The enormous demand for Flemish Point occasioned smuggling on such a vast scale that Parliament prohibited all importations of it. Then, to supply their customers, merchants bought lace in Belgium and smuggled it into England where they sold it under the name of Point d'Angleterre, or English Point; and under this name it often was taken to France and sold. This lace was Brussels Point. Flemish lace continued popular for a long time in England. Defoe makes Robinson Crusoe send from Lisbon "some Flanders lace of good value as a present to the wife and daughter of his partner in the Brazils."

Honiton Pillow. The most famous English lace is Honiton. It resembles the old tape guipure of Flanders with open brides. The patterns are large and are made first and then joined. The "Honiton Sprigs" were (and still are) famous, although the poppy, butterfly, acorn, etc., have not always been of fine design. Honiton resembles in some degree the "Duchesse Point" of Brussels. It still keeps to the Flemish type. Its value was determined by covering a piece of lace with shillings. Queen Victoria's wedding-dress was of Honiton and cost £1,000 ($5,000). Honiton lace-veils, worth hundreds of guineas, are treasured heirlooms in America and in England. England has had two centres of lace-making: Devonshire; and the South Midlands (Nottingham, Bedford and Buckingham). In the latter town lace was made after the style of Mechlin, Antwerp and Lille, always grounded and never guipure (as in Honiton). Machinery for making lace was invented in Nottingham. In 1768 a workman, Hammond, conceived the idea of making a net tissue on a stocking-knitting machine. This was improved by Heathcote's bobbin net loom in 1809. The French then established manufactories in Lyons and Saint Pierre-des-Calais. In 1837 Jacquard invented his apparatus for fancy weaving; and an adoption of it to net-weaving machines produced tulles, brochés, or flowered nets. This gave a severe blow to handmade lace. Buckingham and Nottingham have also been famous for their Yak lace, made from the wool of the Yak. The designs, following those of Malta and Genoa, are decorated with wheat-ears and resemble the ancient "cut-work."

Irish Lace.-Lace began to be an industry in Ireland in 1829-30 in Limerick and Carrickmacross. Limerick is a tambour, i.e., threads embroidered on net, and Carrickmacross is distinguished by patterns cut in cambric and applied on net ground. a Beautiful, ornate

stitches like latticework are also characteristic of Carrickmacross. The style came from Italy. Vasari says it was invented by the painter Botticelli. Point lace, in the style of the 17th century, is now made at Youghal (County Cork), the chief centre, and also in Kenmare, Killarney, Waterford, Kinsale and New Ross. Linen thread of the finest kind is used and the meshes are so small that the stitches are almost invisible. Irish Point owes its existence to the failure of the potato crop in 1847. The Irish then tried to gain money by the Point Lace industry. It is a beautiful production and is worked entirely by the needle.

Peasants make pillow lace in every country, differing in style and pattern in every place. In

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many countries Torchon is made. This is also called "beggars"" lace. It has been imitated successfully by machinery. The knotted lace known as Macramé, made in convents in the Riviera, is taught by the nuns to the peasants. It is a survival of the old knotted lace made in Spain and Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is tied with the fingers. Macramé is much used in Genoa. The name is Arabic in origin.

Of late years beautiful handmade lace has been produced in the United States in the newly established "lace-schools," particularly after Italian methods. Some of these schools are under wealthy patronage; others are connected with settlement work.

Lace is made in the Latin-American countries after the Spanish styles. In Fayal lace is fashioned out of the fibre of the aloe. In the Philippines lace is made from the fibre of the pineapple.

The machine-lace industry of Europe is centred in Paris, Lyons, Calais, Saint Gall, Nottingham and Plauen. The importations of laces and embroideries (including nets, veilings and curtains) at the port of New York during the years 1914 to 1917 were: March 1914, $3,164,594; March 1915, $1,810,376; March 1916, $2,306,618; March 1917, $1,388,262.

Bibliography. Palliser, F. B., 'History of Lace (London 1869); Seguin, J., 'Dentelle: histoire, description, fabrication (Paris 1875) Jourdain, M., Old Lace' (London 1909); Clifford, C. R., The Lace Dictionary (New York 1913); A. M. S., Point and Pillow Lace' (London 1899); Pollen, Mrs. J. H., Seven Centuries of Lace (London 1908); Jackson, Mrs. E. Nevill, 'Hand-made Lace' (London 1908); Ricci, Elisa, 'Antiche Trine Italiane,? superbly illustrated (2 vols., Bergamo 1908-11); Lefébure, Ernest, 'Les Points de France, translated by M. T. Johnson (New York 1913).

ESTHER SINGLETON, Author of "The Art of the Belgian Galleries; 'French and English Furniture, etc.

LACE BARK, is derived from the inner bark of several species of trees and is readily detached in sheets or layers like birch bark, each layer being a delicate network of fibre, which when gently stretched a pentagonal of hexagonal mesh is formed which resembles lace. The most commonly known species is the lace bark tree of Jamaica, Lagetta lintearia. It is said that Charles II was presented by the governor of Jamaica with a cravat, frill and pair of ruffles made from this substance. The fibre can also be twisted into strong ropes and in past time thongs and whips were made from it, with which the negroes were beaten. The lace bark tree of New Zealand is an Australian species, Plagianthus betulinus, more commonly known as the ribbon tree; its layers of bark showing the same beautiful lace-like texture as the Jamaica form. Another species producing a delicate, white lace-like tissue is the Birabira of South America, Daphnopsis tenuifolia.

LACE BUG, vulgar name for some of the Tingitida, given on account of the gauze-like or lace-like meshes of the wing covers, lacking membrane and almost transparent, widely expanded beyond the body. A hood-like process, also filled with meshes, sometimes projects forward. The Corythuca arcuata is an example

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LACÉPÈDE, Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, bār-när zhār-măn ā-tē-ĕn de lä vēl lä-sa-pad, CoUNT DE, French_naturalist: b. Agen, France, 26 Dec. 1756; d. Epinay, France, 6 Oct. 1825. He abandoned the military profession, for which he was destined, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. His teachers and friends, Buffon and Daubenton, procured him the important situation of keeper of the collections belonging to the department of natural history in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1791 he was elected member of the Legislative Assembly and belonged to the Moderate party. Napoleon made Lacépède a member of the Conservative Senate and conferred on him the dignity of grand-chancellor of the Legion of Honor. After the restoration he was made peer of France. He continued Buffon's 'Histoire naturelle' with the titles 'Histoire des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpents (1788-89) and 'Histoire naturelle des reptiles (1789) and published also 'Histoire naturelle des poissons (1798-1803); "Histoire des cétéces' (1804), etc.

LACERTILIA, lăs-er-til'ią, or AUTOSAURI, the order of saurian reptiles which contains the lizards. These are distinguished from the serpents (Ophidia), to which they are most nearly allied by the fact that the right and left halves of the mandibles (lower jaws) are connected by a sutural symphysis, whereas those of serpents are connected by a more or less distensible cartilage. The great majority possess well-developed limbs, movable eyelids and cutaneous scales, covered by a horny epidermis, usually thin, but sometimes thick and rising into pointed projections. In a few degraded and burrowing forms the limbs have been greatly reduced, or one pair or even both pairs completely lost, while the eyes may have become buried beneath the skin and the scales nearly or wholly obsolete. The vertebrææ are procœlous, except in some of the geckos, where they are amphicrelous; the ribs of the trunk articulate by their capitular heads only, the reduced tubercula_being attached to the vertebræ by ligaments. The limbs are typically formed after the pentadactyl pattern; and the shoulder girdle and sternum are complete. The hvoid apparatus resembles that of birds. In the skull the quadrate bone is movable except in a few degraded forms. The skin is covered with scales formed within it, and the epidermis is horny and is periodically shed in flakes; but in many cases these scales do not overlap and look like scales, but are represented by bony granules, giving a "pebbly" aspect to the surface; or these osteoderms (which never occur in snakes) may form in the ordinary scales. The skin contains no glands; but in many lizards abounds in chromatophores (q.v.) controlled by muscles whose action causes the variations in surface color of which many lizards are capable and of which they avail themselves

as an aid in hiding from their enemies. In their reproduction lizards never undergo any metamorphosis and are generally oviparous, but in some the eggs are retained until they hatch within the abdomen of the mother. Salivary glands are found which in Heloderma act as poison glands. The lungs are thin-walled sacs, from which terminal pouches may arise. The movement of the ribs assists in respiration. The lizards are most abundant in tropical regions, but are absent only from the cooler temperature and the frigid regions of the globe. The group possesses strong power of regenerating lost parts and especially of renewing the tail, which in many families breaks off under a very slight strain.

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Fossil History.- The Lacertilia are a comparatively recent development of the reptilian race, not traceable beyond the beginning of the Tertiary. Fragmentary remains of several existing families occur in the Eocene and Miocene rocks; and the Pleistocene river-deposits of Queensland, among which was monitor-lizard 30 feet long. The line probably originated in the Prosauria (q.v.), represented by a single living form- the tuatera (q.v.). Lizards are now scattered over all the warmer parts of the world and seem to be increasing and developing. They are said by Hoffman to include 434 genera and 1,925 species.

Classification.- The Lacertilia are divided into three sub-orders, of which the following is an outline:

Sub-order 1. Geckones.-Lacertilia with four legs, amphicœlous vertebræ and clavicles dilated ventrally. The chorda persists and grows throughout life, in the centre of and between the vertebræ; the ribs are bifurcated, and dentition is pleurodont. Some species have mechanically adhesive discs. The one family (Geckonida) is coextensive with the sub-order. This is a very old group, modern species existing in tropical and southern European countries. See GECKO.

Sub-order 2. Lacertæ.-Lacertilia with procœlous vertebræ and the ventral part of clavicles not dilated. Eighteen families, as follows:

1. Agamida-A family of exclusively Old World lizards, containing some 200 species, among which the Malayan dragon (q.v.), and the frill-lizard (q.v.) are remarkable species. Many have a very chameleon-like appearance.

2. Iguanidæ.-A large and chiefly American family with pleurodont dentition, and a short, thick, non-protractile tongue. The genus Anolis contains the common "chameleon" of the southeastern United States. (See ANOLIS; CHAMELEON). Basiliscus of Central America has a great, erectile vestigial crest on the back and tail. (See BASILISK). Iguana (q.v.) includes large edible lizards of Central and South America. Phrynosoma is the genus of the "horned toad" (q.v.).

3. Xenosaurida.-A Mexican family intermediate between the Iguanide and the Anguida; represented in Africa by (4) the Zonurida.

5. Anguida.- Terrestrial pleurodont lizards, with bony plates in the skin and the tail long and brittle, dwelling in Central America. Europe and India. Ophisaurus, the genus of the glass snakes (q.v.) of the Central States,

has the limbs reduced to mere spikes. Anguis, the "slow-worm" (q.v.), has no limbs at all, and the eyes well developed.

6. Helodermatida.- Pleurodont, poisonous lizards of New Mexico and Arizona. See GILA MONSTER. The (7) Lanthanotida are Asiatic representatives of the foregoing.

8. Varanida.- Pleurodont aquatic lizards of the Old World, with bifid, protractile tongue. See MONITOR LIZARDS.

9. Xantusiida.- Three Central American genera.

10. Tejida-A large tropical-American family of large forest-dwelling, carnivorous lizards of great strength and swiftness. See TEJU.

11. Lacertida.- Typical small lizards of the Old World, with pleurodont dentition, and bony dermal plates over the temporals. About 100 species. All live on animal food, chiefly insects, worms and snails.

12. Gerrhosaurida.-African lizards, intermediate between Lacertida and Scincida.

13. Scincida- Pleurodont, viviparous lizards, with feebly nicked, scaly tongue. They burrow in sandy ground. The family contains about 400 species distributed all over the world. See SKINK.

The following five families have become degraded on account of their burrowing instincts: (14) Anelytropida, worm-like, legless lizards of the tropics; (15) Dibamide, of Malay Archipelago; (16) Anjellida, worm-like lizards of California, limbs entirely absent; (17) Amphisbænida, worm-like, blind lizards which burrow like earthworms, especially in ants' nests and manure heaps. Chirotes of Mexico and California has the fore-limbs remaining. See AMPHISBÆNA.

18. Pygopodidæ.- Snake-like lizards; forelegs absent; hind-legs a pair of scaly flaps; Australasia.

Sub-order 3. Chamæleontes.- Old-World saurians, with compressed body and prehensile tail; tongue club-shaped and capable of being protruded to a distance equal to the length of the body; two digits of the feet are permanently opposed to three; head crested; eye-balls very large and movable on the two sides independently of each other; capacity for changing color conspicuous. (See CHAMELEON). Consult Boulenger, 'Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum' (London 1887); Cope, 'Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of the United States (Washington, U. S. Nat. Museum, 1900); Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles) (in 'Cambridge Natural History,' Vol. VIII, London 1902).

LACEWING, a neuropterous insect of the families Hemerobiida and Chrysopide. About 40 species are found in the United States, the most common perhaps being the golden-eyed flies of the genus Chrysopa. These are greenish, ill-smelling, gauzy-winged creatures usually less than two inches long and feeding little or not at all in the adult state. The females lay their eggs upon the summits of silky threads, by which means they are protected from predaceous enemies. The larvæ, as soon as hatched, crawl down the threads and feed upon the first softbodied insect they reach perhaps a brother. They are considered useful in destroying plantlice, hence the name "aphis-lions" (q.v.), but

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in California they attack the larvæ of the useful ladybirds.

LACHAISE, François d'Aix de, fränswä dã de lä-shāz, French Jesuit confessor of Louis, XIV: b. Château d'Aix, 25 Aug. 1624; d. Paris, 20 Jan. 1709. He was the provincial of his order when Louis, on the death of his former confessor, appointed Lachaise to that office. The new confessor with admirable tact kept himself clear of the innumerable meshes of court intrigue. Jansenism was at the time a powerful factor in ecclesiastical and political circles, and the Jesuits were its most formidable adversaries, but Lachaise knew how to conduct himself under all circumstances with address, coolness and sagacity; and never allowed himself to be drawn into violent measures against his opponents. That Louis XIV married Mme. de Maintenon was owing principally to the counsels of his Jesuit confessor. Lachaise retained the favor of his monarch till his death, and Louis had a country-house built for him to the west of Paris, on an eminence which had received the name of Mount-Louis. Its extensive garden now forms the cemetery of Père Lachaise, the largest in Paris.

LACHAMBEAUDIE, la'shän'bo'de', Pierre, French fable writer: b. Sarlat, Dordogne, 15 Dec. 1807; d. Brunoy, 6 July 1872. He was son of a poor peasant and became bookkeeper for a Lyons commercial house, then obtaining a position on the railway while editing Echos de la Loire until, after much poverty and misfortune, his Fables populaires were published (1839; 7th ed., 1849) with such brilliant success that his future was well assured and his name honored. During his period of exile at Brussels for activity in the 1848 revolution he published 'Fleurs d'exile' (1851); 'Fleurs de Villemomble' (1861) and 'Hors d'œuvre (1867).

LACHES, lash'e', a legal term derived from the Old French lachesse, remissness, which in turn was derived from the Latin larus, slack. Unreasonable delay; neglect to do a thing or to seek to enforce a right at a proper time. Courts of equity withhold relief from those who have delayed the assertion of their claims for an unreasonable time. The question of laches depends not upon the fact that a certain definite time has elapsed since the cause of action has accrued, but upon whether, under all the circumstances, the plaintiff is chargeable with want of due diligence in not instituting the proceeding sooner. To constitute laches to bar a suit there must be knowledge, actual or imputable, of the facts which should have prompted action or, if there were ignorance, it must be without just excuse. Laches may be excused from the obscurity of the transaction; by the pendency of a suit; and where the party labors under a legal disability, as insanity, but poverty is no excuse for laches, ignorance and absence from country. Laches on the part of its officers cannot be imputed to the government and no period of delay on the part of the sovereign power will serve to bar its right either in a court of law or equity when it sees fit to enforce it for the public benefit.

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LACHESIS, lăk ́ě-sĭs, in classical mythology, one of the three FATES (q.v.).

LACHINE, lä-shen, Canada, town in Jacques Cartier County, Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, eight miles southwest of Montreal, on Montreal Island, which is here connected with Caughnawaga, on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence, by a bridge. It is a popular resort for pleasure parties in the winter, and in summer is largely a residential place for Montreal business men. It is best known as the terminus of the Lachine Canal, nine miles long, connecting it with Montreal and built to carry steamers around the Lachine Rapids. All the commerce of Montreal by the Great Lakes passes through this canal. Lachine is the starting point of steamers for Kingston, Toronto and Hamilton. Lachine has some manufactories, and here are the electric works of the Lachine Power Company, furnishing power and light for the city of Montreal. It was first named Saint Sulpice, but was changed in derision to Lachine after the return of La Salle's expedition of 1669, which, it was mockingly said, set out to find China by ascending the Saint Lawrence. In 1689 the Indians burned the town and massacred all the inhabitants. Pop. 10,699.

LACHINE CANAL. See CANADIAN CANALS.

LACHISH, la'kish, Palestine, a city of Judah. It was destroyed by Joshua and given to the tribe of Judah, and was fortified by Rehoboam. King Amaziah sought refuge there but was slain, Sennacherib, in his campaign against Judah, captured this town and King Hezekiah sent a deputation there with presents to placate Sennacherib. Micah denounced the place as "the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion," the intent of which is not clear. Its site is identified with Tell-el-Hesi, the hillock excavated by Flinders-Petrie and Bliss (189093) for the Palestine Exploration Fund, some 16 miles east of Gaza. Consult Flinders-Petrie, 'Tell-el-Hesy) and Bliss, 'A Mound of many Cities, both published by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1891 and 1894, respectively; Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (New York 1913); Schrader, 'Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament' (Vol. II, London 1885-88).

LACHLAN, läk'lăn, a river of New South Wales, having its source in the Cullarinrange, 175 miles southwest of Sydney. The river makes a semi-circular sweep north of about 240 miles, when, pursuing a generally southwest course, it joins the Murrumbidgee, the united stream afterward falling into the Murray. The total course is about 700 miles.

LACHMANN, lägh'mạn, Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm, Teutonic and classical philologist: b. Brunswick, 4 March 1793; d. 1851. As a student at Leipzig and Göttingen his work lay in Italian, English and Old German poetry, as well as in Greek and Latin. As a teacher he passed from various gymnasium positions to professorships in the universities of Königsberg and Berlin. His work in textual criticism, both in the early German and the classics, was epochmaking. Editions of Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Lucretius (his greatest achievement as an epoch-making work), Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, the New Testament and Shakespeare's sonnets and Macbeth deserve mention among his numerous pub

lications. Consult his 'Life' by Hertz (Berlin 1851).

LACHNER, lägh'ner, Franz, German orchestral composer: b. Rain, Bavaria, 2 April 1804; d. Munich, 1890. He studied music at Vienna under Stadler and Sechter (1822) and became familiar with Schubert. He was appointed (1826) vice-bandmaster of the Kärnthnerthor Theatre and bandmaster in the following year. In 1834 he went to Mannheim to conduct the opera and became court-bandmaster (1836), general music director at Munich (1852), retiring (1865) on a pension. His works are prodigious in number, consisting of an oratorio, a sacred cantata, four operas, requiems, three grand masses, besides other cantatas, entr'actes, etc. Also eight symphonies, one winning the prize offered by the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, overtures, serenades for orchestra. His suites for orchestra are considered his best work. Critics declare he lacked fire but was a prodigy of conscientious industry.

LACHRYMAL (lak'rimal)

See EYE.

ORGANS.

LACHUTE, la-shoot', Canada, town in Argenteuil County, province of Quebec, on the North River, and Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern railroads, 44 miles from Montreal. It is an important shipping centre for farm and dairy products and has large paper mills, pulp mills and wood-working industries. Pop. 2,400.

LACINARIA, lă-sin-a'ri-ą, a genus of plants of the thistle family containing about 30 species of tall perennial herbs growing in dry soil throughout the eastern and central United States and known as blazing-stars and button snake-roots. They bear late in the season dense spikes of purplish flowers, often in the south a foot in length and of a delicate lavender tint very effective when seen in a mass of goldenrod or autumnal grasses. L. squarrosa is known as colic-root, and all the species are in repute among the southern country folk, not only as good family medicine in the form of a decoction made from the root, but as a specific against rattlesnake venom.

LACKAWANNA, lăk'a-won'ną, N. Y., town of Erie County, on the Lackawanna River and on the Lake Shore and Michigan, the Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley and other railroads, and six miles from Buffalo. Coal is mined here and there are blast furnaces and coking plants, and a number of coal-breaks. It has six churches and a hospital. Among its manufactures figure chiefly the large steel plant and the bridgeworks. Pop. 15,737.

LACKAWANNA RIVER, a considerable stream which rises in the northeast part of Pennsylvania and flows through the valley formed by the Shawnee and Moosie mountains, discharging into the Susquehanna at Pittston; length about 50 miles. Great quantities of the best anthracite coal are mined in the valleys adjacent to this river, the entire district being given over to collieries, rolling mills, blasting furnaces and factories, Scranton being the principal town. The greatest thickness of strata belonging to the coal measures amounts in the central portion of the basin to nearly 1,800 feet. On each side they dip toward the