to making application for a writ to command the performance of any particular act, an express and distinct demand or request to perform it must have been made by the relator or prosecutor upon the defendant, and it must appear that he refused to comply with such demand, either in direct terms or by conduct from which a refusal can be conclusively inferred. Thus it is the personal default of the defendant that warrants impetration of the writ, and if a peremptory mandamus be awarded, the costs must fall upon the defendant." The court proceeded: "It necessarily follows from this, that on the death or retirement from office of the original defendant, the writ must abate in the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary. When the personal duty exists only so long as the office is held, the court cannot compel the defendant to perform it after his power to perform has ceased. And if a successor in office may be substituted, he may be mulcted in costs for the fault of his predecessor, without any delinquency of his own. Besides, were a demand made upon him, he might discharge the duty and render the interposition of the court unnecessary. At all events, he is not in privity with his predecessor, much less is he his predecessor's personal representative. As might be expected, therefore, we find no case in which such a substitution as is asked for now has ever been allowed in the absence of some statute authorizing it." That case was followed by United States v. Chandler, 122 U. S. 643; United States v. Lochren, 164 U. S. 701; Warner Valley Stock Co. v. Smith, 165 U. S. 28, and United States ex rel. &c. v. Butterworth, 169 U. S. 600, 604, 605. In the latter case the court, after referring to prior cases, concluded its opinion in these words: "In view of the inconvenience, of which the present case is a striking instance, occasioned by this state of the law, it would seem desirable that Congress should provide for the difficulty by enacting that, in the case of suits against the heads of Departments abating by death or resignation, it should be lawful for the successor in office to be brought into the case by petition, or some other appropriate method." Later, Congress, its attention being thus called to the matter, passed the act of February 8, 1899, c. 121, by which it was provided: "That no suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against the head of any Department or Bureau or other officer of the United States in his official capacity, or in relation to the discharge of his official duties, shall abate by reason of his death, or the expiration of his term of office, or his retirement, or resignation, or removal from office, but, in such event, the court, on motion or supplemental petition filed, at any time within twelve months thereafter, showing a necessity for the survival thereof to obtain a settlement of the questions involved, may allow the same to be maintained by or against his successor in office, and the court may make such order as shall be equitable for the payment of costs." 30 Stat. 822. In view of the reasons assigned, in the Boutwell case, for the inability of the court, in mandamus proceedings, to substitute an existing public officer as a party in the place of his predecessor, who had ceased to be in office, we perceive no reason why, under the act of 1899, the successor of Judge Baker may not be now made a party in his stead. Certainly, the statute authorizes that to be done, if in the judgment of the court, there is a necessity for such action in order to obtain a settlement of the legal question involved. We think such a necessity exists in this case, and as Judge Abbott waives any formal summons and consents to the substitution of his name in place of that of Judge Baker, the motion of appellant is granted, and such substitution is ordered to be and is now made, subject, however, to the condition that he shall not be liable for any costs prior to this date. We come now to the merits of the case. The act under which the Territory of New Mexico was created and organized, approved September 9, 1850, provides that the legislative power of the Territory of New Mexico should extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States. The same act divides the Territory into three judicial districts and requires was retained in the Revised Statutes of the United States, 1910. The present case clearly arises under the laws of the United States; for, the action brought in the Territorial District Court was expressly based on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Anti Trust Act of 1890. And the question arises upon the very face of the record whether the Territorial District Court could take cognizance at all of suits for damages authorized by those acts. We have seen that by section 9 of the above act of 1887 any person or persons alleged to have beeen damaged by a common carrier, embraced by the provisions of that act, may bring suit in his or their own behalf "in any District or Circuit Court of the United States of competent jurisdiction;" and by the above act of 1890 any person injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by that act may sue therefor "in any Circuit Court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found." Although by the statutes in force prior to the passage of the Interstate Commerce (1887) and Anti Trust Acts (1890), the Territorial District Courts of New Mexico were given the same jurisdiction in cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, are those acts to be construed as excepting from the general jurisdiction of the Territorial District Courts cases that may arise under them? In other words, can a suit for damages under either of those acts be brought in any court except, under the act of 1887, in a Circuit or District Court of the United States, and, under the act of 1890, in a Circuit Court of the United States? Did Congress intend that only courts of the United States, invested by the Third Article of the Constitution with the judicial power of the United States, McAllister v. United States, 141 U. S. 174 should have original jurisdiction of suits of that character? The questions suggested by these inquiries were not much discussed by counsel, and we pass them as being, in our view of the case, not necessary to be now decided; for, if a controversy like that raised by the plaintiff is equally cognizable by a Territorial District Court or by a Circuit or District Court of the United States, it would still remain to inquire whether the defendant company was brought before the court in which the suit was instituted in such way that a personal judgment could be rendered against it? It is firmly established that a court of justice cannot acquire jurisdiction over the person of a defendant, “except by actual service of notice within the jurisdiction upon him or upon some one authorized to accept service in his behalf, or by his waiver, by general appearance or otherwise, of the want of due service." Goldey v. Morning News, 156 U. S. 518, 521; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714; Mexican Central Railway v. Pinkney, 149 U. S. 194, 209; United States v. American Bell Tel. Co., 29 Fed. Rep. 17. This principle is applicable to all courts. We are of opinion that the service of summons upon Ripley, as president, while he was passing through the Territory on a railroad train was insufficient as a personal service on the company of which he was president. It is true that the company owned lands in the Territory, but its office, at which the meetings of its directors were held, was in the city of New York, while the office of its land commissioner was at Topeka, Kansas, and the office of its president was at Chicago, Illinois. The mere ownership of lands in New Mexico, or the bringing of suits there to protect its lands against trespasses, could not have had the effect to put the company into that Territory for the purposes of a personal action against it based on service of summons upon one of its officers while passing through the Territory on a railroad train. If by the laws of New Mexico a party having a cause of action against the company, based on the acts of 1887 and 1890, could have sued out an attachment and caused it to be levied upon its lands in the Territory in order to secure the satisfaction of any judgment he might finally obtain in such action-upon which point we express no opinion-it would not follow that a personal judgment could have been rendered against the company. In such case the judgment of the court could not affect anything except the lands attached. No personal judgment could have been rendered against the company by reason merely of such attachment. It is contended that the case is covered by section 450 of the Compiled Laws of New Mexico, 1897. That section provides that: "In suits against any corporation, summons shall be served in that county where the principal office of the corporation is kept or its principal business carried on, by delivering a copy to the president thereof, if he may be found in said county, but if he is absent therefrom, then the summons shall be served in like manner in the county, on either the vice-president, secretary, treasurer, cashier, general agent, general superintendent or stockholder, or any agent of said corporation, within such time and under such rules as are provided by law for the service of such process in suits against real persons, and if no such person can be found in the county where the principal office of the corporation is kept, or in the county where its principal business is carried on, to serve such process upon, a summons may issue from either one of such counties, directed to the sheriff of any county in this Territory where any such person may be found and served with process. If such corporation keeps no principal office in any county, and there is no county in which the principal business of such corporation is carried on, then suit may be brought against it in any county where the above-mentioned officers, or any or either of them may be found; Provided, That the plaintiff may, |