to 207,143 lbs.; in 1836 to 1,073,416 lbs.; and in 1837 to 2,207,951 lbs. To make the increase more plainly apparent, it may be stated that the quantity from 1830 to 1833 inclusive, was in all 269,190 lbs.; and from 1834 to 1837 inclusive, 5,343,319 lbs. Besides this wool-exportation to Britain, nearly a million and a half pounds were sent in one year (1835) to the United States."

which they gave in exchange the produce of their | mines and plantations; and this traffic was carried on exclusively in Spanish bottoms, and wholly confined to the ports of Porto Bello and Vera Cruz in the gulf of Mexico, and Buenos Ayres in the Rio de la Plata. For a long time no vessel belonging to the colonists was allowed to trade with Europe; and even the commercial intercourse between the different colonies was either entirely prohibited, or fettered with The magnificent river on which the city stands, the most jealous restrictions. At length, in 1774, a and to which it owes its prosperity, received its name free intercourse was opened between several of the of the Rio de la Plata, or 'River of silver,' from CaAmerican provinces; and, in 1778, under the min-bot, its discoverer, after his having defeated a consiistry of Galvez, seven of the principal Spanish ports, derable number of Indians on its banks, and obtained to which, in 1778, five others were added-in place in consequence a considerable booty of the precious of the solitary port of Cadiz-were permitted to have metals. The term was applied by him to the whole a free trade with B. and the ports of the South sea. course of the Paraguay from its head to its mouth, These regulations, together with the erection of the while the Parana and Uraguay were considered as Buenos Ayrean territories into an independent vice- mere tributaries. But later and more correct obserroyalty in 1778, gave the city of B. importance and vation has corrected this error; and the term is now stability; and from that period, its maritime com- restricted to the gulf or opening extending from the merce rapidly increased. Previous to 1778, about confluence of the Parana and Uraguay to capes St. 12 or 15 registered vessels only were engaged in the Mary and Antonio, on the opposite sides of the encolonial trade of South America, and these seldom trance of the gulf, where the water still retains its performed more than one voyage in three years; but freshness, and the tide is very imperceptibly felt. In in 1778 their number had increased to 170, and the the subjoined cut, exhibiting a chart of the mouth value of their cargoes amounted to £1,958,676 ster- of the Rio de la Plata, B is the position of the city, ling. For the further encouragement of the trade of B., salted meat and tallow were in the year 1793 allowed to be exported duty free; and by this, and other regulations, the trade and population of the adjacent provinces were considerably increased. Great Britain has supplied, it would appear, the great proportion of the goods imported into B., since the republic attained its independence. In 1822, the whole imports amounted to 11,267,622 Spanish dollars in value, and of this sum 5,730,952 dollars constituted the proportion of British goods. Of late years, Britain has supplied goods in nearly the same proportional quantities, when compared with the imports from other countries; but the rise of Monte Video on the N side of the La Plata estuary, considerably affected the Buenos Ayrean trade as regards the supplying of foreign goods to the internal provinces; and in consequence of the Rio de la Plata being no longer the outlet by which Bolivia and others of the numerous provinces, once under Spanish dominion, send their precious metals and their general produce to foreign countries, the tabular statements of yearly exports from B. do not present any striking increase of late years. When, however, it is remembered that this port now depends for its commerce almost exclusively on its own produce, and that of the internal provinces of the confederation, the recent improvement will appear to have been really extensive. The exports in 1843 amounted in value to £1,659,206. "Amongst other improvements which Buenos Ayres owes to foreigners," says Sir Woodbine Parish, "she is indebted to some enterprising Englishmen for the introduction of late years of a new source of wealth, which bids fair to rival in importance the most valuable of her old staple commodities. It is but a few years ago since the wool of the Buenos Ayrean sheep was hardly worth the expense of cleaning. It is well-known that their carcases dried in the sun were used for fuel in the brick-kilns. The great pains, however, and exertions of some intelligent foreigners to introduce and cultivate a better breed, has met with a success beyond all expectation, and now promises to be of the greatest importance to the future commercial prospects of the country. The rapid inerease in the value of this article of production will be shown by the following comparative account of the quantities which have been imported into Great Britain alone, in the last eight years. In 1830, the amount was 19,444 lbs. weight; in 1833 it had risen

From Corrientes, where the Parana strictly speaking receives the Paraguay, to the mouth, at Monte Video, (d) is 700 m. direct distance, and to Cape St. Mary, 770 m. The river is navigable as far as the city of Assumption, on the Paraguay,-nearly 1,000 m. by a straight line from Cape St. Mary, and 1,200 m. when following the windings of the current,--for vessels of 100 to 130 tons burthen drawing 14 palmos Burgos; and even ships intended for voyages to European Spain of 300 tons have been built in Paraguay, and floated down the stream to Buenos Ayres or Monte Video for equipment. In 1841 the brig Palma, drawing 9 ft. water, ascended from Buenos Ayres to Assumption in Paraguay, and returned from thence. The comparative course of this noble stream, from the remotest source of the Parana, is at least 2,100 m. to Monte Video, and 2,170 m. to Cape St. Mary. Between this cape and that of Antonio (a), the estuary of the La Plata is 150 m. broad, a breadth unrivalled but by that of the Maranon, which latter, however, is studded by islands and intricate channels, while the opening of the La Plata is almost one uninterrupted sheet of fresh water, though much shallower than the mouths of the Maranon. Between Cape Antonio and Point Este (b) on the E side of Maldonado bay (c) the breadth is 40 leagues; between Monte Video and Punta de Piedra- which some consider its proper limits-the river is 80 m. broad; and at B., more than 200 m. up the river, it is still 36 m. broad, with low banks, so that the eye cannot reach from one side to the other. The depth of the

gery, earthenware, glass, foreign brandies, and wines. In 1837, the imports were barely equal to 7,000,000 dollars, being a falling-off of nearly a third from what they were before the war with Brazil. The re-establishment of peace on the banks of the Plata will probably enable us in advanced articles to exhibit a more satisfactory vidimus of the commerce of B.-The present mail-communication between this country and B. is by sailing-packets to and from Falmouth, and the course of post is about 5 months. By new arrangements, which are to come into operation in January 1851, a great reduction will be made in the time occupied in communicating with B. A mail-steamer from Southampton will, it is calculated, reach Bahia in 254 days, and a branch-steamer, employed in carrythe 38th day of the mail from Southampton, allowing 13 days for reply: the course of post from England to B. will be 924 days.

The following table exhibits the mean elevation of the barometer and the temperature in B. during the year 1822:

channel up to B. is generally from 18 to 20 fath.; but it is very difficult to be traced, as the river is full of shoals and rocks, so that ships are obliged to keep constant soundings all the way, and come to anchor every night; vessels drawing more than 16 ft. of water can seldom approach the town nearer than 7 or 8 m.; even boats cannot approach nearer than from 50 to 400 yards; and none but a pilot, who from long experience is perfectly acquainted with the line of channel, is qualified for conducting vessels up the river. The navigation is also rendered more dangerous by the impetuous torrents of wind which sweep at intervals over the vast pampas or plains-hence called pamperos which come over the immense plain from the SW with irresistible and inconceivable fury. But the danger does not end here. There is no porting the River Plate mails from Rio, will reach B. on on the coast of the river, where ships of any burden can enter, nearer than 7 leagues from B., in the port of Ensenada de Barragan (e); and the anchorageground, opposite the city, is 3 leagues from the shore. All the goods were consequently landed in lighters, which enter a small creek at the mouth of the Rio Chuelo (f), about a quarter of a league from the town, to which they were conveyed in carts; and vessels generally fell down to Barragan bay, to refit and wait for their cargoes. To remedy these evils, the court of Spain in 1726 ordered a settlement to be made at Monte Video (d), on the N shore of the Rio de la Plata, 111 m. ESE of B., where nature has formed one of the finest harbours in the world. Here the merchandise imported from Europe to B. was unshipped and carried in lighters up the river. The importance of Monte Video incited Brazil and Buenos Ayres, in 1826, to a keen struggle for its possession; and for nearly three years B. was blockaded by the Brazilian naval forces. In 1828, the interference of Great Britain and France secured the independence of Monte Video and the Banda Oriental; and these two powers have up to this date protected Monte Video against the inveterate hostility of the B. tator, Rosas, who sees in Monte Video the chief obstacle to his commanding the whole commerce of the littoral territories of the Rio de la Plata.

January,
February,

March,
April,

May,

Mean elevation Maximum

Mean of barometer. Temperature. Temperature 71°.82

91°

29:58

89

73.

29.61

82

70-83

29.73

78

62.4

29-76

68

58-31

June,

The mean elevation of the barometer during 11 months was 29.71 inches; the greatest degree of heat 91°; the mean temp. for the year 62°-16.

BUEN-SUCESO (BAY), a headland and bay at the SE extremity of Tierra del Fuega and at the S dic-entrance of Le Maire strait. The bay is large and commodious, and surrounded by heights of 1,200 ft.; but exposed to SE gales.-Cape B. is in S lat. 55o, and W. long. 65° 15'.

The chief exports of B. consist of hides, jerked beef, wool, and tallow. In 1822, the total value of the exports was estimated at £5,000,000; in 1829, at £5,200,000; in 1837, at £5,637,138; but in 1843, at only £1,421,120. By far the largest item in all these returns was that of ox-hides dried and salted. The value of this article exported in 1822 amounted to 2,361,488 dollars; in 1837 to 3.294,540 dollars; and in 1843 to 23,344,000 francs. The sheep's wool exported in 1822 was valued at 33,417 dollars; in 1837, at 329,412 dollars; and in 1843 at 4,022,000 francs. The tallow exported in 1822 amounted in value to 124,800 dollars; in 1837, to 150,373 dollars; and in 1843 to 3,446,000 francs. The value of the exports in British vessels in 1841 was £746,629; in 1843, £437,262. Of 540 vessels = 105,238 tons which entered at the port of B. in 1843, 126 = 27,868 were British. The quantity of the several articles exported to Great Britain from B. in 1842 was:

BUER, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of Westphalia, regency of Munster, circle and 7 m. SW of Recklinghausen. Pop. 723. In the vicinity, on the Sterkrade, is the iron-work of St. Antoine, the largest in the prov.-Also a town of Hanover, in the principality and 16 m. E of Osnabruck.

BUERTON, a township in the p. of Aldford, in Cheshire, 5 m. S by E of Chester. Pop. 81.-Also a township in the p. of Audlem, Cheshire, 7 m. S by E of Nantwich. Pop. 512.

BUET (LE), or MORTINE, a mountain of Savoy, in the prov. of Faucigny, 13 m. NE of Sallanche, and 14 m. N of Mont Blanc. It is one of the principal summits of the W branch of the Pennine Alps. Its height is estimated by Pictet at 1,610 toises, or 3,431 yards. It rises precipitously on the S; but on the N it forms glaciers of great extent. The lower strata of this mountain consist of granite covered with horizontal layers of calcareous and sandy earth, and are of remarkable geological interest. Eschen perished in the glaciers of B. in 1800.

BUEY. See CABEZA.

BUEY, a river of New Granada, flowing into the Cauca, on the r. bank, in N lat. 5° 50'.

BUEZO, a town of Spain, in the prov. and 20 m. NE of Burgos, on the Oca.

BUFAHAL (CAPE), a headland on the coast of Algiers, 94 m. WNW of La Calle.

BUFALO (PORTO), a small haven on the SW coast of the island of Negropont, in N lat. 38° 17'.

BUFFALO, the cap. of Erie co., in the state of New York, U. S., situated on Buffalo creek, on Lake Erie,

T

at the point where the Niagara river issues from the laws." Happily the delay, and exorbitantly high lake, 22 m. SSE of Niagara falls; 73 m. W of Ro- freights, consequent on the whole trade of the St. chester; 288 m. W of Albany, and 363 m. by the Lawrence being confined by the navigation laws to Erie canal; and 376 m. from Washington; in Ñ lat. British bottoms, and the impolicy of which Mr. 42° 53', W long. 78° 55'. It is a well-built town, with Mackay most forcibly exposes, no longer clog the efbroad regular streets, occupying the summit of a gentle forts of the Canadian to secure a fair portion of this ascent of 50 ft., 2 m. from the lake, and commanding great transit traffic; and need not therefore be dwelt a fine view of the lake, Niagara river, the Erie canal, upon here. "Though starting from different points," and the Canadian shore. Its harbour is BLACKROCK: Mr. Mackay resumes, "vessels from both ports, by which see. The town was originally laid out in 1801; the time they have accomplished about one-third of and in 1810 had a pop. of 1,508. It was burned by their respective voyages, fall into almost the same the British in 1813; yet in 1820 its pop. was 2,095; in line in prosecuting the remaining two-thirds. The 1830, 8.653; and in 1840, 18,213. Its rapid growth point at which they thus fall into a common course and importance chiefly dates from the opening of the is in the neighbourhood of Cape Race, the SE angle Erie canal in 1825; but, as occupying a position at of Newfoundland. At this common point of dethe lower extremity of the lakes, and enjoying an un-parture, the competition between the two routes, in interrupted lake-navigation of 1,500 m., it forms the point of advantage, terminates the natural difficulpoint upon which for a long time to come the pro- ties with which the Canadian has to struggle, lying ducts of great part of Michigan, the N section of Ohio, between Quebec and Cape Race. The great advana portion of Pennsylvania and of the W districts of tage which the American possesses is that, in makNew York, and a large portion of the most fertile ing this point, he can avail himself of the open sea districts of Upper Canada, will be concentrated pre- the whole way; whereas for five-sixths of the way to vious to their transit to Europe either by way of it, from Quebec, the Canadian is confined to his river New York or Quebec. The navigation of the Erie and the gulf. Although the line is a little circuitous, canal occupies 8 days; and the greater part of 2 days the distance from Quebec to Cape Race is consideris occupied in the descent of the Hudson from Al-ably shorter than that from New York to Cape Race. bany to New York. To these 10 days, 3 must be But this advantage is neutralized by the delays which added for transshipment of the cargo first at B. and frequently occur in the navigation of the river. Unthen at Albany: so that 13 days are consumed in less the wind is favourable, a vessel ascending or detransporting a cargo from B. to New York; and the scending the St. Lawrence has to drop anchor with ordinary average cost is 2s. 9d. per barrel of flour, every adverse turn of the tide; but with a fair wind and 10d. per bushel of wheat. In the Canada route, there is no reason-there being good sea-room the the vessel which descends to the foot of Lake Erie whole way, for the channel of the St. Lawrence from can pursue her journey to Quebec without once Quebec to the gulf is, on an average from 15 to 20 breaking bulk, and a screw-propeller accomplishes m. wide-why a vessel from that port should not the distance of 650 m. in 4 days. The route pursued make Cape Race in five days. It is only under the is by the Welland canal into Lake Ontario; down same propitious circumstances that a ship from New that lake to Kingston; thence down the St. Lawrence York can gain the same point; the chief difference to Dickenson's landing, at which point the St. Law-between the two routes consisting in this, that, cirrence canal is taken to Cornwall; thence down Lake cumstances more frequently favouring it, a ship proSt. Francis to the Beauharnois canal, through which ceeding by the latter does generally make Cape Race the vessel passes into Lake St. Louis, at the foot of in less time than one descending the St. Lawrence. which she proceeds by the Lachine canal to Mont-But, in point of time, we have already seen that the real, and thence to Quebec. The present expense Canadian has a gain at tide-water of fully 9 days by this line is 2s. 4d. per barrel of flour, and 9d. per over his competitor. If, therefore, he took 14 days bushel of wheat; but these charges, when all the ca- to gain Cape Race, whilst the American only took 5, pabilities of the line are fully developed, will pro- it would but put the two parties on an equality with bably be reduced to 1s. 6d., and 7d., respectively. each other so far as time was concerned. But in "The two cargoes, the course of which we have fol- general, a ship descending the St. Lawrence does not lowed," says Mr. Mackay in his Western World, "are take 14 days to gain this point. It will be making now, the one at New York, and the other at Quebec. ample allowance for the difficulties of the route, if We have seen that, in the race to these two points, we assign a vessel 10 days as the average time rethe Canadian has, in every respect, outdistanced his quired to reach it: this is double the time in which, competitor. But the produce on his hands at Que- under favouring circumstances, it can be reached bec has still to descend the St. Lawrence, for about from New York. This still leaves a balance of 4 350 m. to the gulf, which again it has to cross ere it days in favour of the Canadian route from Lake Erie enters upon the open sea, from between Newfoundland to Liverpool. Another natural obstacle in the way and Cape Breton. The cargo shipped at New York, of the Canadian is that, for six months in the year, on the other hand, is launched at once upon the open the St. Lawrence is impracticable, on account of the sea on its way to its destination. There can be no ice with which its channel is blocked up. But the doubt that, as regards this, the latter portion of the same may be said of the Erie canal; not that its two routes, the natural advantages are with the New channel is blocked up with ice, but that for nearly Yorker. But the question is, do these advantages so five months in the year it is without water. It is not greatly preponderate in his favour between port and prudent to remain so long in the St. Lawrence, but a port, as to counterbalance the disadvantages under vessel may safely leave it as late as the 7th or 10th which, as compared with his rival, he labours through- of Nov. About the beginning of May it is once out the overland portion of the route? In considering more practicable; and vessels from Europe frequentthis branch of the subject, we find that it is the misfor- ly arrive at Quebec during the first week of that tune of the Canadian to have to combat, on proceed- month. To preserve the banks from the injury which ing from port to port, not only with difficulties of a would be effected by ice, the Erie canal is drained in natural kind, but with others of artificial creation. the month of November, and is not filled again with He has not only the lower portion of his river, and water until April. There is thus not more than a the gulf beyond it, to traverse ere he gains the open month's difference between the time for which the sea, but his movements are clogged with imperial re- St. Lawrence and that for which the canal is impracstrictions, which fetter him in the form of navigation ticable. In both cases the chief transport business

of the year must be condensed within the time for which the routes are capable of being used. But the chief obstacle in the way of the Canadian, after reaching tide-water, is that which is of artificial creation. We have seen that, as regards time in transporting produce from Lake Erie to Liverpool, if the balance of advantages is not actually with him, it need not be against him. The same cannot be said with regard to cost, for in this respect, under existing circumstances, the American has on the whole route the decided advantage. The ground gained in point of cheapness by the Canadian between Lake Erie and Quebec is more than lost by him between Quebec and Liverpool. Various reasons contribute to this, one of which is, that the navigation of the gulf being at some seasons rather precarious, the rates of insurance on sea-going vessels and cargoes proceeding by the St. Lawrence are considerably higher than on those crossing the Atlantic from New York. But the chief reason is to be found in the high rate of freight charged between Quebec and Liverpool by those who monopolize the navigation of the river." The hope which Mr. Mackay ventures to express, in summing up his able and interesting view of the carrying trade of Canada, has been fulfilled; the summer of 1849 has seen the navigation of the St. Lawrence thrown open to the shipping of the world; and it is highly probable that a large proportion of the produce of the Western states will hereafter find an outlet by the St. Lawrence.-B. is likewise connected by a continuous chain of railroads with Albany and with Boston.

galia and Harrison counties, in the state of Virginia, and falls into Tagart's valley river.

BUFFALO FONTEIN, a river of S Africa, in the district of Albany, which falls into Bushman's river 25 m. WSW of Graham's Town.

BUFFALO FORD, a village of S Africa, in the district of Albany, on the S bank of Great Fish river, 20 m. NW of Graham's Town.

BUFFALO FORK, a river of Washington co., in the state of Arkansas, U. S., which falls into White river 130 m. WNW of Batesville.

BUFFALO ISLANDS, a group in the bay of Bengal, near the SW coast of Burmah, in N lat. 16° 24', E long. 94° 16'.-Also an island on the W coast of Cochin China, in N lat. 14° 7', E long. 109° 20′. BUFFALO LAKE, a lake of British N America, in the district of the Great Slave lake, to the E of the Copper-mine river, in N lat. 67° 15'.-Also a lake in the district of English river, in N lat. 56° 40′, W long. 108o 30'. On its W bank is NW House.Also a lake in the district of Saskatchawine, which discharges itself on the S into Red Deer's river, in N lat. 51° 50', W long. 113°.-Also a lake in the NW territory, U. S., connected by Fox river on the NE with Winnebago lake and Green bay, and with the Mississippi on the SW by the Ouisconson.-Also a lake in the Sioux territory, U. S., in N lat. 45° 55', which forms one of the principal sources of the Red river.

14 m. ESE of its junction with the Tennessee.-Also a river of Wilkinson co., in the state of and which falls into the Mississippi 17 m. W of Woodville.Also a river which takes its rise in Lincoln co., in the state of N Carolina, runs S, and falls into Broad river in York co., S Carolina.

BUFFALO RIVER, a river in the state of Tennessee, U. S., which takes its rise in Hickman co., crosses the NE corner of Wayne co., and thence BUFFALO, a township in Armstrong co., in Penn-bending N through Perry co., unites with Duck river sylvania, U. S. Pop. 1,820.--Also a township in Washington co., in the same state, 217 m. W of Har risburg. Pop. 116.-Also a township in Guernsey co., in Ohio, 87 m. E of Columbus.-Also a township in Mason co., in Virginia, on the Great Kanawna. Also a township in Cleveland co., in North Carolina. Also a township in Perry co., Tennessee, 92 m. SW of Nashville. Also a township in Pike co., in Missouri. Pop. 2,174.-Also a township in Morgan co., in Missouri. Pop. 188.-Also a township in Marion co., in Arkansas. Pop. 91.-Also a township in Union co., in Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,348. -Also the cap. of Mangua co., in Missouri.-Also a township in Butler co., in Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,820. -Also a township in Perry co., in Pennsylvania, on the W bank of the Susquehanna. Pop. 948.-Also a village in the same co., on the Susquehanna, 5 m. above the mouth of the Juniata. Pop. 147.

BUFFALO BAYOU, a river of Texas, flowing into San Jacinto bay. It is navigable by steamers drawing 6 ft. water as far as Houston, or about 35 m. from its mouth. The land is good, but low and muddy on both sides of the river. Pine predominates in the forests bounding this river. Its principal tributaries are Green creek and White Oak bayou from the N, and Vince's, Sun's, and Bray's bayou from the S.

BUFFALO CAMP, a village of the Cherokee territory, near the N bank of Canadian river, 75 m. W of the junction of the S Canadian fork.

BUFFALO CLEUGH, a river of S Africa, in the district of Somerset, which runs WNW, and falls into Baviaans river 4 m. NE of Glen Linden.

BUFFALO CREEK, a river of Washington co., in the state of Georgia, U. S., which falls into the Oconee 22 m. SE of Milledgeville.-Also a river of Cabarras co., in the state of N Carolina, which forms one of the head-streams of Gold river.-Also a river which takes its rise in Washington co., in the state of Pennsylvania, runs E across Brook co., in the state of Virginia, and falls into the Ohio at Wellsburg. Also a river which runs along the confines of Mono

BUFFALO RIVER, a river of S Africa, in the Kafir territory, which takes its rise in the Gui Guilli Berg, runs SE, and falls into the Indian ocean 28 m. SE of King William's Town.-Also a river of S Africa, in the district of the Cape, which flows into the Atlantic 20 m. N of Cape Town.-Also a river of S Africa, which takes its rise in the Snow mountains, in the district of Graff Reynet, runs through the Stellenbosch valley, and unites with the Karreeka 30 m. NNE of the junction of that river with the Camboos.

BUFFALORA, a town of Venetian Lombardy, in the gov. and 16 m. W of Milan, prov. of Pavia, district and 3 m. NNW of Abbiategrasso, and about the same distance from the 1. bank of the Tessino, Pop. 1,500. It is situated on the slope of a hill, and is intersected by the canal of Naviglio-Grande.

BUFFALORA PASS, a narrow mountain-road or pass in the Rhætian Alps, leading from the Engadine, by Forno, to the Munsther-thal.

BUFFARIK. See BOUFFARIK.
BUFFEL-BOUT, a village of S Africa, in the
Bushmen territory, 55 m. SW of the Gariep_station.
BUFFELJAGTS BERG, a mountain of S Africa,
in the district and 60 m. SW of Zwellendam.

BUFFELJAGTS RIVER, a river of S Africa, in the district of Zwellendam, which falls into the Breede 10 m. SE of Zwellendam.

BUFFEL'S BAY, a bay of S Africa, in the district of the Cape, on the W side of False bay, in N lat. 34° 40', E long. 19° 44'.

BUFFEL'S FOUNTAIN, a village in S Africa, in the district and 16 m. SE of Uitenhage.

BUFFEL'S KLOOF, or CRADOCK, a village of S Africa, in the district and 33 m. N of Somerset, on the 1. bank of the Great Fish river.

BUFFEL'S KRAAL, a village of S Africa, in the | of Tuscany, 4 m. S of Borgo-a-Buggiano, on the district and 15 m. NW of Worcester.-Also a village Pescia-Maggiore. Pop. 5,389. in the district and 48 m. NNW of George. BUFFEL'S RIVER, a river of S Africa, which takes its rise in the district of Worcester, and falls into Gauritz river on the confines of the district of Zwellendam and George.-Also a river in the district of George, which forms the principal head-stream of

the Kammanassie.

BUFFEL'S VAL, a village of S Africa, in the district and 50 m. NW of George, on the W side of the Gamka or Great Lion river.

BUFFON, a commune of France, in the dep. of Cote-d'Or, cant. of Montbard, on the r. bank of the Armacon, 13 m. N of Samur. The seignory of this village belonged to the celebrated Buffon, and was erected for him into a county.

BUG, a river of Europe, the largest tributary of the Vistula, which rises in Polish Galicia, near Harbazow, on the N slope of a moderately elevated tract of land which separates Volhynia from the rich plains of Podolia; skirts the E frontier of Poland, dividing it from Russia; turns W, and is joined by the Narew at Sierock; and after a course of 450 m., in which it passes Sassow, Bialykamien, Busk, Sakal, Oustilong, Dubienka, Brzesc-Litewski, Drohitschen, and Serock, falls into the Vistula near Warsaw, at the fortress of Modlin. It is navigable to Terespol, opposite BrzescLitewski. Flowing through a level tract of land, with a sluggish course, extensive tracts of swampy land occur along its course. Its principal affluents are the Moukhavetz, the Narew, and the Ukra. After its confluence with the Narew, it receives the name of that river from the pop. on its r. bank; but it continues to bear its original name with the pop. on its 1. bank.

BUGA. See BALU.

BUGA (GUADALAXARA DE), a town of New Grenada, prov. and 54 m. NE of Popayan, near the r. bank of the Paez, in a beautiful valley.

BUGADITZA, or BRAHADITSCH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in N lat. 39° 20′, near the r. bank of the Macestus, 25 m. SSE of Balikesri.

BUGARACH, a commune of France, in the dep. of Aude, cant. of Coniza, on the Sals, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, which forms the highest summit of the Corbières, 15 m. S of Limoux. Pop. 1,027. It possesses manufactories of woollen caps. Jet and sulphuretted lead are found in the environs. BUGASON, a town of the island of Panay, one of the Philippine group, near the W coast.

BUGBROOKE, a parish of Northamptonshire, 6 m. WSW of Northampton, intersected by the London and Birmingham railway. Area 2,420 acres. Pop. in 1841, 953.

BUGEAT, a canton and commune of France, in the dep. of Correze, arrond. of Ussel. The cant. comprises 12 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 7,014. The village is 25 m. from Ussel. Pop. 825. BUGERONE. See BUGIARONI.

BUGES, a hamlet of France, in the dep. of Loiret, cant. and 3 m. N of Montargis, and com. of Corquilleroy. Pop. 93. It has extensive paper-mills.

BUGEY, formerly a district of France, in the ancient prov. of Burgundy, now comprised in the dep. of the Ain. Cap., Belley.

BUGGAUR. See BAGAR.

BUGGENHOUT, a commune and village of Belgium, in E Flanders, arrond. and 4 m. E of Termonde. Pop. 3,424.

BUGGIANO, or BORGO-A-BUGGIANO, a town of Tuscany, in the district and 24 m. WNW of Florence. Pop. 1,677. A large quantity of silk is reared and spun in the neighbourhood. BUGGIANO (PONTE-A), a commune and village

the first subdivision of the prov. in the new French BUGIA, or BOUGIE, a town of Algeria, the cap. of arrangements on the coast, in N lat. 36° 46', E long. 5° 35'; distance from Algiers by sea 112 m.; from Constantina by sea 170 m., by land 74 m. It presents a picturesque aspect from the sea, rising on the side ridge, in which the Beni-Tchudja on the W attains of a mountain, and encircled by a lofty mountainan alt. of 4,137 ft.; and the Babor, 6 m. SE of the says Campbell, "spring up in the sight not only with bay, on the E, 6,200 ft. These African highlands, a sterner boldness than those of Britain, but they borrow colours from the sun unknown to our climate, and they are mantled in clouds of richer dye." The by ancient walls, which have been renovated by the streets are steep and winding. It is surrounded French; and is defended by three forts, and a line of military posts which run from the plain on the SE to the summit of the Gouraya, or hill on which the town stands. The French have erected a large military hospital here, and barracks. The pop. in 1847 consisted of 514 Christians and 217 Mahommedans. The principal exports are oil, wax, dried figs, and timber.-The bay of B. extends from Cape Carbon on the W to Cape Cavallo on the E. It is about 28 anchorage in 16 fath., and well-defended from N, m. in width, and 15 m. in depth, and offers good NW, and W gales.-B. was founded by the Carthaginians under the name of Salda. Some geographers identify its site with that of the ancient Baga. Genseric took it in 662. Under the Aghlabites, it was of Marocco. Pedro of Navarre restored and fortified called Badjana. In 1151, it was seized by the sultan the town in 1510. In 1555, it capitulated to Salah Rais. In Sept. 1833 it was stormed by the French troops, who for some time maintained themselves here with difficulty against the incessant attacks of the neighbouring Kabyles.

the coast of Algiers; in N lat. 37° 6' 20", E long. 6° BUGIARONI (CAPE), a prominent headland on 25' 57". It lies a little to the W of the mouth of the Wadi-l-Kabir, and forms the W point of the Numidian gulf. The Arabs call it SE'BAH RUCES, or the Seven heads,' applying the name to an extensive mass of elevated coast-land, stretching 16 m. from E to W, and the culminating point of which, at about 7 m. inland, attains an alt. of 3,576 ft.

BUGIS, or BUGHIS, a numerous and powerful race of people, habiting the southern arms of the island of Celebes. They are scattered through part of the Eastern archipelago, but chiefly inconsiderable and enterprising navigators; and were formerly so quently employed in Siam, Cambodia, and other Eastern counmuch celebrated for their fidelity and courage that they were fre

tries, as the body-guards of the sovereign. Nearly the entire male population of the B. territories are employed in trade, agriculture being comparatively neglected amongst them. Their mouths of all the large rivers on the E coast of Borneo, and sevprahus rarely exceed in size 100 tons. They have occupied the eral of those on the S coast. See CELEBES.

Cheshire, 2 m. NE by E of Congleton. Area 2,960 BUGLAWTON, a chapelry in the p. of Astbury, acres. Pop. 1,864.

BUGLIONE. See BOUILLON.

in the prov. of Ossola, 6 m. WNW of Domo-d'Ossola. BUGNANCO-DENTRO, a village of Piedmont, BUGSUK, a small island in the Sulu archipelago, off the SW extremity of Palawan.

64 m. NNW of Pocklington. Area 1,990 acres. Pop. BUGTHORPE, a parish in the E. R. of Yorkshire,

296.

BUGTI, a range of hills in Cutch-Gundava, which commence within 6 m. of Shahpur, and run nearly N and S. They appear to be a spur of the Suliman They are entirely in the possession of a predatory range, and do not rise to any considerable height.