duced and succeeded in carrying the Bankrupt Law of 1867, and gained the revision of the patent and copyright laws. He was especially prominent in the introduction of measures calculated to reform the civil service on a basis of competition and probation, and after the termination of his service in Congress still worked earnestly for it until its passage in 1883. He also obtained the passage of the bill making admission to West Point dependent upon competitive examination. He engaged in the practice of law in New York after his retirement from Congress.

JENKIN, Henry Charles Fleming, English engineer: b. near Dungeness, Kent, 25 March 1833; d. Edinburgh, 12 June 1885. He took his M.A. at the University of Genoa in 1850 and in 1851 began his career as an engineer at Manchester. He afterward was with the submarine cable-works at Birkenhead. In 1859 he became associated with Sir William Thomson, afterward Lord Kelvin, in experiments on the resistance and insulation of electric cables, and his researches on the resistance of gutta-percha were recognized as of great importance. In partnership with Thomson he worked out many problems in connection with submarine telegraphy, and was connected with the laying of many cables. His services as a consulting telegraph engineer were in large demand and his inventions, upon which he took out 35 patents, brought him large financial returns. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1865 and in that year was appointed professor of engineering at University College, London. From 1868 until his death he was professor of engineering at Edinburgh University. He was exceptionally sound as a practical engineer and his determinative work in electricity was invaluable. He took up the work of sanitation with the vigorous thoroughness that characterized all his efforts, promoted the founding of a sanitary association in Edinburgh and materially aided the work with practical articles on the subject. At the time of his premature death he was engaged in completing an automatic electric system for the transportation of merchandise, known as "telpherage". Many of his scientific papers appeared in the Transac tions of the Royal Society of London and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was also author of 'Magnetism and Electricity) (1873); 'Healthy Houses' (1878). His collected writings, with an appreciative 'Memoir by R. L. Stevenson, were edited by Colvin and Ewing (2 vols., London 1887).

JENKINS, Charles Jones, American jurist and statesman: b. Beaufort County, S. C., 6 Jan. 1805; d. Summerville, Ga., 14 June 1883. He was graduated from Union College, Schenectady, Ñ. Y., in 1824, and after the study of law began practice in Augusta, Ga. He was a member of the Georgia legislature in 1830 and after a short service as attorney-general of the State was a member of the legislature 1836-50, and a leader of his party there. He was State senator 1856-60, and was a judge of the Georgia Supreme Court 1860-65. He became provisional governor of his State in 1865, holding office till 1868, and presided over the Constitutional Convention of 1877. Consult Jones, C. C., Life of C. J. Jenkins' (Atlanta, Ga., 1884).

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JENKINS, Edward Hopkins, American agricultural chemist: b. Falmouth, Mass., 31 May 1850. He was graduated at Yale in 1872, specialized in chemistry there in 1872-75, studied at the University of Leipzig in 1875-76, and took his Ph.D. at Yale in 1879. In 1877-1900 he was chemist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, was its vice-director in 1882-1900 and since 1900 has been its director. He was chairman of the State Sewage Commission in 1897-1903. Author of 'The Small Rock Garden' (1913) and numerous bulletins and reports published under the auspices of the State.

JENKINS, John Edward, English political and social writer: b. Bangalore, India, 28 July 1838; d. London, 4 June 1910. He was educated at McGill University, Canada, and the University of Pennsylvania, was agent-general for Canada in London, 1874-76, and sat in Parliament for Dundee, 1874-80. He became famous by the publication of his 'Ginx's Baby, his Birth and other Misfortunes) (1870), a clever satire aimed at the struggles of rival secretarians to secure control of the religious education of a derelict child.

JENKINS, Thornton Alexander, American naval commander: b. Orange County, Va., 11 Dec. 1811; d. 9 Aug. 1893. Entering the United States navy as a midshipman in 1828, he served therein during the war with Mexico. Appointed to investigate European lighthouse systems he framed the law passed in 1852 under which the existing lighthouse board is managed. He saw active service during the Civil War and was chief of the Bureau of Navigation 1865-69. From 1869 to 1871 he was naval secretary of the lighthouse board and commanded the East India squadron 1871-73. In 1870 he was appointed rear-admiral and retired from active service in 1873.

JENKINS, Ky., town in Letcher County, 129 miles from Ashland on the Sandy Valley and Elkhorn Railroad. It was founded in 1911 by the Consolidation Coal Company and developed into a model town for the operatives in the rich coal mines of the district. It has a Y. M. C. A. and is planned to give ideal housing and social conditions. Pop. estimated 5,000.

JENKINS' EAR, War of, popular name for the war between England and Spain in 1739. Robert Jenkins, an English master mariner, was on a return voyage from the West Indies in 1731 when his brig, the Rebecca, was boarded by a Spanish guardacosta, whose commander cut off one of his ears and committed other outrages. The story at first attracked little attention, but repeated by Jenkins before the House of Commons in 1738 it became a contributing cause to the outbreak of war the following year.

JENKINS FERRY, Battle of. During the winter of 1863-64 the Union forces of Generals Steele and Blunt held the line of the Arkansas River, with headquarters at Little Rock; the Confederates, under Gen. Sterling Price, held that of the Washita, with headquarters at Camden, which was strongly fortified. On 23 March 1864 Steele started from Little Rock southward with about 8,000 men to co-operate with General Banks' expedition up Red River, the objective point of both being Shreveport,

La. General Thayer, with 5,000 men, left Fort Smith on the 21st to join Steele at Arkadelphia, and Col. Powell Clayton, with a small cavalry force, marched from Pine Bluff in the direction of Camden, which was Steele's first objective. Steele reached Arkadelphia on the 28th, was joined near Elkins' Ferry, on the Little Missouri, by Thayer, and, after several severe skirmishes, in which the Confederates were defeated, flanked Price out of Camden, 15 April, and occupied it. Here he was fully informed that Banks had been defeated on Red River and was retreating and his own position became very precarious. Gen, E. Kirby Smith, who had been opposing Banks, marched rapidly with three divisions of infantry -8,000 men and 14 guns — to join Price and crush Steele. Steele was too strongly entrenched at Camden to be attacked, but he was greatly harassed and nearly surrounded by the gathering Confederates, his forage-trains, with their guard, were cut off and captured, and, the loss of a large supply-train at Marks' Mills, 25 April, with nearly an entire brigade and a battery, determined him to fall back to the Arkansas River. He left Camden on the night of the 26th, crossed the Washita, and had hardly begun his movement northward when Smith and Price pressed him vigorously and kept up a running fight, which was particularly sharp on the 29th, when Steele reached Jenkins' Ferry, on the Saline River. The river was swollen, and Steele had crossed only part of his army when his rear brigade, commanded by Gen. S. A. Rice, was fiercely attacked by Price, and yielded some ground. But the brigade rallied, and, supported by a part of Engelmann's that had not yet crossed the river, engaged in a sanguinary fight lasting the greater part of the day. Three times the Confederates charged and were repulsed, and the Union line advancing, the Confederates fell back and did not renew the fight. Steele now crossed the river without further molestation, and moved leisurely to Little Rock, which was reached 2 May, and Thayer's division was sent back to Fort Smith. Price was so badly defeated that he made no effort to follow Steele north of Saline River. The Union loss at Jenkins Ferry was 63 killed, 413 wounded and 45 missing. The Confederates report a loss of 86 killed, 356 wounded and one missing. The Union loss during the entire campaign (23 March-2 May) was 102 killed, 601 wounded and 1,072 missing, a total of 1,775. Consult War of RebellionOfficial Records' (Vol. XXXIV, Washington 1889-1901); The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War' (Vol. IV, New York 1887-88).

JENKINTOWN, Pa., borough in Montgomery County, 10 miles north of Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. It is situated in a well-to-do farming district and has railway supply works. Pop. 3,000.

JENKS, Arthur Whipple, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman and educator: b. Concord, N. H., 9 Aug. 1863. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1884, received his M.A. there in 1887, and his B.D. from the General Theological in 1896. He was ordained in 1893, and was rector of Saint Luke's, Woodsville, N. H., until 1895 when he became professor of ecclesiastical history at Nashotah

House, Wisconsin. He was appointed professor of that subject at Trinity College, Toronto, Canada, in 1901 and since 1910 has occupied that chair at the General Theological Seminary. Author of 'Beatitudes of the Psalter' (1914); Use and Abuse of Church History (1915).

JENKS, Edward, English publicist: b. Clapham, Surrey, 20 Feb. 1861. He was educated at Dulwich College and Cambridge University; was dean of the faculty of law in the University of Melbourne, 1889-92, and Queen Victoria professor of law in University College, Liverpool, 1892-96. He was reader in English law at Oxford, 1896-1903; and is now principal and director of studies of the Law Society. He is widely known as a writer on English law, his works comprising Constitutional Experiments of the Commonwealth' (1891); 'The Doctrine of Consideration in English Law' (1893); 'Outline of English Local Government' (1895) 'Law and Politics in Middle Ages' (1897) 'A Short History of Politics' (2d ed., 1900) 'Parliamentary England, 1660-1832) (1903) 'Digest of English Civil Law' (1907-14) 'Husband and Wife in the Law (1909) 'Short History of English Law' (1912).

JENKS, Jeremiah Whipple, American political economist: b. Saint Clair, Mich., 2 Sept. 1856. He was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1878, and subsequently studied in Germany, at the University of Halle. He then studied law and was admitted to the Michigan bar. In 1879-83 he was professor of Greek, Latin and German in Mount Morris College, Illinois; in 1886-89 was professor of political science and English literature at Knox College, Galesburg, Ill.; in 1889-91 professor of political economy and social science at Indiana University; and 1891-1912 professor of political economy and politics at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; in 1912 he became professor of government and director of the division of public affairs at New York University. In 1899-1901 he was expert agent for the United States Industrial Commission on investigation of trusts and industrial combinations in United States and Europe, and consulting expert for the Department of Labor on the same subject. In 1902 he was special commissioner of the United States War Department to investigate questions of currency, labor, internal taxation and police in the Orient. In 1903 he went to Mexico to consult with the Minister of Finance in regard to a change of the financial system. In 1903-04 he was a member of the United States Commission on International Exchange in special charge of reform of the currency in China. In 1907-10 he was a member of the United States Immigration Commission, and in 1906-07 was president of the American Economic Association. He is chairman of the board of directors of the Alexander Hamilton Institute. He has written 'Henry C. Carey als Nationalökonom (Jena 1885); The Trust Problem' (1900; 6th ed., 1912); Report Industrial Commission Industrial Combinations in Europe (Vol. XVIII, 1901); Report on Certain Economic Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient' (1902). He is editor and part author of 'Reports of the United States Industrial Commission on Trusts and Industrial Combination' (Vol. I, 1900; Vol. XIII, 1901). He compiled 'Statutes and Di

gested Decisions of Federal, State and Territorial Law Relating to Trusts and Industrial Combinations (2 vols., 1900), and is part author and compiler of Reports of Commission on International Exchange) (1904, 1905); 'Citizenship and the Schools' (1906); 'Great Fortunes, the Winning, the Using' (1906); "The Political and Social Significance of the Life and Teachings of Jesus' (1906); 'Life Questions of High School Boys (1908); Principles of Politics' (1909); Governmental Action for Social Welfare' (1910); The Immigration Problem,' with W. Jett Lauck (1913; 4th ed. 1917); The Making of a Nation'; 'The Testing of a Nation's Ideals,' with Prof. Charles F. Kent (1915); 'Personal Problems of Boys Who Work' (1913); 'Business and the Government (1917). He is a frequent contributor to periodical literature on economic and political questions. He is recognized as one of the foremost authorities on the trust question, and his writings are marked by scholarly and accurate investigation, combined with unusual simplicity and clearness of statement.

JENKS, Tudor, American editor and author: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 7 May 1857. He was graduated from Yale in 1878, from the Columbia Law School in 1880, studied art in Paris in 1880-81, practised law in New York in 1881-87, and in 1887 became a member of the staff of the Saint Nicholas Magazine until 1902. His writings include many magazine contributions in prose and verse, and a number of books for young readers. 1912 he resumed lawpractice.

In

JENKS, William, American Congregational clergyman: b. Newton, Mass., 25 Nov. 1778; d. Boston, 13 Nov. 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797 and was ordained in 1805, serving as pastor at Bath, Me., in 1805-17. In the meantime he was a chaplain in the War of 1812 and was for three years professor of Oriental and English literature at Bowdoin College. He settled in Boston in 1818, engaging in special work among the seamen, and founding a free chapel for them which grew into the Mariner's Church and Sailors' Home, and was the foundation of the City Missionary Society. He was pastor of the church in Greene street in 1826-45. He was a founder of the American Oriental Society, and was for many years corresponding secretary and senior vice-president of the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass. Author of A Commentary on the Bible, 120,000 copies sold (5 vols., 1834; 6 vols., 1851); Explanatory Bible Atlas and Scripture Gazeteer) (1849).

JENNER, jen'èr, Edward, English physician, discoverer of vaccination as a preventive of the smallpox: b. Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 17 May 1749; d. there, 26 Jan. 1823. Having adopted the medical profession, he visited London to attend the lectures of the celebrated anatomist, John Hunter, in whose family he resided for two years. Returning to the country, he settled at Berkeley to practise his profession. His investigations concerning the cowpox were commenced about 1776, when his attention was excited by the circumstance of finding that some individuals to whom he attempted to communicate the smallpox by inoculation were not susceptible to the disease; and on inquiry he found that all such patients, though they had

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never had the smallpox, had undergone the casual cowpox, a disease common among the farmers and dairy-servants in Gloucestershire, who had some idea of its preventive effect. Other medical men were aware of the prevalence of this opinion but treated it as a popular prejudice; and Jenner seems to have been the first who ascertained its correctness, and endeavored to derive from it some practical advantage. He discovered that the variola vaccine, or cowpox, as the complaint has been since termed, could be propagated from one human subject to another by inoculation, rendering all who passed through it secure from the smallpox. In 1798 he published a short treatise An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Variola Vaccineæ -and in July 1798, Cline, surgeon to Saint Thomas' Hospital, introduced vaccination into that institution. The practice was adopted in the army and navy and in the country generally, and soon spread to other countries, and honors and rewards were conferred on the author of the discovery. In 1802 a parliamentary grant was made to him of the sum of £10,000, and five years later a second grant of £20,000. Besides the treatise already mentioned, and 'Further Observations on the Variola Vaccinæ or Cow-Pox' (1799) Jenner also published various letters and papers on the same subject, as well as on others. A famous paper of his on the cuckoo appeared in the (Philosophical Transactions' in 1788. Consult Baron, 'Life of Jenner'; Creighton, Jenner and Vaccination? (1889); Crookshanks History and Pathology of Vaccination' (1890). The last-named work contains reprints of the Inquiry,' the 'Further Observations,' and other papers by Jenner, See VACCINATION.

JENNER, SIR William, English physician: b. Chatham, 1815; d. London, 11 Dec. 1898. He was educated at University College, London, became in 1849 professor of pathological anatomy, and in 1860 of clinical medicine in that institution, and in 1861 physician to the queen. From 1863-72 he was appointed professor of the principles and practice of medicine in University College and in 1868 was created a baronet. He wrote various papers on specific diseases, and was the earliest to establish the difference in kind between typhus and typhoid fevers.

JENNET, a small Spanish horse with a strain of Arabian blood, of high reputation for its beauty of form and its speed. The name is of English and French usage and was perverted from its original meaning, designating a horseman of a Barbary tribe noted for its splendid cavalry.

JENNINGS, Herbert Spencer, American zoologist: b. Tonica, Ill., 8 April 1868. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1893 and studied afterward at Harvard and at Jena. He received an honorary LL.D. from Clark University in 1909. He engaged in teaching botany and zoology, was assistant professor of zoology at the University of Michigan in 1900-03 and at the University of Pennsylvania in 1903-05. He was appointed professor of experimental zoology at Johns Hopkins University in 1906 and since 1910 he has been Henry Waters professor of zoology and director of the laboratory there. He was director of the United States Fish Commission's Biological Survey of the Great Lakes in

1901, and in research work has specialized on the physiology of micro-organisms and animal behavior. He is associate editor of the Journal of Experimental Zoology, of Genetics and of the Journal of Animal Behavior. Author, with Jacob Reighard, of "The Anatomy of the Cat' Behavior of (1901); Lower Organisms' (1906).

JENNINGS, Louis John, Anglo-American journalist, author and politician: b. London, 1836; d. there, 9 Feb. 1893. He was on the staff of the London Times in London, India and New York from 1860 until 1867, when he became editor of the New York Times. He attacked the Tweed Ring in the columns of the Times and was largely instrumental in bringing its activities to an end. In 1876 he resumed his residence in England, where he became reader for the publishing house of Murray and acted as representative of the New York Herald. He represented Stockport in Parliament in 1885-86. Author of Eighty Years of Republican Government in the United States' (1868); 'Field Paths and Green Lanes' (1877); The Millionaire: A Novel (3 vols., 1883); 'Mr. Gladstone: A Study (1887), etc. He edited Lord Randolph Churchill's 'Speeches with Notes and Introduction' (1889).

JENNINGS, Samuel, American colonial Quaker preacher: d. 1708. In 1680 he came from Buckinghamshire, England, to Burlington, N. J., and was governor of West Jersey in 1683. Becoming entangled in religious controversy he opposed the Quaker schismatic, George Keith, and in London in 1694 supported the action of the American Friends in regard to Keith. On returning to America he often made preaching tours through the various colonies, and after the recall of the English governor, Lord Cornbury, aided in restoring public order in the affairs of West Jersey.

JENNINGS, Sarah, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH. See MARLBOROUGH, DUKE of.

JENNINGS, La., town and parish-seat in Jefferson Davis Parish, 40 miles west of Lafayette, on the Mermenteau River and on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is situated in a productive fruit, rice and lumber district, has rice- and saw-mills, and manufactures oil-well supplies. It adopted the commission form of government in 1913. Pop. 4,000.

JENSEN, Wilhelm, German author: b. Heiligenhafen, Holstein, 15 Feb. 1837; d. Munich, 24 Nov. 1911. He received his classical education at Kiel and Lübeck and studied medicine at Kiel, Würsburg and Breslau, but abandoned the profession of medicine for literature. He engaged in further private study, and for a time lived in Munich where he was in touch with the leading men of letters. He lived in Stuttgart in 1865-69, editing the Schwabische Volks-Zeitung, and at Flensburg he edited the Norddeutsche Zeitung in 1869-72. He was a resident of Kiel in 1872-76, of Freiburg in 187688 and from 1888 lived in Munich. He was the author of more than 100 works, including fiction, narratives and tragedies. Among them are the novels 'Die Braune Erica' (1868); Barthenia' (1877); Karin von Schweden' (1878); 'Götz und Gisela (1886); Heimkunft) (1894); Luv und Lee' (1897); the narratives Aus den

Tagen der Hansa' (1885); 'Heimath' (1901); the tragedies 'Dido' (1870); 'Der Kampf für's Reich (1884), etc.

JEOPARDY, a law term covering the peril to a defendant involved in the course of a trial for a criminal offense; generally used in connection with the United States constitutional provision that no person shall twice be put in jeopardy for the same offense. Jeopardy in the legal sense is usually construed to begin for the defendant when a trial jury is impaneled and sworn to try the case and give a verdict. There are, however, some cases in which it has been held that jeopardy does not attach until after a verdict has been reached.

JEPHSON, jef'son, Robert, British poet and dramatist: b. Ireland, 1736; d. Blackrock, near Dublin, 31 May 1803. He served in the British army, attained the rank of captain of infantry and retired on half pay about 1763. For the succeeding four years he was the guest of William Gerard Hamilton and was highly popular in a circle of friends which included Garrick, Goldsmith, Reynolds, Johnson, Burke, Burney and Charles Townshend. He was appointed master of the horse to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1767, thereupon removing to Dublin, where he held this position under 12 viceroys. From 1778 he held a seat in the Irish Parliament. As master of the horse he was granted a permanent pension of £300 which was afterward doubled. Most notable among his tragedies are Braganza' (Drury Lane 1775), which was highly praised by Walpole, and the Count of Norbonne' (Covent Garden 1781), in which Kemble later made a great success. Among his other tragedies are The Law of Lombardy (1779); The Conspiracy' (1796). A series of articles published in the Mercury, defending with much wit and vivacity the administration of Lord Townshend as viceroy, was later published in book form, The Bachelor, or Speculations of Jeoffry Wagstaffe. He wrote several farces, comedies and a musical comedy; the heroic poem 'Roman Portraits> (1794); and a satire on the excesses of the French Revolution, The Confessions of Jacques Baptiste Couteau' (2 vols., 1794).

JEPHTHAH, jef'tha, in Jewish history one of the judges of Israel (Judges xi, xii). He was a son of Gilead, and was driven from home by his brothers, but when the Ammonites made war against Israel was summoned to defend his countrymen. Jephthah after trying conciliatory measures without success, put himself at the head of the Israelites, and defeated the enemy. He had made a vow that if he was victorious he would sacrifice to God as a burnt-offering whatever should first come to meet him from his house. He was met by his daughter, his only child, whom he accordingly sacrificed to the Lord (Judges xi, 29, 40). The way in which the vow was kept has given rise to much controversy, some authors maintaining that Jephthah put his daughter to death; others that he devoted her to perpetual virginity; others that he actually sacrificed her as a burnt-offering, and that, though prohibited by law of Moses, these human sacrifices occasionally took place. He was judge for six years and was buried in Gilead. The best commentaries on Judges are by Moore and Budde.

JEPSON, Edgar, English novelist: b. London, 28 Nov. 1864. He was educated at Oxford and has published 'Sibyl Falcon' (1895); 'The Passion for Romance) (1896); The Keepers of the People' (1898); On the Edge of the Empire' (1900); 'The Horned Shepherd' (1904); The Lady Noggs' (1905); The Triumphs of Tinker' (1905); (Tangled Wedlock' (1906); Arsène Lupin' (1908); The Girl's Head' (1910); 'The Gillingham Rubies' (1915); The Man Who Came Back' (1915); (The Night Hawk' (1916); Esther Lawes' (1916).

JEQUITINHONHA, zha'kē-të-nyō'nyą, or RIO GRANDE DO BELMONTE, Brazil, river in the eastern coast country. It rises in the Serra do Espinhaco in the state of Minas Geraes, and flows in a northeasterly direction through the state of Bahia, emptying into the Atlantic near Belmonte, 200 miles below Bahia. The river is about 400 miles long and in the upper three-quarters of its course the current is swift. At Salto Grande, about 100 miles from the coast, is a cataract which is considered one of the grandest in South America. The river is navigable for about 60 miles from the coast.

JEŘÁBEK, yěr'zhä-běk, František, Bohemian dramatist: b. Sobotka, 25 Jan. 1836; d. Prague, March 1893. He was educated at Leitmeritz and at Prague, and afterward engaged in teaching, journalism and the writing of plays. He edited Pokrok and was at different times a member of the Bohemian Diet and the Austrian Reichsrat. He was author of a history of the beginnings of romantic poetry, Stará doba romantickeho búsnictvi' (1884). His dramas deal with social problems and include several based upon historical facts. Among them are 'Hana' (1858); Vesclohra' (1861); 'Služebnik svého paná, 'Faithful Servant of His Master (1870; Ger. trans., 1872); 'Syn člověka, 'The Son of Man' (1878); Závist' (1885), etc.

JERAHMEEL, jě-rä-mē-ěl, the name of a tribe friendly with David when he was in exile in Ziklag. Their founder is supposed to have been the brother of Caleb, the intimate of Joshua. The tribe is supposed to have penetrated Israel quite thoroughly and it is T. K. Cheyne's theory that many corruptions of the Old Testament text came from them. Some other Old Testament scholars have felt that Dr. Cheyne carried his theory to an extreme and saw Jerahmeelites in every Hebrew bush and root. Consult his article in the Encyclopædia Biblica,' and his various books on the Psalms.

JERBA, or GERBI, Africa, island in the Gulf of Cabes, off the east coast of Tunis, occupied by the French since 1881. Its greatest length is 20 miles and its area is 425 square miles. The land is level and the soil fertile but without either springs or rivers, the water supply depending upon wells and cisterns. The chief town, which forms the capital, markettown and seaport, is Haumt-et-suk, situated on the north side of the market. There is a fort built by the Spaniards in 1824 and a modern French fort with a French garrison. At El Kantara are extensive ruins believed to be those of the ancient Roman seaport Meninx. The island is the Lotophagitis, or Lotus-eaters' Island of the Greeks and Romans. The popuVOL. 16-2

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lation consists in the main of Berbers. Industries include the raising and export of dates, olives and other fruits, the manufacture of silkand-wool materials and a fine white pottery, and there is a sponge market open from November till March. Pop. about 45,000.

JERBOAS, jĕr-bō'ąz or jěr'bō-az, small rodents of the family Dipodidæ, found in the sandy plains of Africa, Russia and southern Asia, and represented by a few species in North America. Their most prominent peculiarity is the great length of the hind legs, especially in the metatarsal portion, so that they look like miniature kangaroos. They walk ordinarily on their two hind feet, but when alarmed escape danger by long leaps. They are fawn-colored, as a rule, with long, slender tails, large ears, big eyes and nocturnal habits. They dwell in underground burrows and tunnels, many of which, more or less connected, are likely to be found together. Their food is mainly vegetable, but they also eat insects, eggs, etc.; they hibernate in cold climates, do not store food and are the prey of foxes, jackals, wildcats, serpents and Arab children. The most familiar species of jerboa is the Egyptian form (Dipus ægypticus), found in North Africa in arid places. The jumping-hare of South Africa (Pedetes capensis), and its ally, the jumping-mouse of North America (Zapus hudsonius), are also wellknown examples of the family. The latter is a reddish "mouse," white underneath, which abounds all over the temperate parts of the country, and is easily recognized by its bounding gait. It is one of the longest and soundest of winter sleepers, preparing for its dormancy a warm ball-like nest of grass lodged in a bush or among strong weeds. Gerbils (q.v.) of Africa and India are often confused with jerboas, but are a group of true mice. Consult Blanford, W. T., Fauna of British India: Mammalia' (London 1888-90); Lyon, M. W., 'Comparison of the Osteology of the Jerboas and Jumping Mice' (Washington 1901); Lydekker, Royal Natural History (Vol. III, 1895).

JERDAN, William, Scottish journalist: b. Kelso, Roxburgshire, 16 April 1782; d. Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, 11 July 1869. He engaged in journalism in London in 1806, was present in the lobby of the House of Commons when Spencer Perceval was shot, 11 May 1812, and was the first to seize the assassin. He became editor of the High-Tory organ, the Sun, in 1813, and was complimented in high quarters for the freshness of his foreign news. He introduced, too, the then uncommon feature of almost daily literary articles in his columns. In 1817 he became connected with the Literary Gazette as editor and part owner, acquiring sole ownership in 1842, and until 1850 he edited and directed the periodical with exceptional ability. He was closely associated with many prominent writers of his time. His personal fortunes were impaired through the Whitehead Bank failure of 1808 and the panic of 1826, and the dishonesty of a friend to whom he had entrusted investments finally ruined him financially. His friends subscribed a testimonial of more than £900 and in 1853 he was granted a pension of £100 from the civil list. Among his writings the most valuable are Autobiography' (4 vols., 1852-53), and 'Men I Have Known' (1866).