CADORE, or PIEVE-DE-CADORE, a town of Venetian Lombardy, cap. of a district in the gov. of Venice, prov. and 24 m. NNE of Belluno, on the r. bank of the Piave. Pop. 2,000. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Titian; and was the scene of a victory by the French over the Austrians in 1797. In the environs are numerous iron-mines and works. The district of B. is mountainous, but is well wood-queror, whose tomb, and that of his queen, Matilda. ed, and contains luxuriant pasturages.

principal articles imported are iron, worsted, cotton, silk, wine, salt, spices, drugs, &c. Besides the great annual fair held soon after Easter, and which lasts about 14 days, several fairs are held here for the sale of horses, cattle, butter, and poultry. The port has connexion with Honfleur and Havre by steamboats. The country immediately around C. is bare and uninteresting, except to the SW.-C. was the birth-place of Malherbe, the father of French poetry; of Segrais the poet; of the celebrated Huet, bishop of Avranches; Tannegui, Lefévre, &c.-It does not seem to be of great antiquity. Its Saxon name was Cathem or Catham. In Monkish Latin it was called Cudomus. Under the dukes of Normandy it was made a fortified town; and William the Conqueror chose it for his favourite residence, and embellished it with its noblest buildings. It sustained several sieges. In 1346 it was taken by Edward III. of England, who abandoned it to pillage. In 1417 it was again taken by the English, and retained by them until 1448, when it fell into the hands of Charles VII. of France. The university of Caen, founded by Henry V. of England in 1433, had considerable additional privileges confirmed to it by Charles VII., in 1450. The arrond. of Caen is divided into 8 cantons: Bourguebus, Caen, Creuilly, Douvres, Evrecy, Tillysur-Seulles, Troarn et Villers-Bocage. It has an area of 113,564 hectares. Pop. in 1836, 140,435; in 1846, 140,026.-The cant. comprises 12 com. Pop. in 1831, 45,620.

CAENBY, a parish of Lincolnshire, 7 m. W of Market-Raisin, and 123 m. N of Lincoln. Area 1,760 acres. Pop. in 1841, 185.

CAENYNION, a township in the p. of Oswestry, Salop. Pop in 1841, 142.

CAER, a word in the Welsh language, signifying town or fortified place. For compound names in which it forms the first syllable, not found amongst the following, see CAR.

CAER-CARADOC, or CRADOK HILL, a mountain in Shropshire, near the confluence of the Clun and Temd, on which are the remains of an ancient fort. Alt. 1,200 ft. It belongs to a range which assumes the general name of the Caradoc hills, running SW and NE between the vale of Church-Stretton on the E. and Apedale on the W.

CAERDIF. See CARDIFF. CAEREINION-FECHAN, a township in the p. of Mallwyd, Montgomeryshire. Pop. in 1841, 136. CAER-FALLWCH, a township in the p. of Northop. Flintshire. Pop. in 1841, 946.

CAERGWYRLE, or CAERGURLEY, a township in the p. of Hope or Estyn, Flintshire, on the river Alyn or Allen, 5 m. NNW of Wexham. In union with the township of Estyn, it is one of the contributory parliamentary boroughs of the Flint district. Pop. in 1841, 394; of parl. bor. 755.

CAERHUN, a parish of Carnarvonshire, on the W bank of the Conway, 4 m. S of Aberconway. Pop. in 1841, 1.257.

CAERLAVEROCK, a parish in Dumfries-shire, forming a peninsula, bounded by the Nith on the W, the Solway on the S, and the Lochar on the E, 6 m. in length, by 2 m. in breadth. Area 4,640 Scots acres. Pop. in 1831, 1,271; in 1841, 1,297, of whom 189 were in the village of Bankend, and 268 in that of Glencaple-quay.

CAERNARVON, a township of Berks co., in the state of Pennsylvania, U. S. Pop. in 1840, 830.Also a township of Lancaster co., in the state of Pennsylvania. Pop. 1,590.

CAERPHILLY, or ENERGLYN, a market - town in the p. of Eglwys-Ilan, Glamorganshire, on a small branch of the Rumney, 63 m. NW of Cardiff. It is situated in a plain surrounded by barren mountains, and contains some well-built houses. In the vicinity are numerous collieries and iron-works; but woollen manufactures form the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Pop. in 1841, 634.

CAERSEDDFAN, a township in the p. of Darowen, Montgomeryshire, 6 m. ENE of Marhynlleth. Pop. in 1841, 513.

CAERSWS, a hamlet in the p. of Llanwnog, Montgomeryshire. Pop in 1841, 342.

CAERTON-ULTRA-PONTEM, a hamlet in the p. of Christchurch, Monmouthshire, on the S side of the Usk, and opposite Caerleon, with which it is connected by a bridge. Area 200 acres. Pop. in 1841, 261. CAERWENT, a parish of Monmouthshire, 5 m. WSW of Chepstow, on the post-road. It was a Roman station, and is the supposed site of the ancient capital of Siluria. Area 1,900 acres. Pop. in 1841, 446.

CAERWYS, a parish and township of Flintshire, on a small branch of the Clydd, 44 m. SW of Holywell. It is a contributory parliamentary borough in the Flint district. Pop. of p. 987; of bor. 690.

CAES I DOS, a group of three islands near the S coast of Portugal, off Cape St. Maria, in N lat. 36° 58', W long. 7° 49'.

CESAREA. See KAISARIYEH.

CÆSAR'S CREEK, a township of Green co., in the state of Ohio, U. S., watered by a stream of the same name, tributary to the Little Miami river. It is chiefly agricultural. Pop. in 1840, 1,736.

CAESTRE, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Nord, cant. of and 6 m. from Hazebrouck. Pop. 1,653. An important horse fair is held here annually. CAETHE, a town of Brazil, in the prov. of Minas Geraes, on the Sabara, 10 m. E of the town of that name, and 40 m. N of Villa Rica.

CAFADARTZA, a town of Turkey in Europe, prov. of Macedonia, on a tributary of the Vardar, 8 m. WSW of Tikvech, and 40 m. ENE of Monastir.

CAFAGIOLO, a village of Tuscany, in the prov. and 15 m. NNE of Florence, on the r. bank of the Sieve. It contains a grand ducal castle, built in the 17th century by the grand Cosme de Medicis. CAFFA. See KAFFA.

CAFFRARIA, CAFFERLAND, or KAFIRLAND, a region of Southern Africa, adjoining the British Cape territory on the E, and surrounding on three sides the newly formed colony of Natal or Victoria. Some geographers apply the term Caffraria to the whole unexplored tract of country extending from the SW frontiers of Mozambique to the frontiers of the Cape colony, and indefinitely into the interior; and much of this territory is inhabited by different tribes, all apparently belonging to the great Caffre stem. But Caffraria Proper is usually regarded as a strip of country extending along the coast from the Keiskamma river, which forms the advanced E frontier of the Cape colony, to Delagoa bay, and divided from the interior by the Quathlamba or Drakenberg mountains, a range of mountains reaching 6,000 ft. in elevation at some points, through which the Great Kei river, rising far in the interior, forces its way, but the W flanks of which give origin to the greater number of the rivers which discharge themselves into the Atanti-lantic within the limits of C. Proper. "The Portuguese navigators," says Malte Brun, "after doubling the cape of Good Hope, found the inhabitants of the eastern coast of Africa more advanced in civilization

CAERLEON, a township and market-town in the p. of Llangattoch, Merionethshire, 20 m. SSW of Monmouth, 23 m. NE of Newport, pleasantly situated on the Usk. Area of t. 550 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,174. There are extensive iron and tin works in the vicinity. The town is a place of great quity. It was the Isca Silurum of the Romans. CAERMARTHEN. See CARMARTHEN. CAERNARVON. See CARNArvon.

in proportion as they approached the north, where level, and presenting a hilly plain with occasional the Arabs had introduced their own manners and re- swamps, but mostly intersected by narrow deep valligious belief. These Mahommedans designated, leys through which the rivers run to the sea. These under the vague name of Caffres, i. e. 'heretics,' all rivers from the Keiskamma in succession norththe natives of those countries into which the Mussul-wards, are the Kalumna, Konkay or Buffalo, Kahoon, man religion had not been introduced. Under the Gonubi, Kwelegha, Great Kei, Kogha, Bashi, Nosname of Cafarah or Caffraria, the Arabian geogra- tril, St. John, Ants, Fisher's river, Mavutsi, St. Lucia, phers comprehended the whole interior of Africa. and Maputa. Many of these are large rivers, and Caffraria might thus reach to Nigritia, line the Indian there are a multitude of minor streams, but they all ocean from Zeila as far as Brava, and again extend abound with cataracts and sand-banks, so as to rento the borders of the sea to the south of Sofala. In der most of them useless as harbours. The decliviproportion as the specific names of African kingdoms ties are partly covered with forests and bushes, and and tribes became known to Europeans, the extent partly bare and red with iron-ore; the elevated counof C. diminished on the maps, and had nearly be- try mostly serves as pasture-ground, and is always come extinct: nevertheless, when the Dutch at the covered with grass. The soil is rich, especially on Cape, while gradually extending the limits of their the river-flats and along the hill-sides, where pumpcolony towards the E, found it necessary to make kins, melons, millet, maize, sweet potatoes, and totheir neighbours better known, they adopted the bacco are cultivated by the natives. The Holcus Arabic name transmitted by the Portuguese writers, Caffrorum, a kind of millet which grows from 7 to 10 with a view of applying it particularly to the tribe ft. high, is the grain chiefly in use. The stalks are with whom they were in immediate contact, the true about an inch thick, and have a saccharine taste. name of which is Koussa. We conceive that the The corn itself is eaten boiled; and is more palatable term Caffre may be provisionally employed for desig- than rice. The C. bruise it between two stones, and nating the predominant, and probably the indigenous make unleavened bread of it; they likewise malt it, race of Eastern Africa; while, at the same time, it after which it is boiled, and the decoction fermented. would be inconvenient to apply it to any particular When they sow this grain-which is the work of the colony." women-they use neither plough nor spade nor any Face of the country.] Our missionaries inform us, manure, but only throw the seed on the grass, and that those parts of C. which they have visited, are after this, push off the grass with a kind of wooden generally mountainous and rich in water. The soil spade. From underneath this half-dried and halfis argillaceous, tempered with fine sand, and very fer- rotten grass, the corn afterwards springs up. There tile. The whole surface, and even the tops of the is another kind of corn which the C. call bona; it is mountains, are covered with woods, shrubs, grass, known in the Cape colony by the name of mealis, and and other vegetables, except in uncommonly dry in Holland by that of Turkish corn. The grains seasons. The character of the country improves as grow much larger than in Europe, and are equal to we advance eastwards. On approaching Natal, the pease. Besides pumpkins and melons, and other country exhibits great beauty and fertility; and its garden-stuff, the C. use several roots and fruits unnatural capabilities surpass those of any other por-known in Europe. The ingonja is a large tree beartion of Southern Africa. "The natural scenery ex- ing an oval fruit of the drupa kind, of a delicious flahibits great variety of feature. Near the coast it is vour, resembling that of sugar acidulated with lemonoften of a broken character, consisting of hill and dale, juice. diversified occasionally by deep ravines affording per- Climate.] The winter, which is the rainy season petual streams of water, and the steep sides of which at the Cape, is in Caffreland the driest; and most of are clothed with the mimosa and other trees. On the rain falls in thunder-storms during the summer. approaching the Quathlamba mountains, a gradual The country in general is-as we have seen-conascent of successive undulations is seen, which, al- siderably elevated above the level of the sea, and though destitute of trees from the practice the natives much colder than from its nearness to the tropic adopt of annually firing the grass, offers admirable might be expected. Perhaps the plentiful rains, the pasture for cattle, and extensive lands suitable for high mountains, and the strong electricity prevailing general agricultural purposes. Extensive flats, lying in the atmosphere, may be mentioned among the low and studded with clumps of pine trees, mark the causes of its fertility. Thunder-storms, which are course of the larger ravines. With little labour these more frequent and tremendous here than in Europe, districts could be put under water, and are well- exhibit also uncommon phenomena. The flashes of adapted for the cultivation of rice. In the close lightning, which in Europe dazzle the eye and disaphighly finished miniature scenery which adorns many pear in a moment, here consist of a stream of disparts of the country, the English traveller will tinct sparks drawn by the earth from the clouds, or recognise features bearing a resemblance to that from one cloud by another: this stream is commonly picturesque county, Derbyshire. Throughout its double or triple, and sometimes lasts two, or two sewhole extent, Natal is traversed by several noble conds and a-half. There is little difference with rerivers, branching off into innumerable streams; and spect to cold between summer and winter. The it is thus eminently distinguished from the more climate of Natal, though generally warm, is highly southern and western portion of the continent, where salubrious, and throughout a great portion of the the supply of water is very precarious. The larger year, is really delicious; the sky being brilliantly rivers, taking their course along the base of well- clear, the temperature mild, and refreshing rains frewooded, grassy hills, have a gradual descent, and quent. Being within the range of the trade winds. throughout the year present a strong and clear stream. the climate is uniform, not fluctuating and uncertain, The highest lands afford abundance of water: as the like the more southern and western parts of the contraveller proceeds along these elevated grassy tracts tinent. of country, he very frequently passes along the borders of a sort of natural well from 3 to 8 ft. in depth, through the bottom of which a vigorous stream of water is passing, in a subterranean channel, down the hill-sides to the valley." [Blaine.] Along the sea the surface is low, but the country inland rises rather rapidly, averaging 800 or 1,000 ft. above the sea

Quadrupeds.] The most common quadrupeds are the ox and the wolf; but the buffalo, the hippopotamus, the leopard, the hyena, and several varieties of antelope, also occur. There are two kinds of wolves, one spotted, and on that account called by the colonists the Tiger-wolf; the other is the Strand-wolf. The first is the more common and troublesome. The lion

tentots do; but often paint their face and body a uniform red,
with a kind of red chalk; men and women,-the latter especially,
-adorn their arms, backs, and breasts with cicatrices of the size
of grains of wheat, placed in regular rows, double, triple, and
sometimes quadruple. These cicatrices are formed by thrusting
a pointed iron through the skin, and pulling it forcibly up, so as
kind of bas relievo work.
to remain prominent above the surface of the body, and form a

The language of the Caffres is said to be soft and sonorous, with a harmonious pronunciation, easily acquired by strangers. It is said to want the letter r. They cannot, therefore, pronounce the name by which they are generally known, which has been applied to this tribe only accidentally. They call themselves Koussie. Nothing like a written character exists among them. From the striking dissimilarity of the C. to the surrounding tribes in countenance and in language, they have been supposed not to be the original inhabitants of the country which they at present possess: to say, however, from what other country they have emigrated, would, we fear, puzzle the most diligent inquirer. By some they have been conjectured to be of Arabian original: and in their progress towards the Cape, they have been supposed to traverse the eastern coast of Africa. They practise circumcision, but are said not to consider it in a religious light: the only cause assigned by them for such a custom is, that it was practised by their forefathers,-a cause with which they expect every inquirer to be satisfied. "I never could perceive," says Dr. Vanderkemp, "that they had any religion, or any idea of the existence of a God. I am speaking nationally; for there are many individuals who have some notion of his existence, which they have received from adjacent nations. A decisive proof of what I here say, with respect to the national atheism of the C. is, that they have no word in their language to express the Deity." More recent travellers concur in opinion that the C. have no idea of a future state. Their medical operations are, for the greatest part, magical; and most of their complaints are cured by extracting stones, serpents, bones, pieces of wood, &c., out of the body of the patient. Frightful cruelties are to this day practised on men and women accused of witchcraft, who, with their heads smeared with honey, are bound down on an ant-hill, and at their feet a blazing fire. Unable to move, they lie for days enduring this torture, till they are released or die. They do not bury their dead, but throw them to the wolves; to be buried is a chief's exclusive

and the buffalo are less frequent. Elks grow very large. The elephant of this country is taller than that of India; and his teeth are sometimes eight and nine feet long. The tiger of this country is not streaked, but spotted with small brown spots. "I must also mention," says Dr. Vanderkemp, "an animal, the name of which is not known in the colony, as they call it 'the Unknown animal.' The Hottentots call it kamma. It is sometimes seen among a herd of elks, and is much higher than these. It was never caught nor shot, as it is, by its swiftness, unapproachable; it has the form of a horse, and is streaked, but finer than the dau. Its step is like that of a horse. I looked upon this description as somewhat fabulous, till we came near the Teitjana, among the Boschmen; there one of our company saw an animal among some kwaggas which he had never seen before: he said that it was like a most beautiful horse, but much larger. The Boschmen pointed to a plain where they said these animals were found in great numbers. This one had a tail like that of a n'gou, but with a much longer bunch of hairs at the point." This appears to be the unicorn of Campbell and others. At Mashow, a town in the territory of the Tamahas, an animal of the rhinoceros kind was killed in 1821, having a horn projecting 3 ft. from the forehead, and rising about 10 inches above the tip of the nose. A few inches of a small second horn, behind, did not affect its unicorn appearance. The head measured 3 ft. from the month to the ear. The origin, figure, position, and magnitude of the horn correspond exactly with the representation of the unicorn in the Bushman caves of Bambo, delineated by Barrow.privilege. They commonly lay their sick people out in the The leopard is a different animal from that of the spotted tiger, and very tame if educated young. The African stag also differs from the European; it is larger, and more fierce, and its horns are without ramifications. There are two sorts of wild hogs. The rhinoceros with two horns, and the sea-cow, are also natives of this country. The latter has strength and courage enough to throw a rhinoceros from the rocks down into the river. The rhinoceros, however, is the terror of the elephant, and sometimes puts many of them to flight. Dr. Vanderkemp says, "Among the quadrupeds, I may rank a serpent with four legs, called by the C.. kabe; and also a numerous tribe of lizards, from which the former differs, and of which I can only mention the geitje, the salamander, and the cameleon."

field, as soon as they consider their case as desperate, to be devoured by the wolves before they die. They are, however, often mistaken in their prognosis; and the sick person not unfrequently returns to his house, and recovers. If he does not, the consequence is a second, and perhaps a third deportation; the last and extreme step is to lock up the patient in a hut, with a little meat and drink, when the whole kraal breaks up, and they leave the unfortunate being to his fate. "It was a long time," continues Dr. Vanderkemp, "before I could trace the real motives for this cruel practice; but since I am a little more acquainted with the character of this cruel nation, I think it is only love to self-preservation. They fancy, that if they suffer the disease to go on, it will bring on the whole society some greater calamity: and to prevent this, they know no other remedy than to destroy the subject of the distemper. Their conduct in other cases is perfectly analogous. Thus, when they see a friend in danger of being drowned, they will run from him, or throw stones at him, rather than help him; and when a child-bearing woman is seized with labour, every one runs from her, and she is left helpless. When they intend to honour a person whom they esteem, they give him a new name, the meaning of which is known only to him who invented it; and it is surprising how quickly this name is spread over all the country. Though they are extremely savage, they observe a peculiar decency in their manners. I recol

escaped in company; he was but a boy, and he was immediately turned out of doors for it."

The Caffres.] The natives of Cafferland are distinguished from both the Hottentots and the Negroes by several striking characteristics. The cranium of the C., like that of Europeans, presents a raised arch; the nose, far from being flat, approaches the hook-lect only one instance of a C. from whom an indecent word ed form; they have, however, the Negro's thick lips, and the large buttocks of the Hottentot; their frizzled hair is less woolly than that of the Negro, and their beard is stronger than the Hottentot's: a brown or iron-grey complexion likewise appears to separate them from the Negro; but some tribes are black, and approach very closely in physical characteristics to the Negro. The chief," says Rose, "is generally distinguished from his followers by a carosie of tiger skin, and by a narrow tasteful-beaded band worn round the head; and when he stands surrounded by his armed attendants wrapped in their dark cloaks, it forms a most imposing sight. Their figures are the noblest that my eye ever gazed upon; their movements the most graceful; and their attitudes the proudest, standing like forms of monumental bronze. I was much struck with the strong resemblance that a group of C. bear to the Greek and Etruscan antique remains, except that the savage drapery is more scanty, and falls in simpler folds." The appearance of the C. when prepared for war, is wild and singular. His carosie is thrown aside; his defensive covering is an ample shield formed of a hardened hide, which hangs on one arm, while a bundle of five assagyes is held in the right hand, and two lofty plumes of the feathers of the grey crane are fastened to his head by a leathern band. The author of Five Years among the Kaffirs' will not, however, concede to the "stalwart Kaffir " the epithet of brave. "He is a liar, a thief, and a beggar," says this writer; "ready only to fight in ambush; and although, to use a common expression, he dies game,' his calmness is the result of silenness." Some of the C. tribes wear beetle-amulets, the use of which has been remarked among the Nubian Negro tribes. The C. rarely paint their faces with different colours, as the Hot

The C. tribes are divided into smaller sections, called kraals, each of which has its own chief or captain, whose dignity is hereditary. It often happens-as at the present moment that some more powerful chief usurps a kind of kingly authority over a number of these kraals. In the centre of the location of every kraal is a large circular area, fenced by trees: into this beast-kraal, all the cattle belonging to the kraal are driven in the evening, and milked; and in the morning, after milking again, they are led out into the field, and watched by the young people. In the middle of the beast-kraal, each family has its corn-magazine, which is a pit dug pretty deep, in which the corn lies on the bare ground, but is covered with straw, and this again by cow-dung, and externally by earth. When a pit is opened for the first time after the harvest, the proprietor gives a basket full of it to every family in the kraal, and a somewhat larger portion to the captain. Every kraal has its common garden, and many families private ones. They are fenced nearly in the same manner as the beast-kraal. Besides the beast-kraal, they have a smaller one in which they lock up their calves, which they night and day keep separate from the cows, except at the time of milking. Round the beast and calf-kraals are placed their houses, which are hemispheroidal huts built by their women. They draw a circle on the ground, of from about 18 to 25 ft. diameter, and place on its circumf. long sticks at about the distance of a foot, leaving a space for a door; these they bend and join, so as to form so many arches, crossing each other at the top; and across these they fix thinner ones in various