MONTLOSIER, mon'lō'zyā, François Dominique Reynaud, Count de, French publicist and politician: b. Clermont, Auvergne, 11 April 1755; d. 9 Dec. 1838. He was elected a member of the States-General (1789) and favored protection of royalty and nobility. He fled (1791) to London where he started an anti-revolutionary paper, the Courrier de Londres. In 1800 he was won over by Bonaparte and given a position in the ministry of foreign affairs. He frequently accompanied Napoleon I as political correspondent during his campaigns, but resigned in 1812. After the first Restoration his 'De la monarchie française depuis son établissement jusqu'à nos jours' (Paris 1814) was a work in praise of the feudal state. Under the Restoration he took a prominent place fighting the activities of the Jesuits and published his Memoir à consulter (1826), but in his 'De la crise présente et de celle qui se prépare) (1829) he tries to intermediate between the parties, returning to his early aristocratic views in his Mémoires sur la Révolution française, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration' (1829). He defended the Louis Philippe government and was created a peer.

MONTLUÇON, France, town in the Department of Allier, located on the Cher, starting point of the Berry Canal and junction of the Orleans Railway. It consists of the old town with its 15th century castle, and the modern industrial section which has been built up since the opening up of the coal field of Commentry. It possesses a lyceum, commercial court, chambers of agriculture and manufactures, a library and theatre. Its industries are important and consist chiefly of iron and steel works, glass and mirror factories, chemical products, machinery and considerable trade. În 1911 it had a population of 33,799.

MONTMAGNY, Charles Jacques Huault de, shärl zhäk ü-ölt dé môn-män-yě, French colonial governor; d. France, about 1649. He was Canada's second governor-general, 163648, and proved himself a wise and able ruler. The condition of the colony improved under his administration, he defeated the Iroquois and concluded a treaty with them at Three Rivers in 1645; and had begun the subjugation of the Hurons when he was recalled in 1647. Under his rule the Jesuits made extensive explorations and settlements, but though deeply religious Montmagny disapproved of the founding of Montreal, considering it a weakening of the missionary forces.

MONTMARTRE, mon-mär-tr, France, a northern district of Paris, a former suburban village, on a conical hill commanding an extensive view of the metropolis. See PARIS.

MONTMEDY, mon'ma-de, France, capital of the Arrondissement of the same name in the Department of Meuse, located on the river Chiers and the East Railway. It is a fort of the second class and consists of the citadel on a rock 960 feet above sea-level with its old or upper town built in 1235 by Arnoux III, Count of Cas and Chiny, and surrounded by its high walls and tower, and the lower town (BasMédy). It was several times taken by the French but always released to the Spaniards until, in 1659, it came permanently under French rule. Louis XIV had Vauban greatly strengthen

the fortifications. In 1815 the Prussian and North-German allies besieged and then took the lower town by storm when it capitulated. In 1870 it became a useful railroad centre for the Germans. In the World War it was again captured by the Germans. In 1911 it had a population of 2,774.

MONTMORENCY, môn-mo-ron-sẽ, Anne, DUC DE, French soldier: b. Chantilly, 15 March 1492; d. Paris, 11 Nov. 1567. He was a distinguished general in the wars of Francis I, and was taken prisoner at Pavia (1525). In 1538 he was made constable of France, but by a rapid change of fortune was banished the court in 1541 under suspicion of conspiracy. He was restored by Henry II (1547), in 1557 was defeated by the Spaniards and taken prisoner at Saint Quentin, and in 1562 was again captured while commanding against the Huguenots at Dreux. In 1563 he drove the English from Havre, and in 1567 received a fatal wound in the battle against Condé at Saint Denis. Consult 'Life' by Decrue (1885–89).

MONTMORENCY, món'mō-ron-sē, Henri, DUC DE, French soldier: b. Chantilly, 30 April 1595; d. Toulouse, 30 Oct. 1632. In 1612 he purchased the viceroyalty of Canada from the Prince of Condé for 11,000 crowns, and was wise enough to retain Champlain in command at Quebec. He wearied, however, of the post, which gave him constant trouble, and in turn sold it. His services against the Huguenots in the civil wars were distinguished, and included a victory over the Duc de Rohan in 1628; but he took part in the insurrection of Gaston of Orleans in 1629, was made prisoner, condemned for treason, and beheaded.

MONTMORENCY, mont-mō-ren'si, Falls of, Canada, a beautiful cascade near the mouth of the Montmorency River, on the Saint Lawrence River, seven miles below Quebec. The river has an irregular course north and south of about 15 miles, and just above its confluence with the Saint Lawrence falls over a precipice 251 feet high, and 100 feet wide at its crest. The falls are visited by great numbers of tourists, and are utilized to supply the power necessary for the electric and street railway plants of Quebec.

MONTOJO, mōnt-o'hō, Patricio, Spanish naval officer: b. 1833. He entered the navy when a young man, and at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War was in command of the Spanish fleet in the Pacific. This force was attacked by the American Pacific squadron under Dewey in Manila Bay 1 May 1898. Montojo's flagship, the Reina Christina, was successively engaged by the Olympia, Baltimore, Raleigh and Boston, received 70 shots, which killed 52 men and wounded 150; and finally caught fire. Montojo transferred his flag to a gunboat. In September 1899 he was court-martialed in Madrid, and urged in his defense that the fault of the defeat was the Spanish government's, as it had not given him proper equipment. He was retired without right of promotion.

MONTORO, mỏñ-tō'rō, Spain, town in the province of Cordova on the rocky left bank of the Guadalquivir and on the Madrid-Sevilla Railway. It has a beautiful church and a fine bridge built in the 16th century and remains of

the ancient Moorish fortifications. Its chief industry is olive oil and cultivation of tropical fruits. Its population in 1910 was 15,144.

MONTORSOLI, Fra Giovanni Angelico da, fra jō-vän'nē än-jěl'ē-kō dä mon-tor'sō-le, Florentine sculptor and architect: b. Montorsoli, 1507; d. Florence, 1563. He was a member of the religious order known as Servites; worked at Genoa, after retiring from that order, and by building the Serra and Doria palaces and adding a chantry and Doria tomb to the church of San Mateo, established his reputation as a sculptor and architect (1525). He was soon afterward engaged as assistant by Michelangelo in his work on the chapel of the Medici at Florence; the statue of Saint Cosmas there is by him. Among his other productions are the fountain in the Cathedral square at Messina (1547); he also designed several chapels in the cathedral there and built the lighthouse.

MONTOUR, mon-toor', Esther (called "Queen Esther"), American half-breed Indian of the 18th century. She had French blood in her veins and was supposed to have been a descendant of Count de Frontenac, governor of New France. She married Eghobund, chief of the village of. Sheshequin, and her keen intelligence enabled her to completely dominate the Senecas over whom she reigned as "Queen Esther." She was friendly to a Moravian mission which was located near her village for some years, and accompanied the delegates to various congresses of the Six Nations in Philadelphia, where she was well received among the best people owing to her pleasing manners and beautiful person. In the Wyoming massacre in July 1778 the savage in her nature, however, asserted itself and to avenge the death of her son she deliberately tomahawked 14 prisoners. Consult Cook, General Sullivan's Indian Expedition' (1887).

MONTPELIER, mont-pel'yèr, Vt., city, capital of the State, county-seat of Washington County, on the Winooski River, and on the Central Vermont, the Montpelier and White River, and the Montpelier and Burlington railroads, about 38 miles southeast of Burlington. It is situated in a beautiful valley surrounded by hills and in an agricultural region. In the vicinity are valuable granite quarries. The chief industrial establishments are flour, feed and lumber mills, machine shops, hardware, patent medicines, granite works, lathes for turning steel clothes pins and creameries. It controls a large portion of the trade of the surrounding country, and ships considerable farm products, especially hay, maple sugar, apples and potatoes, and also dairy products, poultry, granite and lumber. One of the prominent buildings is the State capitol, a fine granite structure built in the form of a cross, the dome, 124 feet high, surmounted by a statue of agriculture. A marble statue of Ethan Allen is at the entrance, under the portico; large State administration building under construction. Another fine building is Montpelier High School built 1915, also the Heaton Hospital, opened in 1896. The city has public and parish schools, the Washington County Grammar School, the Montpelier Seminary, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Wood Art Gallery, the State Library, the Washington

County Grammar and Montpelier Union School Library, and the seminary library. The Y. M. C. A. is in flourishing condition. The government is administered under a charter of 1900 which provides for a mayor, who holds office one year, and a council. The mayor appoints, subject to the approval of the council, the police; and the council elects the health officer, overseers of the poor, superintendents of streets and water and other officers. The waterworks, owned and operated by the city, were opened in 1884, and now (1913) comprise about 40 miles of mains. The water is brought from Mirror Lake, or Berlin Pond, situated about four and one-half miles southeast of the city. The land which is the town site was chartered in 1781, but the first permanent settlement was made in 1787 by people from Massachusetts. The town was organized in 1791, and in 1805 Montpelier was chosen as capital of the State. It was incorporated as a village in 1855. For 40 years it maintained town, village and school district organizations, until 1894, when it was chartered as a city. Among the noted people who have lived in Montpelier are Admiral George Dewey and Rear-Admiral Charles E. Clark, Joseph A. Deboer, an authority on insurance and loans. Pop. 7,856. Consult Hemenway, 'Gazeteer of Vermont,' and 'History of the Town of Mont

pelier'; Thompson, 'History of Montpelier."

now

MONTPELLIER, môn-pěl-lē-a, France, chief town of the department of Hérault, on the Lez, six miles north of the Mediterranean, and 80 miles northwest of Marseilles. It is one of the handsomest towns of the south of France and with its equable climate a favorite tourist and winter resort for invalids. Among its noteworthy features are the Peyrou, a splendid promenade, on which is the Château d'Eau, at the termination of a lofty doublearched aqueduct; the citadel; the cathedral; the Palais-de-Justice; the university buildings, and Porte de Peyrou, a triumphal arch of the Doric order. Montpellier is well equipped with educational and other institutions, and since the 12th century has been famous for its school of medicine, said to have been founded by Arab physicians driven out of Spain. It is merged in the celebrated University of Montpellier, dating from 1289, which has also "faculties" of law, science and literature, and an average annual attendance of 1,500 students; there is a public library of 130,000 volumes. The botanical garden, begun under Henri IV in 1593, is the oldest in France. Montpellier manufactures cottons, candles, soap, verdigris, chemicals, etc. It carries on an active trade, Cette serving as its harbor. Montpellier dates from the 8th century as a village built around a Benedictine abbey. It was a stronghold of the Huguenots, and suffered much in the religious wars. The edict of Montpellier (20 Oct. 1622) granted the free exercise of their religion to Protestants, and confirmed the Edict of Nantes. The philosopher Comte was one of Montpellier's distinguished sons. Pop. about 80,250.

MONTPENSIER, Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, än mä-re loo-ez dôr-lä-än môn-ponsē-ā, DUCHESSE DE, French princess, better known as MADEMOISELLE or LA GRANDE MADEMOISELLE: b. Paris, 29 May, 1627; d. there, 5 April 1693. Her father was Gaston d'Orleans,

Louis XIII's brother; and her mother was Marie de Bourbon-Montpensier, who died when her daughter was five days old, leaving her the richest princess of Europe. Her wealth, pride and romantic disposition prompted her to a high match. In 1646 she refused the Prince of Wales, later Charles II, and her chance to marry Louis XIV was ruined in 1652, when she sided with Condé for whose protection she had the cannon at the Bastille fired on the royal troops. Upon her return to the court in 1657 she fell in love with Lauzun, a Gascon cavalier, whom Louis refused to let her marry. Lauzun was imprisoned for 10 years, but Mademoiselle seems to have married him secretly, in spite of the king, only to find him a brutal husband; they were separated and her last years were spent in pious devotion. Her 'Memoirs,' covering the years 1630-88, are particularly valuable for the light they throw upon the history of the Fronde; they are edited by Cheruel (1858). Consult Barine, La Jeunesse de la Grande Mademoiselle 1627-52) (New York 1901); Price, E. C., A Princess of the Old World' (New York 1907).

MONTPENSIER, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleans, än-twän mä-rē fë-lēp loo-e dôr-lä-än, DUC DE, French prince and claimant to the Spanish throne: b. Neuilly, 31 July 1824; d. San Lucar, near Seville, 4 Feb. 1890. The fifth son of King Louis Philippe, he studied at the Collège Henri IV, entered the army in 1842, served in Algiers, and in 1846 married the Spanish infanta Maria Luisa Fernanda. After the revolution of 1848 he lived in England and Holland; then settled in Spain, where he received the title of Infante and was made captain-general of the Spanish army; was suspected of a plot against the Crown and was exiled from Spain, returning only after the revolution of 1868. In 1870 he quarreled with the Duke of Seville, also a claimant for the throne, and killed him in a duel. During the reign of King Amadeus (1871-73), Montpensier was exiled to the Baleares; upon his recall in 1873 he sided with Alfonso XII, and married to that prince his daughter, Maria de las Mercedes, who died without issue in 1878, the close of Montpensier's political activity. His eldest daughter married the Comte de Paris, and his only son became the husband of the Infanta Eulalia in 1886.

MONTREAL, Canada, the largest and most important city of the Dominion, and fourth in population among American cities, is in the province of Quebec. It lies on the left or north bank of the Saint Lawrence, at the head of ocean navigation, 985 miles from the Atlantic, 180 miles southwest of Quebec and 420 miles north of New York.

Topography. Montreal lies in the middle of that great plain which stretches from the Laurentians to the Adirondack Mountains and extends from the sea into the middle of the Continent. The rivers which traverse this plain, the Saint Lawrence and the Ottawa, fall together at the head of the Island of Montreal, which is 32 miles long and 10 miles wide at the broadest part. The city is built upon the southeast side of this island, at a point where the Lachine Rapids make further navigation impossible. It owes its importance to this situation, Immediately behind the city Mount Royal rises

to a height of 753 feet above the level of the sea. Upon three sides the mountain ends in a sheer cliff, but toward the west it extends in broken ridges for three miles. Mount Royal gives to the city its character. It was converted into a park by Frederick Law Olmstead, who succeeded admirably in bringing to light its characteristic beauties, by obeying the design which nature had already laid down. By following the terraces a roadway was constructed, devious, but always ascending until after a complete circuit the summit is reached. From the various levels and the different points of outlook a wide and diversified view is obtained. To the south, the White, Green and Adirondack mountains may be descried upon the horizon. In the middle-distance a number of rounded eminences arise from the plain, which are, like Mount Royal itself, the roots of old volcanoes. Villages, Longueuil, Saint Lambert and La Prairie, mark the southern bank of the Saint Lawrence, which at this point is two miles wide. Away to the westward the valley of the Ottawa opens out, and the river, dividing on the Island of Montreal, sends its waters on either side to mingle their dark colors with the blue of the Saint Lawrence. Further to the west Lake Saint Louis is spread out like a sea. The Lachine Canal threads the plain, and upon occasion one may see the leap and sparkle of the Rapids. To the north the Laurentians extend their dark purple irregular masses. Immediately around the mountain and upon its lower terraces lies the city.

Geology. Fourteen distinct geological formations or horizons have been described within a radius of a few miles from Montreal. Four of these belong to the quaternary or newest system; one is doubtfully but probably referable to the Devonian, one to the Silurian (Upper Silurian of Murchison), seven to the Ordovician (Lower Silurian and Cambro-Silurian of many authors), and the remainder to the Laurentian or part of the great Archæan Complex.

History. The site of Montreal was first visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535. He landed upon the island and followed an Indian pathway: "And we, being on the road, found it as beaten as it was possible to see, in the most beautiful soil and the fairest plain; oaks as fair as there are in any forests of France, under which all the ground was covered with acorns. And about a league thence, we commenced to find the lands tilled, and fair large fields full of the corn of their lands, which is like Brazil rice, as large, or more, than peas, whereof they live as we do on wheat. And in the midst of these fields is situated and fixed the said town of Hochelaga, near and adjoining a mountain which is in the neighborhood, well tilled and exceeding fertile: therefrom one sees very far. We named that mountain Mont Royal"

The next European to visit the spot was Samuel de Champlain in 1611. He landed at a place which he called Place Royale, a name it still bears. He found "in the middle of the river an island about three quarters of a league in circuit, fit for the building of a good and strong town, and I named it the Isle of Saincte Heleine. The rapids come down into a sort of lake, where there are two or three islands and fine meadow-lands." By this time all trace of Hochelaga had vanished, leaving only ob