and by a series of well-directed movements successively acquired possession of Chambly, Saint John's and Montreal, thereby becoming in the middle of November master of a great part of Canada. Effecting a junction on 4 December with Arnold's troops, then recently arrived, he immediately proceeded to take a position before Quebec. At a council of officers it was determined to attempt to capture the place by a coup de main, and accordingly, on 31 December at 2 A.M., an attack on the town Montgomery, who headed the attack on the was begun. Cape Diamond bastion, fell dead at the first and only discharge by the British artillerymen. His men, panic-stricken by the loss of their leader, began a disorderly retreat, and the assault on the city ended in failure. He was interred within the city walls. British statesmen vied with Americans in their praise of Montgomery. Congress testified "their grateful remembrance, profound respect, and high veneration" by placing a monumental tablet to his memory in the front of Saint Paul's Church, Broadway, New York. New York had his remains transferred from In 1818 the State of Canada and buried with imposing solemnities beneath the monument. 'Life of Richard Montgomery' (in 'American Consult Armstrong, Biography, Sparks, J., ed., Boston 1834). MONTGOMERY, Robert, English versifier and Anglican clergyman: b. Bath, 1807; d. Brighton, 3 Dec. 1855. His name survives chiefly through the merciless criticism and ridicule of his work by Lord Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review. Having taken orders in the Church of England, he officiated at Percy Street Chapel in London till his death in 1855, with an interval of four years as pastor of Saint Jude's Episcopal Chapel in Glasgow. His chief works, overpraised by uncritical sentiment for their popular vein, amply justify Macaulay's strictures, though hardly their offensively dogmatic tone. They include The Omnipresence of the Deity) (1828); 'Satan' (1839), whence his sobriquet of "Satan Montgomery," and "The Messiah.> MONTGOMERY, Ala., State capital and third city of the State in population, and seat of Montgomery County, 52 miles southeast of the centre; on the left bank of the Alabama, 410 miles above the Gulf by water and 180 by rail. It is the greatest railroad centre in the State, seven lines converging there, the Louisville and Nashville, Mobile and Ohio, Atlantic Coast Line, Central of Georgia, Seaboard Air Line, Union Springs and Northern and Western of Alabama; 62 passenger trains a day arrive and depart from its union station. The city is a leading Southern trade and social centre. Commerce and Industry.- Montgomery lies in the heart of the famous Black Belt, the band of rich dark soil which stretches across and beyond Alabama. 120 miles wide, and one of the chief cotton districts in the country, as well as a great producer of grain, fruit and vegetables. It is the great central market of all this territory, and one of the foremost trucking centres for the supply of vegetables to the northern markets; its wholesale grocery business amounts to some $14,000,000 a year, out of a total of over $50,000,000. It is one of the chief cotton marts and distributing points of the South, handling 150,000 to 175,000 bales a year in its extensive warehouses. The export of this is, to some extent, sent in barges down the river to Mobile, and there reloaded for foreign shipment. The Alabama is one of the best rivers in the United States for steamer navigation, having a deep, broad channel open as high as Montgomery for eleven months in the year. Lying between the coal and iron fields on the north and the vast forests of yellow pine on the south, as well as in the midst of the cotton belt, the city has great natural advantages for manufacturing; and a dam across the Tallapoosa at Tallahassee, 30 miles away, furnishes 25,000 horse power applied to its manufactories, and used for trolley and lighting. An English syndicate, the Alabama Power Company, has developed other water power in this section with a potentiality of 500,000 horse power. Already electricity is sold in Montgomery as low as one cent per kilowatt hour. The city's interests are considerable and varied. There are 181 manufacturing enterprises, employing $12,000,000 capital and 6,000 employees. Carshops and foundry work for the numerous railroads, with boilers, and other iron goods, are the largest items; but there are two cotton factories and a cordage factory; four ginning and compress plants, five cotton-seed oil and cake works and 11 great fertilizer plants; 13 woodworking and lumber concerns, besides cooperage works (mainly for the oil and allied products), carriages, cabinets, show cases, furniture, confectionery, crackers and brushes and paper boxes, saddlery and harness, brick and tile, paving and roofing materials, etc. The aviation depot, or aeroplane construction plant, of the United States government is located at Montgomery. It employs 600 civilian mechanics and is the only plant of its kind in America. increase. ing facilities have kept pace with its commercial Finance and Government. The city's bankIn 1919 Montgomery had four national banks, and three State banks, having a combined capital of $2,500,000; surplus, $635,000; individual deposits, $13,000,000. The postoffice receipts had increased 35 per cent within five years. There are trolley systems covering city and suburbs, and electric light, good sewerage and artesian water almost chemically pure; the streets are well paved and the country roads of remarkable excellence. valuation about $35,000,000. Of about $150,000 Assessed yearly expenditure, aside from interest on debt, $90,000 is spent for schools. Montgomery has commission government. Public Buildings, Institutions, Etc.- The city is handsomely built on a high red clay bluff bordering the river, and stretching back to undulating hills; it has many fine old gardens, and 50 acres of public parks. The centre is Court Square, and the foundation streets are Court, Commerce, toward the river, and Dexter avenue Union Station, costing $250,000, the governto the capitol. The ment building, the city hall, the courthouse, the Young Men's Christian Association and the Young Women's Christian Association buildings, the Masonic temple and the Carnegie 1 Montgomery County Courthouse 2 A Residential Street in Montgomery library are the chief structures in the centre. The capitol dates from 1846; in its grounds is a handsome Confederate monument. There are 86 church societies of all denominations; several of them with handsome, modern edifices. There is a State Normal School for the colored here with 1,500 students, the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls and charitable institutions. Montgomery is the home of the Women's College of Alabama. There are three daily newspapers and several institutional libraries. There are 19 public school buildings, the same provision being made for colored as for white students. History. Montgomery was founded in 1817 by Andrew Dexter, of Rhode Island, on the site of the legendary Indian village of Ecunchatty; it was part of the Creek Lands. Dexter named the place New Philadelphia; the situation was tempting, and in 1818 two more settlements were made - East Alabama Town closely adjoining, divided by the present lower Court street (whence the streets on its two sides run from it at different angles), and Alabama Town, a mile or so down the river. On 3 Dec. 1819, the former was consolidated with it as Montgomery, named after the Indian fighter Lemuel Montgomery or the Revolutionary hero Richard Montgomery. The early society was like many pioneer communities, and vigilance committees had to be invoked to restore the reign of the law. The first steamer arrived 22 Oct. 1821; the Montgomery Railroad opened its first 12 miles in 1840. The place received a city charter about 1837; on 22 Jan. 1846 it was made the State capital; the capitol was occupied 1847, burned 1849, replaced by the present, in 1851. Montgomery's interests and central location made it the focus of the secession movement; its position as capital drew in some of the ablest leaders and orators of the South, the famous William L. Yancey (q.v.) being one; and it was made the first capital of the Southern Confederacy, whose government was organized there 4 Feb. 1861. The next year the capital was removed to Richmond; the Union army reoccupied Montgomery 12 April 1865. Alabama was among the first of the States to create a Department of History and Archives, which is located here. This department has a complete record of all State documents since territorial days. It maintains a museum and art gallery. Population. The population in 1840 was 2,179; 1850, 6,728; 1860, 8,843; 1870, 10,588; 1880, 16,713; 1890, 21,883; 1900, 30,346; 1910, 38,136; 42 per cent of which are colored. Estimated population 1919 (city directory), 59,710. Its suburbs, however, have far overspread the official limits, and the population within a few miles is toward 60,000. The city directory compilation for 1916 fixes the population in the city limits at 55,410. BRUCE KENNEDY, General Secretary, Montgomery Chamber of Commerce. MONTH, a period of time derived from the motion of the moon. The "sidereal" month may be regarded as the period in which the moon, as seen from a fixed star, would appear to make a complete revolution round the earth; it is evidently the period in which she passes through the 12 signs of the zodiac; its mean value during the year is 27.32166 days. The "synodical" month, more commonly called a "lunar month" or "lunation," is the period during which the moon goes through all her phases. It is usually reckoned from new moon to new moon; to complete the lunation the moon must not only pass through the 12 signs of the zodiac, but also come again to occupy her old position relatively to the sun, which has itself advanced in the zodiac, hence the lunar is longer than the sidereal month. The mean value of the lunation is 29.5306 days. The "solar" month is the 12th part of one solar year, or 30.4368 days. The "anomalistic" month is the period in which the moon passes from perigee to perigee of her orbit; it differs from the sidereal month because the perigee varies its position. The line of nodes of the moon's orbit varies its position, and the "nodical" month, or the period of her motion from ascending to ascending node, differs from the other months mentioned above. The 12 civil or calendar months of the year have from 28 to 31 days each. The lunar month was used by the Chaldæans and Egyptians, and is still by the Jews, Turks and some uncivilized nations. The calendar months are not equal divisions of the year, some (April, June, September and November) consisting of 30, and the remainder of 31 days, except February, to which a period of only 28 days is assigned (see LEAP YEAR), with the addition every fourth year of one more day. These distinctions often give rise to much confusion as to the time intended to be designated by a month. In popular language it is often understood to be four weeks, as this is very nearly an equal period, expressed in the division by weeks, to the month. This was even laid down by Blackstone as the legal definition of the term, so that a lease for 12 months was only for 48 weeks. The expression of "a twelvemonth," however, has been legally held to mean a solar year. See CALENDAR; MOON; ZODIAC. MONTHOLON, Charles Tristan, shärl très-tän môn-to-lôn, COMTE (later MARQUIS) DE, French soldier: b. Paris, 21 July 1783; d. 21 Aug. 1853. After service in the navy, he entered the army in 1798, took part in the Napoleonic campaigns in Italy, Austria and Prussia, distinguished himself at Wagram (5-6 July 1809), was made chamberlain (1809), was sent on an important diplomatic mission to the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (1811) and became general of brigade (1814). During the Hundred Days he was adjutant-general to Napoleon, whom he accompanied in his exile to Saint Helena, and by whom he was appointed one of his executors. Proclaimed chief-of-staff by Prince Louis Napoleon (later Emperor Napoleon III [q.v.]) when the latter landed at Bologne in 1840, he was condemned by the Peers to 20 years' imprisonment, but was liberated after the February revolution (1848). He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1849. He published 'Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire de France sous Napoléon, Ecrits à Sainte Hélène sous sa Dictée' (with Gourgaud 182225; 2d ed., 1830), and 'Récits de la Captivité de Napoléon (1846). MONTH'S MIND, the requiem mass celebrated in the Roman Catholic churches for the deceased the 30th day after death. The prayers of the mass are the same as those of the |