circle of Unter-Franken, 21 m. NW of Bamberg. | Pop. 550. There is a magnificent castle here.

BURGDORF, a town and bailiwick of Hanover, in the principality of Luneburg, on the 1. bank of the Aa, 12 m. S of Celle. Pop. 2,180.-Also a v. and bailiwick of Switzerland, in the cant. of Bern, on the Emme, 12 m. NE of Berne. Pop. of b. 2,417. It has manufactories of chocolate, white lead, tobacco, and silk ribbons; and is the entrepot for the linen goods and cheeses of the Emmenthal. It is sometimes called BERTHOUD.

BURGEBRACH, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Upper Franconia, 9 m. WSW of Bamberg, on the Mittel-Elrach. Pop. 782.

BURGEDIN, a township in Guilsfield p. in Montgomeryshire. Pop. 491.

BURGEIS, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, on the Etsch, NW of Glurus.

BURGEL, a town and bailiwick of Saxe-Weimar, in the circle and 6 m. ENE of Jena. The town had a pop. of 1,261; the b. of 4,795, in 1842.

BURGEO ISLES, a group of three islands on the coast of Newfoundland, in N lat. 47° 36′ 20′′, W long. 57° 36′ 30′′. There are now about 700 inhabitants residing on these islands, who are mostly engaged in fishing. Fourteen years since there were only 2 families.

BURGERSEE, a lake in the principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, from which the Katzenbach flows towards the Danube.

BURGESS, a parish in co. Tipperary, 53 m. SW by S of Nenagh. Area 4,980 acres. Pop. 2,728. BURGESS (SOUTH and NORTH), two townships in Canada West. South B. lies in Johnstown district; and is bounded on the NW and W by the Rideau lake. North B. is in Bathurst district, and is bounded on the SE by Rideau lake. Pop. in 1842 of North B. 553.

BURG-FAHRNBACH, a village of Bavaria, in the circle of Middle Franconia, on the Fahrnbach. Pop. 416.

BURGGEMUNDEN, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, in the circle and 8 m. from Kirtorf, on the Ohm. Pop. 511.

BURGGRAB, a village of Bavaria, in the circle of Upper Franconia, NW of Kronach. Pop. 290. BURGH, a parish in Suffolk, 4 m. NW of Woodbridge. Area 780 acres. Pop. 266.

BURGHAM, a tything in Worplesdon p., in Surrey. Pop. 314.

BURGH-APTON, a parish in Norfolk, 9 m. SE of Norwich. Area 1,620 acres. Pop. 564.

BURGHAS, or BURGHAZ, a small town of Turkey, in Romelia, in the sanjak of Vizah. It is built on a promontory; projecting into the gulf of the same name on the SW coast of the Black sea, in N lat. 42° 28′ 40′′, E long. 27° 30′ 25", 10 m. WNW of Sizeboli. The town has a considerable commerce in butter, cheese, grain, and wine.-The gulf extends from NE to SW, or from Cape Emineh to Sizeboli, 16 m. Also a small town in Anatolia, in the sanjak of Bigah, on the straits of the Dardanelles.-Also a town of Romelia, 25 m. NW of Tchorlu, and 5 m. S of Belgrade. It consists of about 2,000 houses, and carries on considerable commerce with the interior. It is famous for the manufacture of small terracotta bowls for pipes, and for salted shrimps which are caught in the Black sea.

BURGHASSLACH, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Middle Franconia, 36 m. N of Anspach. Pop. 870.

of Upper Bavaria, on the 1. bank of the Salzach, 45 m. SW of Passau, at an alt. of 1,148 ft. above sealevel. It is encircled by walls, and was formerly defended by a strong castle. Pop. 2,300.

BURGH-CASTLE, a parish in Suffolk, 4 m. WSW of Great Tamworth. Area 1,210 acres. Pop. 327. The Roman station of Garianonum is supposed by some antiquaries to have existed here. BURGHCLERE, a parish in Hants, 73 m. N of Whitchurch. Area 3,560 acres. Pop. 845. BURGH (DEN), a town of Holland, near the centre of the island of Texel.

BURGHEIM, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Schwaben-Neuburg, on the Ach, 12 m. SW of Nenburg. Pop. 1,060.-Also a town of Baden, in the Upper Rhine circle, 5 m. N of Bressach, on the r. bank of the Rhine. Pop. 730.

BURGHFIELD, a parish in Berks, 5 m. SW of Reading. Area 4,700 acres. Pop. 1,115. BURGHHILL, a parish in Hereford, 4 m. NW of Hereford. Area 3,170 acres. Pop. 863. BURGHHORN, a village of Holland, in the prov. of N Holland, near Alkmaar. Large sheep markets are held here.

BURGH-IN-THE-MARSH, a parish and markettown in Lincolnshire, 6 m. E by S of Spilsby. Area of p. 4,240 acres. Pop. 1,095.

BURGH-UPON-BAINE, a parish in Lincolnshire, 63 m. W of Louth. Area 1,870 acres. Pop.

155.

BURGH-UPON-SANDS, a parish and township in Cumberland, 6 m. W by N of Carlisle. Area 6,380 acres. Pop. 1,003, of whom 503 were in the t. Edward I. died here on the 7th of July, 1307.

BURGIO, a town of Sicily, 33 m. NW of Girgenti, in the district of Bivona. Pop. 5,866.

BURGJON, a village of Bavaria, in the circle of Unter-Franken-Aschaffenburg, on the Sinn, 12 m. from Saalmünster. Pop. 246.

BURGK, a hamlet in the German principality of Reuss, 4 m. N of Saalburg, on the Saale. Pop. 150. There is a castle here belonging to the princes of Reuss; and in the environs are important iron-works. -Also a town of Saxony, in the circle and 4 m. SW of Dresden. Pop. 1,200. The largest coal-works in the kingdom are wrought here.

BURGKUNSTADT, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Upper Franconia, 22 m. NE of Bamberg on the Main, at the junction of the White Main. Pop. 1,360, of whom about 500 are Jews.

BURGLEN, a parish and village of Switzerland, in the cant. of Thurgau, 12 m. E of Frauenfeld, on the r. bank of the Thur. Pop. (Protestant) 1,076.Also a p. and v. in the cant. of Uri, 1 m. E of Alcdorf, at the entry of the Schächenthal, at an alt. of 1,545 ft. above sea-level. It was the birth-place of William Tell; and a small rude chapel, built in 1522, occupies the spot where the patriot's house stood.

BURGLENGENFIELD, a town of Bavaria, in the Upper Pfalz, 17 m. NNW of Ratisbon, on the Naab. Pop. 1,490.

BURGO (EL), a village of Spain, in the prov. of Malaga, on the Ardales, 11 m. from Ronda. It is finely situated in a fertile plain surrounded with woods and mountains. Pop. 800.

BURGOO. See BORGU.

BURGOS, a province or administrative division of Old Castile, in Spain, bounded on the N by the prov. of Santander; on the E by Alava, Navarre, and Soria; on the S by Segovia; and on the W by Palencia and Valladolid. Its surface is elevated, and highly diversified with hills and valleys. Its superficies has been estimated at 7,752 sq. m. by some geographers; and at 7,666 sq. m. by others. BURGHAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, in the circle | The most elevated chain of mountains in this prov.

BURGHAUN, a town of Hesse-Cassel, in the prov. and 12 m. NNE of Fulda, on the Haune. Pop. 1,310.

are the Montanas of B. or of Santander, which separate it from Biscay and Santander on the NE. The mountains of Oea or Adubedas intersect its central districts from NW to SE. The principal rivers are the Tiron, the Arlanzon, the Arlanza, the Ebro, the Pisuerga, and the Brulles. The Canal de Castilla, beginning at Alar del Rey, and originally designed to unite Segovia, Remosa, and Burgos, is still unhappily but in part executed. The lower grounds of this prov. are fertile in wheat, oil, hemp, lint, and fruits. The vine is only partially cultivated. Rearing of cattle forms a principal branch of industry. Leather and iron are manufactured, and some coarse cotton-stuffs and pottery. The pop. was estimated in 1834 at 612,000, occupying 5 towns, 583 villages, and 1,118 hamlets.-The prov. is divided into 12 partidos: viz., Aranda de Duero, Belorado, Bribiesca, B., Lerma, Melgar de Fernamental, Miranda de Ebro, Roa, Salas de los Infantes, Sedano, Villadiego, and Villarcayo; which are subdivided into 1,214 pueblos.

and hospitals, particularly the monastery De las Huelgas, and the royal hospital, which is richly endowed, and remarkable for its cleanliness and healthy situation. B. has a college for the education of youth, and also an academy, both of which are exclusively supported by the merchants. A surgical school was instituted here in 1800. B. was erected into an archbishopric in 1574. Its suffragans are Pampelona, Palencia, Santander, and Tudela, and it comprises the provinces of B., Alava, Guipuscoa, Vizcaya, Logrono, Santander, and Soria. The cathedral chapter includes 15 dignitaries, 30 canons, 25 prebends, and 19 chaplains. B. is the residence of the intendant for the province of the same name, and has also a corregidor, and an alcade. As long as B. was animated by the presence of its sovereign, it continued to enjoy splendour and pre-eminence; commerce flourished, industry was excited, and manufactures were multiplied; its crowded fairs displayed wealth and prosperity; and it was the entrepot of all the trade that was carried on from the BURGOS, the capital of the above province and of interior of Spain with the several ports on the bay of Old Castile, is situated in N lat. 42° 20′ 28′′, W long. Biscay. It was also the residence of many foreign 3° 42′ 49′′, on the r. bank of the Arlanzon, at an alt. merchants; and the famous Segovian cloth was of 2,870 ft. above sea-level, and on the high-road exported from this city to every quarter of Europe. from Madrid to Bayonne in France; 134 m. N of But, when Charles V., in the beginning of the 17th Madrid, and 59 m. SW of Vittoria. It is supposed cent., transferred the seat of royalty to Madrid, the by some writers to be the Braum or Bravum of Pto- prosperity of B. began rapidly to decline; and, before lemy; but others refer its origin to the site of another the conclusion of a century, it was impoverished and city called Aura, as late as the 9th or 10th cent. It depopulated. Of its 40,000 inhabitants, scarcely 12,000 is a large irregular town, approaching to the figure of now remain, and B., with its gloomy houses and a cross, surrounded by high walls, and formerly pro- silent streets, is like "a city of the middle ages, a tected by a castle of considerable strength, on the living page of the reign of Philip II." [Blanqui.] brow of an adjacent hill, of which some vestiges still A little cloth, baize, blankets, and fine woollen stockremain. The suburbs of B., which are called the ings called bas d'elaim, are its principal manufactures; Bega or Vega, lie on the opposite side of the river, and its only trade consists in the exportation of the which is crossed by three free-stone bridges. Higher woollen cloths of Old Castile, from which it derives up is the Esplanada. The streets are narrow, crook- a considerable profit. ed, and badly arranged; and of its numerous squares, one only is deserving of notice: it stands in the middle of the city, and is surrounded by a piazza supported by lofty pillars, over which are some tolerably handsome houses. Most of the houses have the windows of the ground-floor secured with projecting iron bars which give them a very sombre aspect. The principal approach to the city is by the gate of Santa Maria, which opens on one of the bridges over the Arlanzon. This gate, built to commemorate the founders of the Castilian monarchy, and the illustrious men who contributed to its honour and aggrandizement, is adorned with statues, among which are those of Fernando Gonzalez, Charles I., the Cid, and Diego Porcelos. Among the public buildings are the Hotel de Ville, the palace of Velasco, and a triumphal arch erected in honour of Fernando Gonzalez, first count of Castile. The cathedral church is one of the finest and best preserved specimens of Gothic architecture in Spain. It was built about the beginning of the 13th cent., by Ferdinand III., but was not completely finished till some centuries after. Its form is exactly the same as that of York minster. It contains eight chapels, and is adorned with some beautiful paintings by Raphael and Michael Angelo Buonarotti. The church of St. Paul's is a noble Gothic structure, with an altar of the Corinthian order; and the convent of the Augustines, which stands in the suburbs, is famous for its chapel of the Holy crucifix, called El Cristo de B., which is enriched with the collective tribute of kings, nobles, and private individuals. According to tradition, this crucifix was constructed by Nicodemus, and possesses miraculous powers. It is concealed behind three curtains, and is only exhibited on great occasions, and always with pompous solemnity. There are several handsome convents

The road from B. to Bayonne leads over the Sierra del Oca into the valley of the Ebro. A little below the city, the Arlanzon washes the walls of a famous nunnery, called Las Huelgas; and 3 m. SE of the city is the Carthusian monastery of Miraflores.-B. was the birthplace of Julian, bishop of Cuenca; of Bernardino de Obregon, Pedro el Cruel, Don Enrique III., Leonora d'Aragon, the Conde Fernando Gonsalez, the famous Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, better known as the Cid, the musician Francisco Salinas, the architects Francisco de Colonia and Hernan Ruiz, and the painter Diego Polo.-B. was unsuccessfully invested by Lord Wellington after the battle of Salamanca. The siege was undertaken with very insufficient means, and raised after nearly five weeks' perseverance and the loss of 2,000 men. It was abandoned, however, to the British the following year, when the British moved up the r. bank of the Duero and crossed the Ebro.-Laborde's View of Spain, vol. iii.-Bourgoing's Travels in Spain, in Phillips's Coll., vol. ix.—Blanqui's Voyage à Madrid en 1826.

BURGOS, a village in the island of Sardinia, on the Goceano hills, 30 m. SE of Sassari. Pop. 442.

BURGOS (POINT), a low point on the N coast of Hayti, sheltering Tiberon bay on the E and S.

BURGPREPPACH. See BURGBREITBACH. BURGSTADT, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leipzig, 6 m. NNW of Chemnitz. Pop. 2,668. Woollen and linen manufactures are established here.

BURGSTALL, a village of Austria, in the circle of the Wienerwalde, on the Erlaf.-Also a village of Prussian Saxony, NW of Burg. Pop. 823.

BURGTHAL, or LE BOURG, a village of Switzerland, in the cant. of Berne, 12 m. SW of Basle, at the foot of the Blauerberg. Pop. 264. There are numerous springs here, and well-frequented baths.

BURGTONNA, a village of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, | arches, and at either extremity a handsome octagonal N of Gotha. Pop. 607.

BURGUM. See BORGO.

BURGUETE, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Navarre, 16 m. NE of Pampelona, in the valley and 1 m. distant from the hamlet of Roncesvalles. BURGUNA, a village of Afghanistan, 32 m. SE of Kandahar, in N lat. 31° 22'.

BURGUNDY [FRENCH Bourgogne; GERM. Bur-ply gund], an ancient province in the cast of France, comprising the Pays de la Montagne, the Auxerrois, the Auxois, the Dijonnais, the Autunais, the Chalonnais, the Charolais, the Maçonnais, the Bresse, the Bugey, the principality of Dombes, and the Pays de Gex; forming a total area of 2,597,698 hectares. This area is now distributed as follows: In the dep. of Ain, 584,822 hect.; dep. of Haute-Marne, 27,278 hect.; of Yonne, 212,022 hect.; of Aube, 45,391 hect.; of Saone-et-Loire, 857,098 hect.; of Coted'Or, 871,087 hect. Its cap. was Dijon; and its other principal towns Auxerre, Autun, Auxonne, Chalon-sur-Saone, Macon, and Bourg. This province derives its name from the Burgundii, who settled in it so early as the 5th cent., and founded a kingdom which was by degrees annexed to the crown of France. This kingdom was subsequently divided into Burgundia Trans-Jurana, or Upper Burgundy (afterwards Franche-Comte); and Burgundia CisJurana, or Lower Burgundy, the subject of the present article. This last remained for many years in the possession of the kings of France, who governed it by a viceroy, with the title of duke. This office becoming hereditary, the dukes of Burgundy acquired such influence, as to become, in the 10th cent., sovereigns of France. After various changes, the duchy, which had for some time been governed by a distinct branch, was seized on the death of Charles the Bold, in 1477, by Louis XI. of France, and it has ever since continued an integral part of the French monarchy. Different French princes of the blood have borne the title of duke of Burgundy.

BURGUNDY (CIRCLE OF), one of the ten circles of the German empire, erected in 1512 by the emperor Maximilian, and completely organised by Charles V. in 1548. At its original formation it was very extensive, and comprised, besides the free county of B., the whole 17 provinces of the Netherlands. Its contributions to the empire were equal to those of two electorates; but after the Dutch provinces declared their independence, and the southern part of the circle had been gradually acquired by France, it consisted only of the Spanish or Austrian Netherlands.

BURGWALDNICE, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of the Rhine, circle of Kempen. Pop. 1,200. A considerable quantity of fine linen is woven here. BURGWEDEL, a town of Hanover, in Luneburg, 14 m. SW of Celle. Pop. 1,184. BURGWINDHEIM, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Franconia, SW of Bamberg. Pop. 350. BURHAM, a parish in Kent, 2 m. NNW of Aylesford. Area 1,630 acres. Pop. 380.

BURHAM POOTER. See BRAHMAPUTRA. BURHANPUR, a city of Hindostan, the ancient cap. of the prov. of Kandeish, on the N side of the river Tupti, 110 m. NE of Aurungabad. It is one of the largest and best-built cities in the Dekkan, and enjoys a foremost importance as a commercial and manufacturing city. It is also rich in remains of Mogul magnificence. The streets are wide and regular; and the houses are frequently three, four, and even five stories in height; built of brick below, and of wood richly carved above. The Jumna Musjid is a noble building of the 15th cent. The plan of the structure is quadrangular, presenting a façade of 17

minaret. The mouldings are particularly delicate, and the joints of the fine dark grey granite stones of which it is built are so close that the whole appears to have been carved out of a solid block. Near this edifice stands a noble but ruined mosque. The Eedghur has a façade 820 feet in length, and the minarets exceed 100 ft. in height. An abundant supof water is conducted to the city in a handsome aqueduct from a range of hills about 4 m. distant. The water of the Tupti is so highly impregnated with nitre as to be unfit for domestic purposes. The citadel is constructed in a series of massive arcades, towering one above another to a giddy height.-The bazars are handsome and well-filled. The chief article of manufacture in B. is the gold and silver thread used in weaving muslins and brocades. It is said to be very superior to that of any other place in India; and the process by which it is made appears to be peculiar, though very simple. A short description may be interesting. A piece of the purest silver is beaten out with hammers to a considerable length, that is, until it can be passed through an orifice about the eighth of an inch in diameter. It is then drawn through a successive series of perforations in a plate of hard metal, decreasing in size until it is reduced to the fineness of a common bobbin thread. In this state it is wound upon several small reels, which work upon steel pivots in a bench constructed for the purpose; the ends of the threads are again passed through still smaller holes, in a similar plate to the former, and are then affixed to a larger reel, which, being set rapidly in motion, draws the wire finer and finer by each repeated operation, until it is reduced to the required size. When this is accomplished, it is passed to another set of workmen, to be flattened; a part of the process requiring great dexterity. The threads being wound upon small reels, as at first, are taken, five at a time, in the hand of the workman, who draws them gradually over a small anvil of highly-polished steel, hitting them smartly and rapidly with a small square hammer as they are moved. It is evident that the greatest nicety is required in regulating the weight and the time of the blow, so that the metal may be wrought to an exact equality of breadth and thickness. This done, it is handed over to be plated, upon silk, by another set of workmen, whose sleight of hand must be still more perfect than that of the former. The silk thread being chosen exactly to accord with the breadth of the metal, is passed over a small pulley, attached to the ceiling of the room; it is then fastened to a spindle with a long crank, which is kept in rapid motion by an occasional kick from the workman, who, having the metal coiled up on the floor behind him, affixes it to the silk, and guides it with such consummate skill as precisely to cover the thread without flaw or inequality. Not the least wonderful part of this juggling craft appears to be, that for the purpose of obtaining a gold thread it is only necessary to gild the lump of silver, as a first process, before it is drawn into wire, after which it will retain its gilding, as though it were a solid lump of gold, through all the beatings and drawings and windings which are bestowed upon it, until the thread is perfected. The proprietors of these gold-thread manufactories are, for the most part, a peculiar sect of Mahommedans known by the name of Bohra, but styling themselves by the prouder title of Ishmaela. They occupy about five hundred of the best houses in the city, and are in every sense respectable, being the most wealthy of the commercial classes, and having the repute of liberal and fair dealers. They are, moreover, scrupulously observant of their religious duties, and daily attend their mosque, nearly two