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nations, hordes, or tribes, at present found in B. The chief and most powerful of these tribes were the Tapayos, the Tupinambas, and the Aimores. These successively migrated from the interior to the coast; the Tapayos first, then the Tupinambas, and lastly, the Aimores. The Tapayos or Mundrucus possessed the whole coast from the Maranon to the Plata, but were driven by the Tupi tribes in their migration from the Paraguay and La Plata to the N of Brazil. The most powerful tribes now extant are found in the S and central parts of the country. The Guaicurus in Paraguay amount to 12,000; the Cajapós and Charentes in Goyaz to 8,000 each; the Mauhés to 16,000; and the Mundrucús on the Tapajoz to 18,000. To the N of the Amazon there is an extraordinary number of small hordes and tribes. [Von Martius.] Besides those above enumerated, along the coast and in the interior, a vast number of tribes inhabit the islands and both shores of the Amazon. We are not however to infer from this, that the indigenous population of this extensive tract was great, or at all to be compared to the population of countries advanced in civilization, or even to that of Mexico or Peru. The tribes of B. were of the very lowest order of savages; those parts only were inhabited which afforded plenty of game, while the sea-coasts and banks of the great rivers were frequented for the sake of fishing. The wild B. Indians have no systematic form of religion, nor any priesthood. Their pajes are merely conjurors and doctors, who deal in spells and charms, and interpret dreams and omens. No tribes but the wandering Muras, the gypsies of B., are entirely ignorant of agriculture; and each has its own hunting-grounds. Certain ideas of cominon possession prevail amongst them. Thus the same hut is often occupied by several distinct families; but theft and robbery are almost unknown. Ornaments, especially trophies of skill or prowess, are highly prized by them. Their trade is of course mere barter. The Mauhé carves bows of red-wood, and prepares the Guarana paste, of which utensils are made. The Mundrucu makes ornaments of party-coloured feathers. The Mirania women weave hammocks of palm fibres; and most of the tribes deal in flour, and rear poultry. The rubbing of foreheads together is a sign of friendship and hospitality; a spear stuck into the ground at the boundaries of a tribe's territory, and a notched tally, are emblems of war; and a present of finely carved bows and arrows, of peace. Monogamy is most common, though polygamy is not prohibited. The woman is generally the slave and drudge of her husband; and adultery is considered as a crime only on the woman's side. Von Martius affirms that prisoners of war are, by some tribes, fattened and ate. As to the present native pop. of B., it is impossible to affirm anything with precision, save that it must be much less numerous now than formerly, partly from the unceasing warfare carried on between them and the Portuguese, in which many of the tribes have been wholly extirpated; and partly by the slave-system pursued by the colonists in working the mines and sugarworks. Hunting expeditions were annually made far into the interior, in search of Indians, by bands of slave-dealers; and the latter were conducted in thousands to the settlements on the coast, or to the mines in the interior, to supply the waste of human life occasioned by excessive and unwonted toils in the service of avaricious and inhuman masters.

We have already submitted Major Schæffer's estimate of the B. pop. in 1824, at 5,306,418 souls. Sir George Staunton estimated it at 200,000 Portuguese, and 600,000 Blacks, without mentioning the number of natives. By Beauchamp, the pop. in 1806 was estimated at 800,000 Portuguese, 1,500,000 Blacks, and

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900,000 civilized Indians, making a total of 3,200,000; and by the same author, in 1822, at 4,000,000. By Humboldt, the total pop. was estimated at 4,000,000, on the authority of Correa de Serrea, an eminent literary and scientific character, and a Portuguese, who wrote about 1808. A respectable authority quoted below estimates the total pop. at 7,000,000; but the American missionary, Kidder, whose Sketches of Brazil was published in 1845, is of opinion that the pop. of B. does not exceed 5,000,000; and says that he has embodied the most recent estimates in the following table:

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The pop. of B. is divided into free and slave inhabitants. The free inhabitants are: 1. Europeans, many of whom are native Portuguese, who, coming over when young, and applying themselves energetically to business, generally succeed well. 2. White persons born in B., who call themselves Brazilians. 3. Mulattoes, mixed caste between Whites and Aborigines. 5 Domesticated a mixed caste between Whites and Blacks. 4. Mamalucoes, a aborigines, called Cabocolos. 6. Wild Indians. 7. Free Negroes born in B. 8. Manumitted Africans. 9. Mestizoes, or Zamboes, a mixed caste between Aborigines and Negroes.-The Brazilians are in general a temperate people; but the females of B. know no resting-time between perfection and decay; at fourteen they become mothers; at sixteen their beauty is full blown; at thirty it has withered like the faded rose in autumn.

Slaves.] One peculiar trait of B. colonial character is the general sentiment of equality which pervades all ranks. a feature of disposition hardly to be expected under such a government. The white servant converses with his master on the most equal footing; and often, instead of promptly obeying his orders, will discuss their propriety, or advise a different course of proceeding. This sentiment of equality-which cannot be esteemed the worst feature in Brazilian manners-operates with peculiar advantage in mitigating the severities of Negro slavery. It has been remarked, moreover, that "though in B. a slave is indeed a slave, yet a Negro is not, in the American sense of the word, a Negro: there is no social distinction between the black race and the white, resulting in the general proscription of the former. The half, or fully 3,000,000, are Negro slaves, but of the remaining whole pop. of B. is about 7,000,000. Of these very nearly one4,000,000, more than one-half are free Negroes or Mulattoes, and it is indeed very doubtful if anything like 1,000,000 persons of pure white blood could be found in all this immense territory. The recognised equality between the two races has tended to their almost perfect fusion; they intermarry and associate without hindrance or jealousy, and although a little pride may still be felt in pure descent, yet unmixed blood is no more an indispensable passport to social or official rank than nobility in our own country. Officers of the army and navy, Ministers of State, diplomatic employés, lawyers, magistrates, may all be, and indeed often are, Blacks or Mulattoes alike, and it has even been remarked that, contrary to the usual order of nature in such matters, these cross-breeds are endowed with greater quickness and aptitude for

business than either of the original races. The consequence of this curious amalgamation has been to deprive the institution of slavery of one of its most explosive elements. It is no longer a question of race or colour, but a mere personal relation between master and man; and at least as many Negroes as whites are thus interested in perpetuating the systematic bondage of their own

coast.

After the loss of several vessels in succession, the dealers are, for a while, unwilling to speculate. But the arrival of one or two cargoes in safety revives their hopes; and the traffic is renewed with all its former vigour. The failure of Mr. Hamilton, in December 1845, to obtain a new treaty with the B. government, and the subsequent neglect of the authorities to do anything whatever to discourage the trade, excited the slave traders to new efforts. Our consul, at Bahia, writing in September, 1846, says: "Every facility is now given for the landing of slaves in all parts of the province, and even within the precincts of this city. As no effort is made by the authorities to put a stop to this proceeding, it gives an additional impetus to the slave dealers to fit out a greater number of vessels for the express purpose of bringing slaves to this place. The number of vessels now returned is double that of the preceding quarter." From Pernambuco, the British consul, writing in April 1846, says-" For the last eighteen months no vessel has safely landed a full cargo of slaves from Cape St. Roque to the Rio San Francisco; they have invariably, in part or whole, been seized and appropriated to themselves or friends, by the government officer at the different districts." The British commissioner, however, estimated the total illicit importation of African slaves into B., in 1845, at 16,000; and this was less, by nearly 3,000, than in the year before. The actual number imported in 1846 was probably not far from twice that number.

Mestizoes, &c.] The Mamalucoes, or Mestizoes, are a numerous branch of B. pop, and enjoy the same civil and political rights as the Whites. Thus, from the comparatively mild treatment of the slaves, and the political equality of the Whites, Mestizoes, and Indians, the Brazilian pop., though composed of the same elements as that of Spanish America, is not characterised by those rankling and mutual animosities which prevail among the va rious castes in Buenos Ayres, Peru, or Mexico, and will therefore more easily amalgamate into one common mass than their Spanish neighbours.

Costume, &c.] The descriptions given by early travellers of the costume and manners of the pop. of the B. capital, are either exaggerated, or a vast improvement has taken place within the last thirty years. At least the following, which is made to apply to the ladies, is, and has long been true only of the lowest classes of the pop. "Among familiar friends the ladies of B. are seen with a shift only, bound about the waist with the strings of a petticoat, and the bosom of it often falling off from one shoulder. They wear no stockings, and seldom either slippers, or the wooden clogs, with brown upper leathers, called tamancas. Their hair is commonly uncombed, bound with a riband behind the head, and there twisted about a sort of bodkin. At 18, in a B. woman, nature has attained to full maturity; a few years later, she becomes corpulent, and even unwieldy, and walks with an awkward, waddling gait. They were seldom seen out of doors, except when going to mass, early in the morning on dias santos, or days of sacred obli

countrymen. Although, too, the severity of this bondage is in no degree lessened by the fact of the slaveholder being a Negro himself, but rather the contrary, yet the condition and carriage of the slave are less abject and degraded than in countries where a better treatment of the individual is combined with an insuperable barrier between one race and another. It is clear, indeed, from the classification of the pop. which we have given above, that enfranchisement must be a blessing of comparatively easy attainment-a fact to be explained partly by the necessities of partisan and district warfare, partly by the same relations which have produced the fusion of races, and partly by the influence and policy, unvarying in this respect, of the Romish church." [Daily News.] This class, in their manners, assume the same equality as their masters. They are well-fed, and are not hard worked. Two days weekly are allowed them to labour for themselves, by which means many are enabled to purchase their freedom, while others obtain it by favour. In addition to the two days per week, and the Sabbath, the Romish calendar gives the Negro 35 holidays annually; and the master is compelled by law to manumit him for the price at which he was first purchased, or at his present value, if it be greater than the first cost. In some of our own islands, every manumission cost £100, which was intended to operate as a prohibition, and render the slave for ever one. The law of manumission is sometimes evaded in B., but the general voice is decidedly in favour of it, and the whole weight of clerical influence is exerted in its support A woman who has reared ten children is entitled to her freedom. Many slaves are manumitted at the death of their master; and wealthy planters indulge in this species of charity during their lives. There is another law, by which the entail of slavery is very often cut off. If the sum of £5 is offered at the baptismal font, the master must manumit the child. This sum is often paid when the father is a freedman, and often also by the sponsors-the mother frequently, in hope of this bounty, soliciting some persons of consideration to take upon them this spiritual relationship to the child. By these various means, considerable numbers become free. "The Black," says Prince Adalbert, in his recently published Travels, [Lond., 2 vols. 8vo., 1849,] "is always cheerful, and his tongue is incessantly in motion. His soliloquy generally relates to his master and himself, and he often invents a lively conversation, in which the master is introduced as a speaker, scolding his slave, whilst the latter defends himself. When two Negroes meet, the conversation or a silly laugh begins at a hundred paces distance. A Black seldom passes another without speaking, and they always rack their brains to talk in Portuguese; this habit indeed is carried so far, that not even in their soliloquies do they speak their native tongue. The slaves are forbidden by their masters to talk to one another anything but Portuguese, partly that they may the sooner learn the language of the country, but partly also to prevent their holding any secret intercourse in their presence. The figures of the Negroes are often handsome, and in general strongly built; their faces, on the contrary, are almost always ugly, especially those of the women." In B., as elsewhere, the richer the proprietor the better treated, in general, are the slaves. Those upon church-property are best treated, and have little reason to regret their lot. The children are carefully instructed in religion, and generally solicit permission to begin their regular work before the age which the state has appointed. Marriages amongst Negroes are encouraged; and the good fruits of such an institution completely disprove the assertion of Bryan Edwards, that those alone who are utterly ignorant of the Negroes' nature can suppose that marriage could be introduced among them to any good purpose.gation; and even then, the whole form and face were -The slave trade, however, is still conducted with great inhumanity by the Portuguese; and the Contemporaneo, a Brazilian journal, has the following remarks on this subject, under date 21st July, 1848: "Whilst all civilized Europe is endeavouring to rise in a body in favour of the regeneration of our species, whilst the most sublime ideas of human genius are beginning to be carried out by reformers, whilst those nations which do not, like us, enjoy innumerable prerogatives, and a constitutional representative monarchy, are endeavouring to shake off the despotic yokes of iron sceptres, freeing themselves from the grievous slavery which oppressed them,-B. shamelessly looking on with indifference at such noble efforts and such worthy sentiments, is consenting that in the midst of a free people, a few ambitious dealers, mostly strangers, in spite of the prohibition, in spite of soleinn treaties, and with scandalous disregard of all rules of humanity, of all laws human and divine, shall continue to infest our shores with their illicit traffic, and to introduce without cessation into the heart of our population hundreds of slaves, the true germs of demoralisation, of retrogradation, and of a thousand other calamities. To this plague B. is indebted for the excessive immorality into which it has fallen, not only because by the continuance of the traffic after its abo lishment the people are accustoming themselves to disregard laws which they see daily trampled under foot by the contrabandistas, but also because those ill-doers, availing themselves of their ill-acquired wealth, derived from so impure a source, are unscrupulously bribing and corrupting the subaltern authorities employed to repress this kind of piracy. This is the sore which is gnawing the vitals of B., by the importation into its bosom of thousands of focuses of contagious rottenness, which, with the rapidity of lightning, disseminate themselves throughout our population, and contaminate it with their immediate and impure contact, thereby producing, and especially among children, those noisome complaints which are the perdition of thousands of families, otherwise virtuous, healthy, and robust." The sole check to the trade is found in the risk of capture on or near the African

so wrapped up as to conceal every feature, except perhaps a wickedly talkative eye. Premature age is owing partly to climate, partly to inactivity; most of all, to the early age at which females are allowed to marry." [Luccock.] Among the respectable and opulent classes, neither is marriage permitted so early as is here stated, nor are the females kept in the state of seclusion described. The premature old age is greatly overstated, even as respects the lowest classes, and the respectable females retain their good looks to a reasonably advanced age. They do not, it is true, appear on the public streets during the heat of the day, but they visit in their cadeiras, and associate in assemblies and evening parties. To strangers their manners are somewhat reserved, but in familiar society they are easy and frank. They dress chiefly in the French fashion, and are fond of, and even expensive in their adornments. The features of the B. females are round and regular; their eyes black, lively, and inquisitive. Their figure is moderately handsome, and their air laughing and sprightly.

Religion.] The established religion of B. is Roman Catholicism, and its rites used formerly to be celebrated in its most showy form. Since the declaration of independence, however, its influence has greatly decreased. The clergy, in consequence of the depreciation of currency, in which their congruas

or stipends are paid, are generally poor, as well as ignorant, and not unfrequently their lives are grossly inconsistent with the profession they have adopted. In the principal towns, hardly a day formerly passed without some saint being carried in solemn procession through the streets, the figure of which, though rude and grotesque in the highest degree, was adorned with jewels and precious stones, which were cheerfully lent by the wealthier inhabitants. The ceremony was accompanied by the populace with rockets, squibs, and other demonstrations of extraordinary joy. These festivals are now, however, more rarely celebrated, and with much diminished splendour. The tithes at one period belonged to the clergy; but being found inadequate to their support, were commuted for a regular fixed stipend. The present salary of the clergy averages 200 milreis. The bishops are appointed by the Crown; the inferior clergy by the Crown, with the advice of the diocesans.-The Jesuits were early established here, and were very successful in civilizing the B. savages, especially those of the Tupi race. The Jesuits taught their converts reading, writing, arithmetic, and music, of which last they were so passionately fond that the little Tupi children sometimes ran away from their parents to the Jesuits, to learn it. A Jesuit missionary, in his preaching expeditions, would take four or five of these little choristers with him. When they proached an Indian village, one carried the crucifix before them, and they began singing the litany. The savages, like snakes, were won by the voice of the charmer; they received him joyfully, and when he departed with the same ceremony, the children followed the music. The religion of the native Brazilians was, like that of other savages, confined to a few rude and imperfect notions. The Supreme Being they called Tapa, or Father;' but they addressed no prayers to him, and he was neither the object of their fear nor their hopes. They adored the thunder, which they designated by the same name of Tupa. They had some faint notions of a future state. Their priests, called payes, were a set of quacks and jugglers, who pretended to have power over evil spirits, called the anhangas.

presentatives of the Brazilian empire, according to title 3d, are the emperor and the general assembly, to which, with the sanction of the emperor, belong the legislative powers. The supreme legislative power is in the Assemblea geral, or General assembly, which sits at Rio, the session opening every year on the 3d of May, the anniversary of the discovery of Brazil. It consists of two chambers: the Senado, or Senate; and the Camera dos deputados, or Chamber of deputies. The members of the senate are vitalacios, or elected for life. They must be 40 years of age; and are returned from the provinces in proportion to their respective population. Elections take place as vacancies occur by death; and the lapsed seat is filled by a member from the same province as the deceased. In each comarca, at places appointed for receiving the lists or votes of certain territorial subdivisions, called colleges, on a day appointed by the president, meetings are convened, consisting of the vicar of the parish as official chairman, a Meza, or board of scrutineers, and two secretaries; both the latter classes of officers being elected on the spot by the electors present. The lists from the electors present, or those transmitted by sealed letter through others, are presented to the board. Each elector returns the names of as many members as are to be filled up; and each college, after opening the sealed vote or ballot, proap-ceeds to record the votes. The votes themselves, with the result, are transmitted to the secretary of the government, at the capital of the province; and by him the result on the whole voting is ascertained and a list of the names of the three candidates having the greatest number of votes, is announced and sent to the government at Rio. This is called the lista triplice. The emperor, with the advice of his ministers, selects from this list the party who is to fill the office of senator. The senate has the exclusive power of confirming treaties made by the emperor.-The chamber-of-deputies consists of representatives from the respective provinces, according to population. The members are elected for four years. Their election proceeds in form similar to that of senators. The secretary of the provincial government publishes the lists of the electoral colleges, and the general reLiterature.] As to literature and science, little of sult of the election. As many of the candidates as the kind was till lately to be found in Brazil: there constitute the provincial representation having the was no printing-press in the city of Pernambuco, highest number of votes are declared to be the deputhough containing 25,000 people; nay, there was none ties, and of an equal number following the order of in all B., till the court took shelter there, and sent the numerical rotation the supplentes or substitutes of for one from England. In most of the towns, schools the province. The provincial secretary transmits the for the teaching of the first rudiments are now to be names of the actual deputies and the votes to the sefound. The French system has recently been intro-cretary of the chamber. When any vacancy occurs, duced in all its grades, from the primary schools to from ill health, absence, or public duties, the supplente the universities. In all the large towns, masters of highest in votes, and so on in rotation, is called to serve. Greek and Latin, and professors of philosophy, rhe-In cases of disputed elections, the votes themselves are toric, geometry, chemistry, &c., are established. Rio transmitted to the committee of the assembly. The Janeiro has a handsome museum, a school for engi-political constituency of Brazil is divided into two neers, and a naval college. Botany and mineralogy are also taught. There are public libraries at Bahia and Rio Janeiro, and printing-offices throughout all B. The academy of laws, or university of San Paulo, ranks first among the literary institutions of the empire; but, in 1843, the number of students attending it was only 65. Olinda has a university. Bahia has schools of medicine and surgery, and Pernambuco has a botanical garden. Kidder notices as a serious obstacle to the progress of education in B. "the almost universal deficiency of suitable school books."

Constitution.] The government of B., according to the new constitution, is monarchical, hereditary, constitutional, and representative. The Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion, is declared to be the religion of the state; but all other religions are permitted to be exercised in houses set apart for the purpose, but not bearing the exterior form of churches. The re

classes, the one elected by the other. 1st. The votantes, or voters; 2d. The electors. The votantes consist of every citizen who possesses 100 milreis of annual income. Previous to the triennial elections of the legislature, these votantes, or eleitores da primeira instancia, elect from amongst themselves the class called electores, which is done by electoral colleges in each parish, and in the proportion of one elector for every 15 fogos [fires or hearths] in each parish. This constituency is called eleitores de segunda instancia, or 'electors of the second class.' In the hands of this constituency all the political power of the empire rests. It elects the senators, the general deputies, the provincial deputies, the local municipal councils, and justices of the peace. Both deputies and senators receive an annual salary-that of the senators being one-half larger than that of the deputies. Laws may be proposed in either chamber, and the

ministers of the Crown sit and vote er officio.-If the projecto da lei, or bill, be disapproved of by the chamber, when it is introduced, the chamber must submit their objections to the emperor; if passed in | one, or opposed or altered in another, it must be sent back to the chamber where it was passed, with a notification to that effect. When both chambers have concurred, the bill is laid before the emperor, who may reject it if he see proper, but if two successive parliaments present the same bill, it is understood that his sanction is to be granted. The provincial assemblies are elected, like the general, for three years; but their periods of election vary amongst each other. They were created by a decree of the general legislature passed about 1832. The number of deputies varies with the population in each province. They are elected in the same manner, and with supplentes also, as in the case of the general deputies. The functions of the provincial assemblies are limited by the law of their organization and by general statutes. They embrace chiefly local taxation, police, public works of utility, as roads, canals, &c., and education. The internal taxation is chiefly, but not exclusively, for local purposes in each province. The establishment of the provincial assemblies, although attended with some confusion and irregularity at first, has been greatly conducive to the peace and tranquillity of the empire.

a mean term between the sale price of the respective
commodities in the capital, and their cost in the coun-
try of production, but practically they were nearly as
high as, and in some cases more than, the retail
prices on the spot; these retail prices being at the
same time enhanced by the exaction of these very
duties. There were formerly separate pautas or ta-
bles of valuations in each maritime province, but
they are now uniformized over the empire. The
treaty of 1827 established the rate of 15 per cent.
upon the pauta valuations as the maximum duty on all
imports from Great Britain; that treaty, however, not
having been renewed, an alteration has taken place
in this respect since 1844. [See p. 17.] The im-
ports from other countries had generally paid a
higher per centage, but most of them have now made
commercial treaties entitling them to equal advantages
with England. A credit of three and six months, on
giving good security, was allowed on the fixed duty of
15 per cent. Under the name of warehouse-rent,
[armazenagen,] interest, and commutation of of-
ficers' fees, however, an additional duty of about 24
per cent. was actually raised, which had to be paid in
cash. The export duties constitute the next chief
source of revenue. The ancient duty of 10 per cent.
laid upon all colonial produce exported to Lisbon and
Oporto, was a substitute for the tithes transferred to
the Crown by arrangement with the Pope, and at the
request of the clergy. It was extended to all produce
exported from the empire. It has been modified of
late years, but is still very oppressive. An export duty
of per cent. is levied on all specie and diamonds,
and other precious stones. A duty of 10 per cent. is
laid on every transfer of immoveable property, and
of 5 per cent. upon all moveable property, but both
imposts are frequently evaded. Goods are liable to
transit duty of 2 per cent. when sent in bond from
one port to another. Formerly duties were imposed
for imperial purposes on goods sent from one province
to another, by land as well as by water, but these are
now repealed, or modified and the proceeds applied
to provincial purposes. Meat killed in the shambles
pays in municipalities a duty of 5 reis (of a penny)
per pound, but the proceeds are applied to maintain
these establishments [curráes]-which are very pro-
perly at a distance from the population-and to other
municipal objects. Various internal taxes were for-
merly farmed out, after being parcelled into districts,
to the highest bidder, but this system has been gen-
erally abandoned as both oppressive and unproduc-
tive. The monopoly of diamonds, formerly a source
of revenue, is now abandoned, as well as the tax of
one-fifth on gold, and a duty of 24 per cent. imposed
in their stead. Their product is therefore no longer
an important item of revenue. The monopoly of
Brazil wood is managed by the agent in London, and
its productiveness depends upon the demand for the
article. The seignorage on the gold coinage is of no
value, the circulating medium being nearly all in in-
convertible paper.

The succession to the crown of B. is in the heirs general of Don Pedro. If, by any unforeseen casualty, the line should fail, parliament, during the life of the last of the race, are to choose a new dynasty. No stranger can succeed to the throne of B.; therefore, the new dynasty must be native. All Brazilians are to be obliged to carry arms for the defence of the independence and integrity of the empire. Trial by jury forms a part of Brazilian judi-a cature; and the judges are not removeable without cause assigned, nor without a trial. The liberty of the subject and the private rights of individuals are guaranteed, except so far as controlled by positive statute; and writing and printing are declared free without any previous censorship. Every one may remain in, or leave the empire, and remove his property as he finds convenient; but before a passport can be obtained, certain inquiries have to be made to satisfy the authorities that no charge exists against the party soliciting it. None are to be arrested but on a specific charge, and within a limited time the charge or charges must be notified to the accused in writing. The administration of justice is confided to two high tribunals. These are, first, the relacaos, of which there are one at Rio, and one at Bahia, each composed of 8 judges; besides others at Pernambuco and Maranham; second, the supreme tribunal of justice composed of 12 judges. Great corruption, it is believed, exists in the whole judicial system of B. In each district, or parish, four justices of the peace are elected by the people, to serve four years by turns. They have final judgments in cases not exceeding 16 milreis in value. Their political attributes are to preserve the peace in cases of riot or disorder. Titles of nobility are granted at his pleasure by the Emperor, but they are not hereditary, and confer no political privilege.

Revenue.] The principal source of the imperial revenue of Brazil is derived from the custom-houses at the seaports. All commodities imported were valued by a table or pauta, which was altered from time to time, as commissioners are appointed for that purpose by the treasury. In consequence of the continued depreciation of the currency, and enhancement of prices, these pauta valuations, being in Brazilian money, had greatly advanced of late years. The principle on which they were constructed was ostensibly

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The statement of Brazilian revenue, given by the navigator Bougainville, about half a century ago, was as follows:

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and civil officers, charges of the mines, maintenance of the public buildings, and careening of vessels, amounted at that time to 600,000 dollars, or £135,000 sterling, which left a clear revenue of 2,067,000 dollars, or £465,075 sterling.

IV. Estimate of Revenue for the year 1845-6.

Duties on imports.
Maritime dispatches,
Duties on exports,
Interior,

Extraordinary sources,
Municipal taxes,

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663,900 768,000

The revenue of Brazil, in 1822, was equal to 66,743,586 francs; in 1843, to 16,500,000 reals; and Special imposts for cancelling interest on public debt, 2,602,000

in 1847, to 24,800,000 reals. The milree which, in 1815, was of a value of about 6s. in British money, is at present worth only about 2s. The gross revenue therefore, in 1847, was equal to £2,480,000 sterling. The progressive increase of the revenue of Brazil is shown by the following returns, from 1808 to 1820, inclusive, in francs:

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Milreis.

35,141,666

43,196,820

78,338,486

[A recently published statement of the amount of the internal funded debt of B. as on 30th June,

1847, exhibits this debt as follows:

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6 per cent. 538,000 milreis 31,797,600 milreis 71,800 7,450,000

British subjects,

Other foreign subjects,

259.200

1,579,600

Public companies,

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Sinking fund,

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1,800

the Public office,

1,248.400

or at an exchange of 254d. = £145,646

14,000

50,384,400

= £5,878,180]

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consists nominally of gold, silver, and copper, but for all practical purposes the two former species of coin have long since disappeared, and are only to be had, like merchandise, at a premium according to the of the empire is an additional public debt, but pays rates of exchange upon Europe. The paper currency

no interest. On the occasion of the suspension of payments by the bank of Brazil (1821), the government, which owed that institution a very large sum, made its notes a legal tender, in the provinces where they respectively circulated. Subsequently large issues of paper were made in substitution of a debased and spurious copper coinage which had obtained circulation. These issues took place about 1828 in Bahia, and afterwards (1833-4) in various provinces. The necessities of the government compelled them subsequently to issue further amounts of paper. At first these issues were provincial, but they were ultimately called in, and a new paper given in exchange, which circulates throughout the empire. The total amount of inconvertible paper in circulation is not ascertained, or at least not publicly declared, but is supposed to be not less than 35,000,000 milreis, or about two-thirds of the amount of the funded debt of the empire.

Military force.] The army of B. is composed of regular troops and militia. The regular army was formerly ill regulated; being badly clothed, poorly paid, and, owing to the disadvantages of the service, recruited by impressment. The cavalry regiments which patroled the mining districts were, however, highly respectable both in point of discipline and 279,729 equipment. The army is composed of about 25,000 622,000 regulars, and 50,000 national guards, besides a well34.400 equipped police force called the municipal guard. Navy.] The Brazilian navy was composed in 1844 of 74 vessels of all sizes, but of which only one was a ship-of-the-line. Prince Adalbert thus treats of the capacities of B. to form a great naval power. "From her geographical and political position, B. 12,000 appears to be destined by nature to be a naval power. 10,000 Commerce and navigation constitute the only connection with the transatlantic, civilized world, whilst the fleet offers by its cruisers the means of gaining 25,000 for the young state consideration and respect among the nations of Europe. If the trade wind, on the one hand, facilitates the communication between 3,426 Europe and B., and thus narrows in some degree the 3,220 wide gulf that separates the two countries, it on the 2,000 other hand considerably lengthens the passage of 1,600 106,622 ships from North to South America. B. is therefore

Secretaryship of state,

Law universities,

Medical schools,

Academy of Fine arts,

10,896

Museum,

Commercial junta,

Public archives,

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5,000 15,047 6,220

40,000

6,000 16,000

34,506
8,614
10,422

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