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a member of the literary staff of Punch, and in 1852 became editor of Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper. To this he contributed 'Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures'; 'Punch's Letters to his Son'; the Story of a Feather.' He wrote several novels, among which are 'The Mad Mode of Money), and 'Chronicles of Clovernook (1846). A selection of his essays, edited by his grandson, Walter Jerrold, appeared in 1903. Though a powerful master of satire, he never allowed his wit, whether as an author or in private life, to be tinged with malevolence. Consult Jerrold, W. B., Life and Remains of Douglas Terrold' (1859); Jerrold, W. C., 'Douglas Jerrold and Punch.

JERROLD, William Blanchard, English journalist and miscellaneous writer, eldest son of Douglas Jerrold (q.v.): b. London, 23 Dec. 1826; d. there, 10 March 1884. He succeeded his father in 1857 as editor of Lloyd's Newspaper, and as such strongly espoused the cause of the North in the American Civil War. Some of his leading articles on this subject were, by instruction of the American authorities, placarded and displayed in New York. He was the author of a very successful farce, 'Cool as a Cucumber) (1851), and other plays. He also wrote 'Swedish Sketches (1852); 'Life of Douglas Jerrold' (1858), and Life of Nanoleon III', his greatest work, which was completed in 4 vols. between 1874 and 1882.

JERSEY, Island of, the largest, most im portant and most southerly of the Channel Islands, lying in the English Channel, and belonging to Great Britain. It is 12 miles long and from four to seven miles wide, and has an area of 45 square miles. The distance to the coast of France is about 15 miles. Rugged and precipitous in the north, the interior is mostly table-land and is well-wooded. The principal town is Saint Helier. Pop. 28,000. The island is famous for a breed of cattle. Fruit and potatoes are largely grown, and are exported in enormous quantities. The island was part of the old Norman provinces brought with the Conquest to the Crown of England. The speech of the farming population is a patois Norman French, but English is spoken everywhere, while the use of modern French and English is a bi-lingual feature of the courts and states governing body. Pop. 52,000.

JERSEY CATTLE. See Cattle.

JERSEY (jer'zi) CITY, N. J., the most important suburb of New York since the annexation of Brooklyn, the second largest city in New Jersey, and seat of Hudson County. It occupies about five miles of the Hudson River frontage opposite lower New York: Paulus Hook, its starting point, is exactly opposite the Battery. It lies on a peninsula between the Hudson and New York Bay on one side, and the Hackensack and Newark Bay on the other; and is limited on the south by Bayonne, which takes up the lower end of the peninsula, and on the north by Hoboken. It has several ferry lines to different portions of New York, operated by the great railroads which have their terminals here all the roads from the south and west: the Pennsylvania, Erie, Baltimore and Ohio, Lehigh Valley, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, New York, Susquehanna and Western, Central of New Jersey, and the West Shore line of the New York Central.

The Morris Canal ends here. Jersey City is also the terminal of several of the most important steamship lines between New York and Europe. Its area is 12,228 acres, or 19.1 square miles.

The city lies on a flat meadow about a mile wide from the river back to a sharp bluff; the business section occupies the former, the residence district the latter, with some very handsome streets of costly dwellings. The municipal improvements are of a high and thorough grade: paving (nearly all the streets are paved, largely with granite and asphalt), sewerage, water supply, etc. The trolley service extends to all the neighboring section of New Jersey. The parks are few and very small, less than in almost any other large American city; but along the ridge in the western part extends the magnificent Hudson County boulevard, 19 miles long (the entire length of that county from Bayonne up, and five miles of Bergen County), 100 feet wide, and with a noble view of the river and upper New York, as well as the country west. The city hall with the soldiers' monument, the public library, the courthouse, the Dickinson high school and the Fourth Regiment armory, are among the conspicuous buildings. The intellectual facilities of the city are good, aside from its proximity to New York. It has 37 public schools, besides 16 Roman Catholic parochial schools, and for higher education two public high schools, Hasbrouck Institute (1856), Saint Peter's (Roman Catholic) College (1878), Saint Aloysius Academy. There is a public library with over 100,000 volumes. The hospitals are the City, Saint Francis, German and Christ; there are several homes and asylums, and some convents.

The immense commercial and shipping interests of the city, though second only to those of New York, have no separate statistics, the customs report being included in that of the latter city. Its position on the great river, with Newark Bay in the rear and the entrance of Kill van Kull on the south, give it a most favorable commercial position, which has been improved by properly equipped wharves. There is a steady and concerted movement to increase still further these port facilities by co-ordination of railroads, piers and terminal yards and buildings, with a belt line railroad. The Pennsylvania and Erie roads have large grain elevators here. Among the leading industries are those of slaughtering and meat-packing: Jersey City is the meat depot of New York, and has several huge abattoirs on the river front on the Hackensack meadows in the northwest. Its slaughter-house products in 1910 amounted to $22,314,000. Its other manufactures are enormous, the total amounting to $128,775,000 in 1910. They are exceedingly varied, no one having a great predominance except slaughtering and meat packing and tobacco manufacture with over $11,065,000 a year; other important branches are iron and steel goods, locomotives, boilers and heating apparatus; bridges, ships and windmills; planing-mill products, cars, carriages, boxes and cooperage; brass, copper and zinc goods, electrical and scientific apparatus; pottery and glass; lead-pencils and famous crucibles used in all chemical laboratories and smelting works; watches, jewelry and musical instruments; sugar and confectionery; mineral waters and patent medicines; soap and candles (a natural annex to the abattoirs), and per

fumes; compressed gas; chemicals, paints and roofing materials; paper and window-shades; rubber goods; silk thread and goods; oakum; fireworks; printing and writing inks and varnish; and hundreds of others. There are three national banks, and 10 State and private banks, with loan and trust companies. The city has an active and progressive Chamber of Commerce of the modern type.

Since June 1913 the city has had a commission form of government with five commissioners; most of the other officials are appointed by the commission except the school board which is appointed by the mayor. The assessed valuation in 1915 was $292,796,827; the total public debt, excluding the water debt, 30 Nov. 1915 was $10,350,625; the sinking fund is above $5,000,000. The expenditures are about $6,000,000 a year. The largest single item is $1,809,402.65 for schools.

The population in 1850 was 6,856; 1860, 29,226; 1870, 82,546; 1880, 120,722; 1890, 163,003; 1900, 206,433; 1910, 267,779. Of these 3,704 were colored, 58,224 foreign-born, 19,314 Irish, 18,820 German, 4,642 English, 3,832 Italian.

The site of the city was used only as farming land till into the 19th century despite its remarkable position. In 1802 the entire population was 13 in one house with outbuildings; this was on Paulus Hook, the point opposite the Battery, named after the Dutchman Michael Pauw, who formerly owned it. Here in the Revolution the American fortifications had been taken by the British, and retaken and destroyed in a most brilliant action by "Light Horse Harry" Lee. In 1804 the "Associates of the Jersey Company" bought the land, and laid it out in streets, incorporating it as a village with a board of selectmen. In 1820 it was incorporated as the "City of Jersey," still with a board of selectmen; in 1838 it was reincorporated as Jersey City, with a mayor and aldermen. Repeated annexations have brought it to its present territory: Van Vorst in 1851, Hudson City and Bergen in 1869, Greenville in 1873. It obtained a new charter in 1889. sult McLean, 'History of Jersey City' (1895)) Eaton, Jersey City and its Historic Sites' (1899).

Con

JERSEY SHORE, Pa., borough in Lycoming County, on the Susquehanna River, 15 miles southwest of Williamsport, on the Pennsylvania and the New York Central and Hudson River railroads. It is situated in a fertile agricultural district and has machine shops, foundries, electric works, a silk mill and other industries. Pop. 5,381.

JERSEYVILLE, Ill., city and county-seat of Jersey County, on the Chicago and Alton and the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis railroads, 66 miles southwest of Springfield. It was settled in 1839, incorporated in 1867, and adopted a new city charter in 1897. It has a public library and courthouse, and being the centre of a rich agricultural district, has an established trade in produce, fruit, grain and live-stock and has manufactories of shoes. The waterworks are owned by the city. The government is vested in a mayor and council. Pop. 4,113.

JERUSALEM, Wilhelm, Austrian psychologist and educator: b. Drěnic, Bohemia, 11 Oct. 1854. He was educated at Prague, engaged in

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teaching, and in 1907 became lecturer in philosophy and pedagogy at the University of Vienna. His works offer many valuable contributions to the study of philosophy. Author of 'Zur Reform der philosophischen Propädeutik' (1885); 'Lehrbuch der empirischen Pyschologie (1888; 5th ed., 1912); 'Die Urteils funktion' (1895); 'Einleitung in die Philosophie' (1899; 6th ed., 1913; eng. trans., 1910; trans, into Russian, Polish and Japanese); 'Gedanken und Denker' (1905; trans. of William James' 'Pragmatism'); 'Die Soziologie des Erkennens in der Zukunft (1909).

JERUSALEM (Greek Hierousalem; Old Hebrew pronunciation,, Yurushalem. Tel-elAmarna tablets, Uru-sa-lim "city of peace"; Assyrian monuments, Ur-sa-li-im-mu. The Greek and Latin Hierosolyma is a corruption, from the erroneous supposition that the first syllable is Greek hieros, sacred. Hadrian renamed it Elia Capitolina, and its official name was long Ælia, even Arabicized into Iliya; the Greeks called it Kapitolias. Arabic name, Beit elMakdis, or simply el-Mukaddas, modern vernacular el-Kuds, "the sanctuary," or el-Kuds esh-sherif).

The "Holy City" is 33 miles from its port of Jaffa on the Mediterranean, 15 from the Dead Sea, 18 from the Jordan, 19 from David's first capital, Hebron, and 34 or 35 from the old kingdom of Samaria: the pregnant Hebrew history was transacted in the space of a county. It is 126 miles from Damascus. The position of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is lat. 31° 46′ 45′′ N., long. 35° 13′ 25′′ E. The city lies in the midst of an infertile, ill-watered district, once (under good government) made prosperous by irrigation, later blighted by Turkish possession. The rainfall is about 23 inches. The climate is hot and irregular-rising to 112° and not sinking below 25°, with an annual mean of 62°- but not malarious; the city is insanitary and plague-stricken, but from dirt, lack of sewerage, bad water, and the unhygienic habits of the people. The only natural water-supply (the drainage sinking in the soft limestone) is from the Virgin's Spring (Gihon), an intermittent natural siphon on a dolomite floor, in a rocky cave 12 feet deep in the face of the eastern ridge; this was carried by a rock and masonry conduit to the rock and masonry Pool of Siloam, 52 x 18, and thence to another, the Old Pool; a shaft within the walls led down to a rock channel communicating with the spring. At present the water-supply is from rain-tanks or "pools," in and out of the walls. The remaining one of three old aqueducts, which carries water when in repair, was built by Pilate. There is little trade except that of local shops for supplying tourists; and the manufacture is chiefly of souvenirs, as olive-wood and mother-of-pearl articles. Indeed, as a commercial location it never possessed any merits, and its greatness was due to original religious and political status. It is connected with Jaffa (west), Bethlehem and Hebron (south), and Jericho (north) by carriage-roads; and in 1892 a narrow-gauge railroad to Jaffa, with a circuitous course of 54 miles, was opened by a French company.

Jerusalem was built on several hills. "This group of hills, now represented by a nearly level plateau, as the inner valleys have been filled up.

with the accumulations of ages, forms an outlying spur of the mountains of Judea, and has a general direction of north and south. On the north side the ground is comparatively level; two valleys, on the west, south and east, encircle the site, and gradually getting deeper, unite near the Pool of Siloam, forming one valley which runs down to the Dead Sea." The modern city, much less extensive than the old in its best estate, is a rough quadrangle surrounded by a very irregular wall, built in the 16th century by Solyman I, on the lines of the Crusaders' fortifications. It has nominally eight gates, two on each side; the Jaffa and Abd-ul-Hamid on the west (the latter very recent), the Zion and Dung on the south, the Golden (closed up) and Saint Stephen's on the east, and the Damascus and Herod's on the north. The city is unevenly divided, by the main street running from the Damascus gate south to near the Zion gate, and that running east from the Jaffa gate to the Haram-eshsherif, into four "quarters" in which the great religious divisions are segregated: the Mohammedan, much the largest, on the northeast, adjoining the original holy places; the Christian next, on the northwest, where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre; the Armenian on the southwest; the Jewish on the southeast. The streets are crooked, narrow, ill-made, and dirty, and the city has few except historical attractions; the stream of tourists, however, has developed civilized conveniences such as hotels, banks, mercantile establishments, etc. Several Jewish colonies have been settled in the environs; and since 1858 a quarter has grown up outside the walls on the northwest, approached by the Jaffa Gate, and containing consulates, Christian churches, schools, charitable institutions, etc., but not more sanitary than the old. The city prior to British occupation in 1917 was the capital of an independent sanjak, subject to the government at Constantinople. It has an executive and a town council with representation of the great religious divisions. It is the seat of Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Armenian patriarchs; the smaller eastern churches have resident bishops; and till 1887 a joint Protestant bishopric was supported by England and Prussia, with alternate bishops, but on the death of the then incumbent Prussia withdrew from the arrangement, and England continued it alone. Pop. in 1911 about 68,000, made up of 8,000 Mohammedans, 10,000 Christians and 50,000 Jews. In addition, there is a floating population of pilgrims to the sacred sites.

The intense historical interest is centred on memorials of the time or localities of David and Solomon, and of the life and death of Christ. Of the former, the supreme interest is in the Haram-esh-Sherif, the site of the temple, and palace of Solomon and of the later temples. It is a walled area about 527x330 yards, with an elevated platform in the centre reached by steps; in the centre is the beautiful Kubbet es-Sakhra, or Dome of the Rock-a wooden octagon with sides of 66 feet 7 inches, decorated on the outside with marble and porcelain tiles, each of the four sides which face the cardinal points having a square gate surmounted by a vaulted arch. Just east of this is the Chain Dome, or David's Place of Judgment. Other domes of interest

are near; but the next most notable structure in the Haram is the mosque El Aksa, at the south end. Within it are also a beautiful 15th century fountain, a pulpit of the same date, a modern mosque called the Throne of Solomon, and the fortress of Antonia. Of the Christian monuments, the most noteworthy is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in the Christian quarter, originally built by Constantine the Great over the traditional site of the Crucifixion. (See HOLY SEPULCHRE). There is a rotunda, with a dome 65 feet in diameter, above a smalĺ Chapel of the Sepulchre; a number of church buildings, said to include the site of Golgotha or Calvary; and 22 chapels. The Via Dolorosa, along which Jesus is said to have carried the cross to Calvary, follows the present street Tarik Bab Sitti Maryam from Saint Stephen's Gate. Several modern churches and other institutions are also worth visiting; but the thronging Scriptural associations besides those mentioned above, the Mount of Olives, the Pool of Bethesda, the Vale of Hinnom, etc.overshadow all else.

Topography and History.- About a mile north of Jerusalem, the main north and south watershed ridge of Palestine turns to the west; while a spur called Olivet, having three pinnacles, runs first southeast one and one-half miles, and then south one and one-fourth miles. The space between the two is occupied by a plateau sloping southeastward, and separated on each side from the bounding ridges by a ravine 300 to 400 feet deep, with steep and often precipitous sides. The eastern ravine, separating it from Olivet, is the "brook" Kedron or Kidron (Cedron), which was always a dry bed; the western is the Wady el-Rababi (probably the vale of Hinnom), which after skirting it on the west, turns east along the southern scarp of the plateau and joins the Kedron. Through this plateau from north to south runs a broader and much less deep and precipitous valley, the Tyropæon ("cheese-makers' place") 100 to 150 feet deep, thus dividing it into two uneven_sections: the east ridge is continuous, and its northern part was the first occupied; the western part, the "new city," is divided by a lateral branch of the Tyropoon into two summits. a north and a south, connected by a narrow saddle separating also Tyropoon from el-Rabābi. The general height may be stated as about 2,500 feet; the eastern ridge is 2,440 feet at the north, and descends southward; the western north summit is 2,490 feet, south summit 2,520. The accumulation of the rubbish of 3,000 years, however, has greatly modified the contours of the hills and ravines, obliterating some minor ones altogether. The average depth over the rock levels is 30 to 40 feet, and in the valleys 70, in one case reaching 120.

This plateau, surrounded on three sides by steeply scarped bluffs and crested with hills, was a natural fortress; but it had two defects - it commanded nothing in particular, and its watersupply (one spring intermitting for hours or even a day or two, and that at the foot of a bluff) was very scanty. Probably at the first, as many times since, army after army marched around it, and left it untouched as of too little military significance. We first hear of it on the Tel el-Amarna tablets (about 1400 B.C.) when it is seemingly a little hill fort with a small gar