crown. These tiny birds go about in small lively flocks and have no hesitation in attacking a crow, jay or hawk with the spiteful fury that long ago won them the_name "kinglet» among European peasants. Both, especially the ruby-crown, sing sweetly in the spring before going to some mountain-top or northern forest to make their cup-like nests in some evergreen tree. See GOLD-CREST.

KINGMAN, Kansas, city, county-seat of Kingman County, situated on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads, some 45 miles west of Wichita, in the midst of a rich agricultural and cattle district. It has butter and salt factories, flour mills and grain elevators and is well supplied with water motive power. Pop. 3,200.

KINGS, Books of. These two books in the Hebrew Bible formed originally one work. In the Greek version (the Septuagint), Kings and Samuel were reckoned as four Books of Kingdoms. This fourfold division passed into the Christian Bibles through the Vulgate, and was adopted in the printed editions of the Hebrew. Jerome, however, preferred the title Kings, hence our present name for the second twofold work.

Like Judges, Kings is a product of the era of historical interpretation inaugurated by the publication of Deuteronomy in 621 B.C. (See DEUTERONOMY and JUDGES). The reign of Solomon and the history of the divided kingdom furnished more abundant and varied illustration of the central principles of the prophetic law book than even the age of the Judges. The dependence of national prosperity upon absolute loyalty to Jehovah was illustrated more impressively by the division and downfall of the kingdom than by the vicissitudes of the early struggles, while the second great principle, the sinfulness of worship in the high places and the duty of centralization in the Jerusalem Temple, was exemplified constantly in the history from Solomon to the exile. For the period included in Kings, the writers of the exile did not have, as they did for the time of the Judges, a completed history already at hand, which they needed only to edit. For this era, they must themselves compile the earlier documents. Kings is therefore the great, original contribution of the Deuteronomic school of historians. Some passages, implying that the Temple is still standing and the Davidic dynasty uninterrupted, suggest that the compilation was undertaken in pre-exilic days, but the work as a whole carries the history in detail to the events following the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C., and cannot have been finished before the exile.

The completed work falls into three great sections: (1) The reign of Solomon (1 Kings i-xi); (2) The divided kingdom (1 Kings xii2 Kings xvii); (3) Judah after the fall of Israel (2 Kings xviii-xxv). At the close of the first and second sections, the compilers introduce at length their own interpretation of the preceding events in characteristic Deuteronomic terms. At the opening and close of each reign they give their judgments on the successive kings in stereotyped formulas. These formulas include also the chronological data in accordance with which they arrange the synchronisms of the reigns. For their sources the com

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pilers had on hand a book of the Acts of Solomon and separate Chronicles (Hebrew, Acts of Days) of Isreal and Judah. They also had collections of stories concerning Elijah, Elisha and other prophets. Reference is made by title Ito the Acts of Solomon and the Chronicles of Israel and Judah for additional information not included in Kings. Whether these books were the original state documents we cannot be sure. From the time of David a Recorder (Hebrew, Remembrancer) seems to have been a regular officer of the court. Directly or indirectly his records may be supposed to underlie the sources on which the compilers rely for information concerning the public activities of the kings, but it is commonly felt that the Chronicles to which they refer were not the original court records. They seem, rather, to have been compositions based on these and including also materials that would find no place in official annals. The narratives concerning Elijah, who appears so prominently in the fateful reign of Ahab of Israel, were doubtless composed in prophetic circles not long after his death. The sudden way in which the prophet is introduced (1 Kings xvii, 1) implies that the stories are taken out of a larger work in which fuller information is given concerning him. Some of the other stories in which prophets appear show more traces of the accretions which indicate oral transmission; those may have been handed down by word of mouth for some time before they were committed to writing. As a whole the books of Kings give the national history for a period of 400 years from the death of David to the exile, in a form that commends itself as affording one of the most reliable histories composed in pre-Christian times. Taken in connection with the books of Judges and Samuel, they give a comprehensive survey of Hebrew history, covering a period of nearly 600 years, from the struggles of the tribes for the possession of the land, through the federation into the monarchy, the division into two kingdoms, their inter-related history, and the separate history of Judah after the fall of Israel until her own downfall. In this series of books, Samuel was already in a form which so satisfied the exilic historians that they made very slight editorial additions, but Judges received much editing from their hands, and Kings, as has been indicated, is their own compilation. When their work was accomplished, a century before the time of Herodotus, their nation had a history of remarkable completeness and reliability, as compared with other ancient peoples.

In literary form, the books of Kings offer an interesting study. The 11 chapters concerning Solomon's reign centre in the description of the building and dedication of the Temple. To this central part are prefixed the account of the king's accession and notices of his wisdom, power, and wealth, and there are appended further notices of his wisdom and splendor and of his apostasy and adversaries. The histories of the divided kingdom are most skilfully interwoven so that the contemporary events are kept in close connection and yet the distinction between the two kingdoms is made clear. From the downfall of Israel in 722 B.C., the compilers' task was comparatively simple as they dealt with the records of Judah alone.

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The brief epitomes of many of the reigns afford little scope for literary art, but the fuller narratives concerning Elijah and Ahab are among the best told and most inspiring stories of antiquity. Other narratives which show the vigor of Israel's early prose concern the wars with Damascus (1 Kings xx, xxii). The sections in which the compilers pass their judgment upon Solomon or Israel are marked by the solemn earnestness and rhythmic speech so characteristic of Deuteronomy and of the writers influenced by its noble style and profound convictions. Even the monotonous formula, condemning all the kings of Israel for walking in the way of Jeroboam and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin, gives something of the impressiveness of the tolling of a deep toned bell, that adds its own element to the effect of the whole work.

Bibliography. Cornill, C. H., 'Introduction to the Canonical Books of the Old Testament (London 1909); Creelman, H., 'Introduction to the Old Testament' (New York 1917); Driver, S. R., Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament' (New York, revised ed., 1914); Encyclopædia Biblica' (New York 1901); Fowler, H. T., History of the Literature of Ancient Israel) (New York 1912); Hastings, 'Dictionary of the Bible' (New York 1900); Jewish Encyclopædia? (New York 1904); Kent, C. F., Israel's Historical and Biographical Narratives) (in Student's Old Testament,' New York 1910); Lumby, J. R., Kings' (in Cambridge Bible," Cambridge 1886).

HENRY THATCHER FOWLER, Professor of Biblical Literature and History, Brown University.

KING'S BENCH, Court of. See COURT, KING'S CHAPEL, a religious edifice in Tremont street, Boston, Mass., built in 1745 on the site of an older church. During the War of the Revolution it was for a time forsaken by its Loyalist congregation. In the burial ground adjoining which, has been in use since 1630, many of the early Puritans, including Governor Winthrop, are interred.

KING'S COLLEGE, a college of Cambridge University, England, founded by Henry VI in 1441, as the College of Saint Nicholas for a provost and 70 scholars, with Eton College as a preparatory school. Exemption from the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury, the bishop of Ely, and even of the university in matters scholastic, were some of its unusual privileges, and until 1857 members of King's College could take a degree without passing the university examinations, a course which did not conduce to a high standard of scholarship. In its roll of celebrated alumni are Archbishop Sumner, Bishop Pearson, Richard Croke, the Greek scholar, the first Sir William Temple, Sir Robert Walpole and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The college had in 1915-16 a provost, 46 fellows, 48 scholars, 156 undergraduates. The college chapel is the finest in the world in size, form and decoration. It contains some of the best stained glass and wood carving examples in England.

KING'S COLLEGE, London, a college established by private subscription and incorporated in 1829, its constitution being amended

by an act of Parliament in 1882. It was established for the purpose of providing an education in accordance with the principles of the Established Church. Education is imparted in the departments of theology, general literature and science, applied sciences and engineering, laws and medicine. The department of general literature and science is intended to prepare students for the universities, for the army and the Indian and home civil service; and there are also special classes for civil service candidates. There is a department for women. The college possesses a library and a museum, the latter containing Babbage's calculating machine and King George the Third's collection of philosophical instruments and mechanical models. It is now a constituent college of London University. Among its celebrated scholars are Prof. Thorold Rogers and Cayley, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Dean Farrer, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his brother William.

KING'S COLLEGE, Windsor, is the oldest university in what is now the Dominion of Canada, and, with the exception of the French foundation of Laval (q.v.) at Quebec, is the oldest college. It has the distinction of being the oldest university in the British dominions overseas. Its establishment was the work of British Loyalists, chiefly from the State of New York, after the close of the War of the Revolution. Of these about 18,000 settled in the Nova Scotia Peninsula. As early as 8 March 1783 a meeting of Loyalists was held in New York, and "A Plan of Religious and Literary Instruction for the Province of Nova Scotia was drawn up and forwarded to the colonial secretary; and when Dr. Charles Inglis, who had formerly been rector of Trinity Church, New York, was consecrated first bishop of Nova Scotia in 1787, one of his first was to carry the scheme into effect. First, a grant was obtained from the provincial legislature for an academy at Windsor. This academy (now known as the Collegiate School) was opened 1 Nov. 1788, and the following year an act was passed for "the permanent establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and the sum of £400 sterling per annum granted toward its maintenance. Under this act King's College was opened in 1790 in temporary quarters, and the erection of a building of wood was begun the following year.

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The first president of the college was Rev. William Cochran, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, who had been professor of Greek and Latin in King's (now Columbia) College, New York, but who, on account of his Loyalist sympathies, resigned and came to Nova Scotia in 1788.

A royal charter, giving to King's College full university powers, was granted by George III in 1802, and was accompanied by an imperial grant of £1,000 a year, which was continued until 1834. The board of governors under this charter was a political body, consisting of the lieutenant-governor, the bishop and six members of the government. The task of framing statutes for the college was entrusted to a committee of three, two of whom were uncompromising Tories, and by their rigid adherence to the Oxford model in the matter of religious tests inflicted a lasting injury upon the college and almost effected its ruin. The requirement

was made that all students, on matriculation, must subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles. To this the bishop strenuously objected, and sent his protest to the archbishop of Canterbury, who was, under the charter, patron of the college. The archbishop compromised by withdrawing the test at matriculation, but requiring it of all those who were admitted to degrees. Instead of at once publishing this amendment, the governors kept the matter quiet, and Lord Dalhousie, who became governor of the province in 1816, seems not to have heard of it until after he had arranged for the establishment of another institution (Dalhousie College) (q.v.) in Halifax.

Although the religious tests were finally removed in 1829, in spite of repeated attempts to secularize it and amalgamate it with Dalhousie College, Halifax, King's College still retained its connection with the Church of England, and indeed the requirement that the president should be a clergyman was only abolished in 1902. Of the three King's Colleges established at Windsor, N. S., Fredericton, N. B., and Toronto, it is the only one which has maintained its original status, the others having relinquished their charters and become secularized.

In 1846 a meeting of alumni of the college was held, and it was determined to form an association for furthering the interests of the college. Accordingly a provincial act incorporating "The Alumni of King's College, Windsor," was obtained in 1847, and six years later another act abolished the old political board of governors and constituted a new board, the members of which were, for the most part, to be elected by the alumni. The provincial grant of £400 was discontinued in 1849, and for some years the smaller grant of $1,000 a year was continued, but this ceased in 1881, and since that time the college has been thrown upon its own resources. The progress of the college was rapid under the new régime. The number of students increased. A beautiful stone convocation hall and library was erected in 1861 and a chapel in 1877.

The library of the college, which owes its inception to John Inglis, who went to England in 1802 to collect books, contains some of the most valuable bibliographical treasures in Canada. There are no less than 18 volumes from the famous Aldine Press, including the Aristotle of 1495-98. Then there are 20 volumes from the Elzevir Press and 16 from that of Stephens of Paris. One of the treasures is a copy of the Coberger Bible of 1475, of which there is perhaps not another copy in America. Among the valuable books of a later date may be mentioned the Boydell edition of Shakespeare and Milton, and a presentation copy of the Marquis of Buckingham's 'Homer.'

The present teaching staff of the college consists of a president and professors of divinity (2), classics, philosophy and ethics, science, English literature, mathematics, physics and engineering. Degrees are given in arts, divinity, engineering and science, and a school of law, established at Saint John, N. B., in connection with the University of King's College, in 1892, is doing good work. The Engineering School, which is the oldest in Nova Scotia, was removed in 1904 to the Sydneys to take advantage of the splendid plant in operation in the

Cape Breton metropolis. In 1915-16 there were 57 students in attendance, and at the Law School 27 students. The university is affiliated with Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin universities.

KING'S (QUEEN'S) COUNSEL, in England, Ireland and several of the British colonial possessions, a title given to a barrister at law, by letters patent, to be the counsel of the Crown. It is a title much prized by the legal profession, simply because it is now largely one of advancement in the profession. There is no general law title and dignity which correspond to the British King's Counsel, because the latter is based upon the privileges of the Crown, which, in this respect, are little more than nominal.

KING'S DAUGHTERS AND SONS, International Order of the, an organization of men, women and children of all religious denominations, whose object is to minister to the sick and needy wherever found, and to do good to all with whom they come in contact. The original circle (of women) was formed in New York in 1886, and its members are found in 32 States in the Union, in eight Canadian provinces and circles in China, Japan, India, etc. It is organized in circles, county and city unions, chapters, national, state and provinical branches, and a central council. The badge is a small silver Maltese cross, generally suspended by a purple ribbon and bearing the initials "I. H. N.» (In His name). The Society publishes a weekly paper, The Silver Cross. The membership is 58,000. The order has established and is supporting several hundred institutions of different kinds in different localities. Consult the King's Daughters' Yearbook (New York).

KING'S (or QUEEN'S) EVIDENCE, the British equivalent of State's evidence. See INFORMER,

KING'S EVIL. See SCROFULA.

KING'S LYNN, or LYNN REGIS, a port town in Norfolk, England, near the mouth of the Great Ouse. It is noted for its fine docks covering more than 100 acres, and its excellent harbor. King's Lynn was once strongly fortified by a massive wall and moat, the ruins of which still exist. Of these ruins one of the interesting features is the so-called "South Gates, a handsome Gothic structure. The town is one of the oldest in England. After years of life as a local municipality, it received a charter as an incorporated place in the reign of King John (1204). During its official civic career it has been variously known as Lynn Episcopi, Bishop's Lynn, Lynn Regis and King's Lynn. It was several times, during the European War, the victim of aerial attacks on the part of the German air fleet, the first of which took place in 1914. King's Lynn is noted for its fine churches and schools and other public buildings, some of which are of considerable age. Among the industrial establishments of the town are iron foundries, machine shops, beer and malt establishments, oil mills and shipyards. It does a very considerable export and import business. Among the famous natives of the place were Eugene Aram and Frances Burney.