library are the chief structures in the centre. The capitol dates from 1846; in its grounds is a handsome Confederate monument. There are 86 church societies of all denominations; several of them with handsome, modern edifices. There is a State Normal School for the colored here with 1,500 students, the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls and charitable institutions. Montgomery is the home of the Women's College of Alabama. There are three daily newspapers and several institutional libraries. There are 19 public school buildings, the same provision being made for colored as for white students.

History. Montgomery was founded in 1817 by Andrew Dexter, of Rhode Island, on the site of the legendary Indian village of Ecunchatty; it was part of the Creek Lands. Dexter named the place New Philadelphia; the situation was tempting, and in 1818 two more settlements were made - East Alabama Town closely adjoining, divided by the present lower Court street (whence the streets on its two sides run from it at different angles), and Alabama Town, a mile or so down the river. On 3 Dec. 1819, the former was consolidated with it as Montgomery, named after the Indian fighter Lemuel Montgomery or the Revolutionary hero Richard Montgomery. The early society was like many pioneer communities, and vigilance committees had to be invoked to restore the reign of the law. The first steamer arrived 22 Oct. 1821; the Montgomery Railroad opened its first 12 miles in 1840. The place received a city charter about 1837; on 22 Jan. 1846 it was made the State capital; the capitol was occupied 1847, burned 1849, replaced by the present, in 1851. Montgomery's interests and central location made it the focus of the secession movement; its position as capital drew in some of the ablest leaders and orators of the South, the famous William L. Yancey (q.v.) being one; and it was made the first capital of the Southern Confederacy, whose government was organized there 4 Feb. 1861. The next year the capital was removed to Richmond; the Union army reoccupied Montgomery 12 April 1865. Alabama was among the first of the States to create a Department of History and Archives, which is located here. This department has a complete record of all State documents since territorial days. It maintains a museum and art gallery.

Population. The population in 1840 was 2,179; 1850, 6,728; 1860, 8,843; 1870, 10,588; 1880, 16,713; 1890, 21,883; 1900, 30,346; 1910, 38,136; 42 per cent of which are colored. Estimated population 1919 (city directory), 59,710. Its suburbs, however, have far overspread the official limits, and the population within a few miles is toward 60,000. The city directory compilation for 1916 fixes the population in the city limits at 55,410. BRUCE KENNEDY, General Secretary, Montgomery Chamber of Commerce.

MONTH, a period of time derived from the motion of the moon. The "sidereal" month may be regarded as the period in which the moon, as seen from a fixed star, would appear to make a complete revolution round the earth; it is evidently the period in which she passes through the 12 signs of the zodiac; its mean value during the year is 27.32166 days. The

"synodical" month, more commonly called a "lunar month" or "lunation," is the period during which the moon goes through all her phases. It is usually reckoned from new moon to new moon; to complete the lunation the moon must not only pass through the 12 signs of the zodiac, but also come again to occupy her old position relatively to the sun, which has itself advanced in the zodiac, hence the lunar is longer than the sidereal month. The mean value of the lunation is 29.5306 days. The "solar" month is the 12th part of one solar year, or 30.4368 days. The "anomalistic" month is the period in which the moon passes from perigee to perigee of her orbit; it differs from the sidereal month because the perigee varies its position. The line of nodes of the moon's orbit varies its position, and the "nodical" month, or the period of her motion from ascending to ascending node, differs from the other months mentioned above. The 12 civil or calendar months of the year have from 28 to 31 days each. The lunar month was used by the Chaldæans and Egyptians, and is still by the Jews, Turks and some uncivilized nations. The calendar months are not equal divisions of the year, some (April, June, September and November) consisting of 30, and the remainder of 31 days, except February, to which a period of only 28 days is assigned (see LEAP YEAR), with the addition every fourth year of one more day. These distinctions often give rise to much confusion as to the time intended to be designated by a month. In popular language it is often understood to be four weeks, as this is very nearly an equal period, expressed in the division by weeks, to the month. This was even laid down by Blackstone as the legal definition of the term, so that a lease for 12 months was only for 48 weeks. The expression of "a twelvemonth," however, has been legally held to mean a solar year. See CALENDAR; MOON; ZODIAC.

MONTHOLON, Charles Tristan, shärl très-tän môn-to-lôn, COMTE (later MARQUIS) DE, French soldier: b. Paris, 21 July 1783; d. 21 Aug. 1853. After service in the navy, he entered the army in 1798, took part in the Napoleonic campaigns in Italy, Austria and Prussia, distinguished himself at Wagram (5-6 July 1809), was made chamberlain (1809), was sent on an important diplomatic mission to the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (1811) and became general of brigade (1814). During the Hundred Days he was adjutant-general to Napoleon, whom he accompanied in his exile to Saint Helena, and by whom he was appointed one of his executors. Proclaimed chief-of-staff by Prince Louis Napoleon (later Emperor Napoleon III [q.v.]) when the latter landed at Bologne in 1840, he was condemned by the Peers to 20 years' imprisonment, but was liberated after the February revolution (1848). He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1849. He published 'Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire de France sous Napoléon, Ecrits à Sainte Hélène sous sa Dictée' (with Gourgaud 182225; 2d ed., 1830), and 'Récits de la Captivité de Napoléon (1846).

MONTH'S MIND, the requiem mass celebrated in the Roman Catholic churches for the deceased the 30th day after death. The prayers of the mass are the same as those of the

requiem mass celebrated on the day of decease or burial except the "Collect," "Secret" and "Post-Communion." In the early English church the prayers were offered daily for a month after the person's death. The anniversary of the death is commemorated similarly by the mass called the YEAR'S MIND. Consult 'Missal'; O'Brien, "The Mass'; Sullivan, 'History of the Mass.'

MONTI, Vincenzo, vẽn-chěndzô montẽ, Italian poet b. Fusignano, near Ravenna, 19 Feb. 1754; d. Milan, 13 Oct. 1828. He was educated in law against his inclination; became secretary to Prince Luigi Braschi; won his literary spur with 'Saggio di poesie in 1779; gained speedy popularity with various occasional odes; and in 1787 and 1788 brought out his two great tragedies, Aristodemo' and 'Galeotto Manfredo, both in the style of Alfieri. His 'Basvilliana, a Dantesque poetic chronicle of recent happenings, notably the massacre of the French envoy Basville by the Roman populace, showed ability to treat a theme in politics; but from the detestation expressed in that poem for the excesses of the Revolution and his appeal to the Austrians against the French, he soon came to the most ardent praise of Napoleon and fled to France to escape punishment from Austria. His panegyric of the mathematician Mascheroni (1801) is largely an attack by the poet upon his personal enemies. (See MASCHERONIANA). After Marengo he returned to Italy and became professor of oratory at Pavia, imperial poet-laureate in Milan, and, after the coronation of Napoleon, historiographer of the Italian kingdom. From that_time until the restoration of Austrian rule in Italy, Monti was devoted to Napoleon and wrote numerous odes of victory in his honor. In his latter years, a period of study and adversity, he joined his son-in-law, Giulio Perticari, in his fight with the Della Cruscans, and published his single great work, a version of the Iliad' (1810). His translation of Persius should be mentioned and his most successful drama, 'Caio Gracco' (1802). Monti was an ardent classicist and in his 'Sermone sopra la mitologia' (1825) combated romantic tendencies. Consult the biographies and appreciations by A. Monti (1873), Vicchi (1879-87) and Zumbini (1894); and the Milan (1839), or Florence edition (1817) of his works.

Un

MONTICELLI, mon-te-cel'le, Adolphe, French painter: b. Marseilles, 1824; d. Marseilles, 1886. He made a short stay in Paris and contributed to the Salon; but, not meeting with success, returned to his native town, where he died poor, ignored and insane. appreciated, he sold his pictures in cafés for 10 or 20 francs; to-day they bring large sums. Collectors have made fortunes out of the small canvases which have given Monticelli posthumous fame. His 'Court of the Princess' is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. "Monticelli," writes a French critic, "painted landscapes, romantic scenes, still life and fêtes galantes in the style of Watteau. One cannot imagine a more inspired sense of color than shown by his works, which seem to be painted with powdered jewels, with powerful harmony, and beyond all else with an unheard of delicacy in the perception of fine shades. There are tones which nobody had ever invented be

fore, and a richness, a profusion, a subtlety which almost vie with the resources of music. The fairyland atmosphere of Monticelli's pictures surrounds a very firm drawing of charming style; but, to use the words of the artist himself, "in the canvases the objects are the decoration, the touches are the scales and the light is the tenor." Monticelli has created for himself an entirely personal technique, which can only be compared with that of Turner. He painted with a brush so full, fat and rich that some of the details are often modeled in relief, in a substance as precious as enamels, jewels, ceramics a substance which is a delight in itself. Every picture by Monticelli aroused astonishment. Constructed upon one color, as upon a musical theme, a picture by Monticelli rises to an intensity which one would have thought impossible. His pictures are magnificent bouquets, bursts of joy and color, where nothing is ever crude and where everything is ruled by a supreme sense of harmony." Consult biographies by Faure (Paris 1908); Gouirand (Paris 1900).

MONTICELLO, mon-të-sel'lō, Ark., town, county-seat of Drew County, on the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, about 81 miles south by east of Little Rock. The industries and trade are connected with the lumber, fruit, cotton and grain of the surrounding region, and stock raising is also carried on. Municipal enterprise has installed waterworks, sewage-disposal system and electric lighting. It is the seat of the Hinemon University school, the Arkansas Orphans' Home (Baptist) and of the State agricultural school. Pop. 2,500.

MONTICELLO, Fla., town, county-seat of and Atlantic Coast Line railroads, about 32 Jefferson County, on the Seaboard Air Line miles east by north of Tallahassee. It is in an agricultural section, where the chief products are cotton and fruit, of which it prepares and ships large quantities for northern markets. Pop. (est.) 2,000.

MONTICELLO, Ill., city, county-seat of Piatt County, on the Illinois Central and the Wabash railroads, about 147 miles south by west of Chicago. It is situated in an agricultural and stock-raising region and has attractive high school, library and court buildings. The chief manufactures are foundry and machineshop products, dairy products, patent medicines, sirups, tile, brick, wagons and carriages. It is the trade centre for a large part of Piatt and the nearby counties, and ships considerable hay, livestock and vegetables. Pop. (est.) 2,100.

MONTICELLO, Ind., town, county-seat of White County, on the Tippecanoe River and on the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville and Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads, about 75 miles north by west of Indianapolis. The river furnishes good water power for manufacturing. The chief manufacturing establishments are flour and lumber mills and creameries; farming implements, thread, cement and tiles are also manufactured. The town owns and operates the waterworks. Pop. (est.) 2,500.

MONTICELLO, N. Y., village, countyseat of Sullivan County, the terminus of the Port Jervis, Monticello and New York Rail

road, about 67 miles northwest of New York city. It is situated in an agricultural region from which large quantities of potatoes, apples and a considerable amount of dairy products are shipped to New York markets. Perfumery, gloves and leather goods are manufactured. The nearby Mongaup Falls furnish ample water power and the village owns its waterworks. The village is a favorite summer resort on account of its pleasant climate and beautiful scenery. A destructive fire in 1909 cost a property loss of $1,000,000. Pop. 2,200.

MONTICELLO, mon-te-sěl'lō (It. Little Mountain), Virginia, the estate and residence once owned by Thomas Jefferson (q.v.), third President of the United States. It is in Albemarle County, Va., about two miles from Charlottesville. The estate was an unbroken forest in the early part of the 18th century, until in 1735 the land came into possession of the father of Thomas. Peter Jefferson, the father, and his brother-in-law decided to "go West" and try a new country, so they left the tide-water settlements on the James River and journeyed about 100 miles toward the west, to what is now Albemarle County, and located 20 miles east of the Blue Range and among the foothills of the Southwest Mountains. Peter Jefferson "patented a tract of land of about 1,000 acres. In looking over his new possession he found no site for a home, such as pleased him; his neighbor, Randolph, sold him from his tract 400 acres for "Henry Weatherbourne's biggest bowl of arrack punch." The place was then called Shadwell, after Shadwell street in London, and the country around Goochland. Thomas Jefferson was born in the old residence at Shadwell, and this house was his home for 27 years. From his boyhood his favorite spot on the estate was Little Mountain. Often he and his most intimate friend, Dabney Carr, afterward his brother-in-law, ascended the mountain in the twilight, and in the long vacations they studied many an hour under an oak tree, their favorite of the forest. They agreed that whichever one died first, the other would have buried under this tree, and at an early age Dabney Carr was here laid to rest. Later Jefferson, his wife, two daughters, and others of his descendants were buried in the little cemetery which was formed around this oak.

It was when Jefferson was a member of the house of burgesses of Virginia, to which he was elected in 1769, that he began the erection of his residence on the summit of the world-re

nowned eminence, Monticello. (Jefferson changed the English name to the Italian, Monticello). The Shadwell mansion was on a hill on the north bank of the Rivanna River, and Monticello is south, just where the stream cuts its channel through the outlying range of the Alleghanies, the Southwest Mountains. On the northeast Monticello has a steep rocky base, washed by the Rivanna, on the southwest is a dip of about one-third the height of the mountain which connects it with Carter's, a higher peak. Monticello is still covered by a dense growth of timber, mainly hardwood deciduous

trees.

Before the residence on Monticello was completed, the Shadwell mansion was burned down, 1 Feb. 1770. The first building on Monticello was a brick story-and-a-half structure containing one good-sized room and some smaller

ence.

rooms; it still stands as the south pavilion. Here Jefferson brought his bride in 1772. He was often absent from this beloved home, but his own manuscripts, especially his garden-book, show his love for a quiet domestic life. This same garden-book shows that in 1769 he planted a variety of fruit trees on the southeast slope of the mountain, many of them still in existence. The house was enlarged to suit the needs of the family, and in accordance with. the owner's plans. From his European journeys he brought back many new ideas, so that the architecture of the house is somewhat complex. It has the appearance of an Italian villa, with a Greek portico, and considerable of the features of Colonial architecture. The Marquis de Chastellux in a book of travels mentions a visit to Monticello in 1782, and says of Jefferson: "He is the first American who has consulted the fine arts to know how to shelter himself from the weather." Architecture in America has advanced since that time. Some of the plans, drawn by Jefferson himself, are still in existThe part of the home that was to last was made of good material and possessed a certain elegance, but the furniture was most simple. His last days saw the estate of Monticello so deeply in debt that it was feared he would have to end his life an exile from his beloved mountain. He sacrificed some of his estate hoping to save the residence and some land for his daughter. His friends assisted him so the estate was not lost to the Jefferson heirs until after his death; it had been his home for 56 years. No debt was allowed to defame the name of Jefferson; Thomas Jefferson Randolph, the grandson, and his daughters paid every dollar of debt their eminent ancestor owed after Monticello had been sold. The great-granddaughters kept a school to assist their father in paying this debt. Ten years after Jefferson's death, Monticello was purchased by U. P. Levy, U. S. N., who bequeathed it to the nation. His will was contested and Jefferson M. Levy, New York congressman, bought off the other heirs, and restored the building and estate to their original condition. From 1912 a campaign conducted by Mrs. Martin W. Littleton was carried on to induce the government to purchase the property as of national interest. It was finally bought for $500,000, the owner stipulating that it should be used only by Presidents of the United States as a Virginia home and not converted into a museum. Consult Century Magazine, Vol. XII, p. 643, article by Nicolay, Monticello; Home of Jefferson'; Craighill, 'The Virginia Peerage'; Foote, 'Sketches from Old Virginia.'

MONTIGNIES-SUR-SAMBRE, món'tē'nye'sür-sän'br', Belgium, town in the province Hainaut, located on the Sambre 30 miles south of Brussels and on the Lodelinsart-Givet Railway. It is the centre of a coal mining industry and has manufactures of ovens, machinery, steel ware, etc. Its population in 1910 was 21,748.

MONTIJO, môn-te-zhō, Eugénie-Marie de. See EUGENIE, EMPRESS OF THE FRENCH.

MONTJOIE SAINT DENIS, môn-zhwä săn den-e, a French war cry dating from the 12th century. The name is derived from the hill near Paris on which Saint Denis suffered martyrdom.