gold medals from Congress, the New York legislature and the Royal Geographical Society. Consult Elder, 'Biography of Elisha Kent Kane' (1857); Greely, American Explorers' (1894).

KANE, John Kintzing, American jurist: b. Albany, N. Y., 16 May 1795; d. Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Feb. 1858. He was graduated from Yale in 1814, was admitted to the bar in 1817, entered practice in Philadelphia, was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature as a Federalist in 1823, later became a Democrat, and supported Jackson in the canvass of 1828. In 1845 he became attorney-general of Pennsylvania, in 1846 United States district judge for Pennsylvania, in 1856 president of the American Philosophical Society. He won distinction by his legal attainments and his decisions in patent and admiralty law, but his commitment of Passmore Williamson for contempt of court in an action under the Fugitive Slave Law was attacked by the Abolitionists.

KANE, Paul, Canadian artist: b. Toronto, 1810; d. 1871. He received his early art education at Upper Canada College, and was inspired with the ambition to depict the Indians. After spending some years in the United States, he went to Europe in 1841, studied art in Italy, and returned to Toronto in 1845. He made a transcontinental journey in 1846-47, in the course of which he visited many of the western tribes, and brought back with him some hundred sketches of great ethnological value, and developed later into an important series of paintings of Indian life and western scenery. In 1859 he published the literary result of his travels, Wanderings of an Artist among the Indian Tribes of North America,' illustrated by his own sketches.

KANE, SIR Robert John, Irish chemist: b. Dublin, Ireland, 24 Sept. 1809; d. there, 16 Feb. 1890. He was educated for th: medical profession and in 1832 became a member of the Royal Irish Academy. In the same year he founded the Dublin Journal of Medical Science and was its editor for two years. From 1834 to 1837 he was professor of natural philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society; in 1846 originated the Museum of Industry in Ireland. He was knighted the same year, was president of Queen's College, Cork, for several years prior to his resignation in 1873, and in 1876 was elected president of the Royal Irish Academy. He wrote 'Elements of Chemistry) (1842); 'Industrial Resources of Ireland' (1884), etc. KANE, Pa., borough in McKean County, on the Baltimore and Ohio, tle Pennsylvania and other railroads, 95 miles southeast of Erie, 175 miles north of Pittsburgh and 122 miles from Buffalo. There are here several of the largest window glass factories in the world, plate glass and bottle factories, lumber-mills, wooden-ware factories, saws, cutlery, screen doors and window factories and other flourishing industries. There are extensive natural gas and oil wells and deposits of silica in the surrounding country which are of great commercial benefit to the town. On account of its elevation of 2,200 feet, Kane is an attractive summer resort, with good hunting and fishing grounds in the vicinity. It was first settled in 1859 and became a borough in 1887. The government is vested

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in a burgess and a council of nine members elected every three years. Pop. 6,626.

KANEKO, kä'nā-kō (VISCOUNT) Kentaro, Japanese statesman: b. Fuknoka, 1853. He came of an old Samurai family, and received foreign education in the United States, being graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1878. He began his career as a professor in the school that was the forerunner of the Tokio Imperial University. In 1885 he became private secretary to Prince Ito, then Premier of Japan; was sent abroad for the purpose of investigating constitutional systems; served as president of the Privy Council (1888–90), and chief secretary of the House of Peers, 1890. Two years later, he was a delegate to the International Law Conference in Switzerland. He was viceminister for agriculture and commerce in 1894; minister of the same department in 1898, and in 1900 Minister of Justice. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) he was nonofficial representative of his government in this country, and a powerful factor in effecting the peace negotiations at Portsmouth. In 1890 Kaneko was made baron, after the war, was created viscount, and appointed Privy Councillor.

K'ANG-HI, or KANG-HSI, the second emperor of the Ta Tsing dynasty established in China by the Manchu Tartars: b. 1655; d. 1722. He began to reign in 1661, under a regency and assumed the reigns of government in 1669, when only 14 years of age. When he was 19 he was forced to face a rebellion of the Chinese under Wu San-Kuei, which spread throughout the whole vast empire. But K'angHi struggled against many very great difficulties and was finally successful in restoring the country to order and in even extending his authority to Khokand, Badakhshan and Thibet. He proceeded to consolidate his power by increasing the number of provinces to 18 and extending his dominion most intimately over each of them. The Jesuits, who were welcomed by him, contributed to his victories by supplying him with the most modern cannon and arms then in use in Europe, and to the scientific glories of his court by the reformation of the calendar (1669), the taking of a complete census and the surveying of the whole empire. Under these and other influences K'ang-Hi became a great and consistent patron of art and literature. In this field his energies, very active at court, extended to other literary centres of the empire. So strong became the influence of the Jesuits that Christianity was officially recognized in 1692. A break, however, occurred with Rome in 1698, when the Pope decided against ancestor worship to which the emperor clung tenaciously as a vital part not only of his religious faith but also of his family creed. The breech between the emperor and Rome continued to widen until finally the former issued an edict banishing from the country all the Christian missionaries who dared to differ from his own expressed opinion on these or other matters. Among the literary activities patronized by K'ang-Hi and supervised by him were the great Imperial Dictionary of Chinese; a concordance to all Chinese literature ('PeiWên-Yun-Foo') in 110 large volumes; two great encyclopædias, the largest of which (the Ku-Kin Too Shu-Tseih-Ching') consists of,

over 5,000 volumes. For this latter vast undertaking movable copper type was used. These, though the most notable, were only a few of his many art and literary activities. He encouraged commerce with foreigners and granted permission to the East India Company to establish an agency in China (1677). Consult Giles, China and the Manchus) (Cambridge 1912); Rémusat, 'Nouvelles Mélanges asiatique' (Paris 1829).

K'ANG-WA, käng'wä', or KANG-HOA (Japanese at the river mouth), an island situated at the mouth of the Han River, Korea. From a military point of view it is held to be of great importance, guarding as it does the waterway to Seoul, the capital. Modern warfare methods have rendered it of much less military value than it possessed in the past when it formed the one great fortified place of refuge of the court in times of extreme danger due to the many invasions suffered by the country. During the independence of Korea it formed the place of deposit (in duplicate) of the archives of the government, which were kept in a strongly fortified Buddhist monastery and guarded by clerical militia. So strong was this place that the French, who had captured K'ang-wa, under Admiral Rose, were unable to take the island by storm and suffered a severe defeat and great loss though it was defended by only 5,000 Koreans. Five years later, however, the American Admiral John Rodgers, whose survey boats of the United States squadron then in Korean waters, had been fired upon, landed a force commanded by Winfield Scott Schley and captured all five of the forts. In September 1875, the Japanese, under similar conditions, stormed the place and dictated a treaty of peace. Naturally, being so intimately connected with the life of the court and the nation, K'ang-Wa and the immediate neighborhood are rich in historical and other monuments. Consult Griffis, W. E., Corea, the Hermit Nation' (New York 1911); Hamilton, Korea' (New York 1907).

K'ANG-YU-WEI, käng' yōō'wä', Chinese scholar and reformer: b. Canton, 1858. Coming under the influence of the missionaries he became greatly interested in western civilization which he studied deeply. This led him to become the leader of the Reform party in China. His influence spread to all the provinces where it was especially strong in the schools of higher learning. This brought him to the attention of the court and he became the chief adviser of the emperor and the very spirit of the reform movement of 1898, the failure of which forced K'ang into exile. Wandering about from Hongkong, to Singapore and other places in the east he organized the "Pao Huang Hwei" or Empire Reform Society, the object of which was to modernize China. It was extended to England, America and wherever Chinese were in strength, and played a very considerable part in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic (1911). K'ang Yu-Wei and his associates had a powerful influence in Republican China, especially in 1913. Among his published works are a New Commentary on the Chinese Classics,' and 'Modern Japan.)

KANGAROO, an Australian marsupial of the family Macropodide. The word is derived

It

from a native name of the giant kangaroo. The Macropodide are readily distinguished from other marsupials by their shape. The head is small, with large mule-like ears; the neck slender, the trunk narrow before and very massive behind; the fore limbs small and weak with five toes and used chiefly as hands; the hind limbs long, extremely powerful, four-toed and serving as the chief organs of locomotion; and the tail thick, heavy and muscular, serving to support the body, in combination with the hind legs, as on a tripod. The dentition is noteworthy, having a somewhat rodent-like appearance. There are three pairs of incisors above, presenting a sharp cutting edge which the single pair of lower incisors passes like the blade of a shears. The molars are flat-crowned. The kangaroos are strictly vegetarian, and in Australia represent the deer, antelopes and hares of other regions. About 50 species belonging to 12 or 15 genera have been described from Australia and the neighboring islands. The giant kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), the largest, is frequently exhibited in zoological gardens. This, the first of the kangaroos known to white men, was discovered by Captain Cook during his exploring voyage in 1770, and was described under the name Didelphys gigantea from specimens brought home by him. When standing erect in the attitude of scenting danger it is nearly as tall as a man, and when in full flight propels itself by bounds of 12 to 15 feet. often gathers into large bands, or did so formerly, when more abundant. On account of its destructiveness to herbage on the sheep-ranges, as well as for sport, it is much hunted by the colonists, a favorite method being coursing. When brought to bay by the hounds it proves no mean antagonist, and frequently kills a dog by seizing it in its arms and ripping it open with the great hind toe. As in other kangaroos the hind feet have a peculiar structure; the fourth toe is enormously developed and furnishes almost the sole support; the fifth is of moderate size; in sharp contrast the second and third toes are minute, slender and bound together so that only their sharp claws project from the skin, their only function being to comb and cleanse the fur. The one or two young are born in an exceedingly helpless state, and after being placed in the pouch of the female remain attached by their mouths to the nipples for several weeks or months; at first they are quite incapable of sucking, and the milk is injected into their mouths by the periodical contraction of the muscles of the mammary glands. Even after they are able to run about, they return to the mother's pouch for temporary rest and shelter. Closely related are the red kangaroo (M. rufus) and other species inhabiting the mountains, and the numerous species of large and small wallabies or brush-kangaroos, some of which inhabit New Britain and New Guinea, as well as Australia. The genus Dendrolagus includes the arboreal tree-kangaroos. The large rock-kangaroos (genus Petrogale) dwell among rocks, leaping about them with great agility and using their long tails like a balancing-pole. The rat-kangaroos (sub-family Potorina) are a small group of species somewhat resembling rats and rabbits in size and habits. They are nocturnal and obtain their food largely by digging roots. Fossil forms are exhumed from the Pleistocene rocks of Australia