and withered by the sea-breezes, which sweep over the county from all sides. In the adjoining county of Sutherland you have a Highland or Celtic race. The people are dark-haired, they speak only Gaelic, unless English be taught them, and their houses are turf huts or bothies, with nondescript chimnies made of an old tub or a basket, the turf-smoke usually finding its way out at the door, before which is dug the dunghole of the family. In every other respect than that of the extreme of filthiness, they are of precisely the same pattern as the cottages or huts in Ireland. There is no mistaking the people, they are a distinct race. The C. people, by their unremitting industry, have made their exposed county one of the richest corn-producing counties in Scotland, and their chief town (Wick) the chief herring-fishing station in Scotland. The same Danish or Saxon population chiefly skirts the eastern coast through Ross-shire, parts of Inverness-shire, Elgin, and on to Aberdeen. Down the whole of that coast you see decent houses and well-clad people; and there is no complaint of famine. Aberdeen has made wealth of its very rocks, and the docks of Liverpool and the streets of London are made and paved with its granite. Not that they have a monopoly of granite; for there is granite as good for hundreds of miles down the west coast,-whole mountains of it wholly unused. They have simply industry: and they have, as a consequence, wealth. But Sutherland, with its rich alluvial straths-and the same may be said of the west of Ross-shire and Inverness-shire-sheltered by the hills, with better land than C., and with a more southern climate, peopled by the Celtic Highlander, has ever been the abode of famine. They were, and are, a fine bold people, made good soldiers, did just enough work when at home to raise subsistence if the year were tolerable, and no more. In a bad year they starved. Thus have they ever been, and thus do they continue to this day." 19 m. NNE of Naples, and dist. of Casoria. Pop. 451. It contains 2 churches, and the same number of convents. In the vicinity is the royal park of Sant'-Arcangelo. CAIX, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Somme, cant. of Rosières, 14 m. N of Montdidier. Pop. 1,182. ČAJA, a river of Brazil, in the prov. of Matto Grosso, which runs NE, and after uniting with the Java, falls into the Araguaya. CAJANO-POGGIO-A, a village of Tuscany, in the prov. and 10 m. WNW of Florence, on Mount Genestre, near the r. bank of the Ombrone, and 3 m. N of the entrance of that river into the Arno. It contains a fine grand-ducal villa, with an extensive agricultural establishment, and a castle built by Lorenzo de Medici, in which the celebrated Bianca Capello died in 1587. In the environs the Ombrone is crossed by an iron bridge, the first erected in the duchy. CAJARČ, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Lot, arrond. of Figeac. The cant. comprises 14 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 7,935. The town is 15 m. SW of Figeac, and 22 m. E of Cahors. Pop. 1,889. In the vicinity are the caverns of Waiffriers. CAJAZZO, a town of Naples, in the prov. of the Terra di Lavoro, dist. and 14 m. S of Piedimonte, pleasantly situated on a hill near the r. bank of the Volturno. Pop. 3,891. It is of great antiquity, and is defended by a strong castle. It contains a fine cathedral, several churches and convents, a seminary, a college, an hospital, and in a square an ancient well. The environs afford excellent wine. CAJELI, a town on the NE coast of the island of Bouro, in the Asiatic archipelago, on the S side of a bay of the same name, in 'S lat. 3° 22′ 33′′, and E long. 126°. CAJETA. See GAETA. CAJOLO, a town of Lombardy, in the district of Sondrio, or the Valteline, near the S bank of the Adda, 3 m. SW of Sondrio. that river with the Colorado. CALA, a town of Bolivia, in the prov. and 110 m. SSW of La Paz.. This county, and the shire of Sutherland, were, from 1756 until 1807, considered as one sheriffdom; but there is now a sheriff-depute for each county. Until the passing of the Reform act, C., with the CAJUENCHES, a tribe of N American Indians, in Upper Caisle of Bute, returned a representative alternately.lifornia, who inhabit the banks of the Gila, near the junction of It now returns a member for itself. The parl. constituency in 1842-3 was 524. The towns of Wick, Kirkwall, Dornock, Dingwall, Tain, and Cromarty, return one member to parliament.-C. is divided CALABAR, a district of Guinea, in W. Africa, into ten parishes, forming one presbytery. The two situated on the Old Calabar frith, in the bight of presbyteries of C. and Sutherland comprise one Biafra, opposite the island of Fernando Po. Into synod. In ancient times the two counties formed the head of this estuary, which is rather more than the bishopric of C.-Pop. in 1801, 22,609; in 1811, 40 m. in length, and is navigable at all seasons for 23,419; in 1821, 30,238; in 1831, 34,500; in 1841, ships of any burden, there flow two rivers, namely 36,343. Value of real property as assessed in the Cross river, and the Old Calabar river. The for1815, £35,469; in 1842-3, £65,869. Houses inha-mer was called the Cross river, as it was supposed to bited in 1831, 6,036; in 1841, 6,965. Families em- communicate with the Quorra or Niger, and to be ployed in agriculture, in 1831, 3,580; in trade and one of its mouths; but in 1842 it was explored by handicrafts, 1,487; not comprised in either of these Captain Becroft, in the steamer Ethiope, a distance classes, 1,837. Cooperage employs the greater num- of nearly 200 m., and was found to be an independent ber of the second class. The number of parochial stream flowing from the NE., about 1 m. in breadth, schools, in 1834, was 10, attended by 747; of schools filled with numerous islands, and having its banks not parochial, 86, attended by 3,480; total, 4,227 studded with towns, villages, and plantations. The The number of paupers, in 1836, was 7,614; in 1841, Calabar-which lies on the r. hand as you ascend the 8,463. The amount of relief distributed amongst estuary-is navigable only for about 25 m; and is them in 1841, was £4,797.-The English language in fact a branch of the Cross river. On the r. bank has always been spoken in C., except among the of this river, about 7 m. from its mouth, lie Duke hills on the borders of Sutherlandshire, where the Town, with a pop. of about 7,000, Old Town, and Gaelic is used. The names of many localities, how- Henshaw Town; and 3 m. inland Qua Town; and ever, are evidently Norwegian. Among the antiqui- about 7 m. farther up, on a creek on the 1. bank, ties of this county are to be found a variety of those Creek Town with a pop. of nearly 6,000. These singular structures called Picts' houses. They are form the principal towns of Old C. The entire pop. generally of a circular form, in the shape of a trun-of the district is estimated at between 60,000 and cated cone, with walls of 9 or 10 ft. in thickness, and surrounded by a deep ditch and a rampart. CAIVANO, a village of Naples, in the prov. and 70,000. Fully two-thirds of this pop. consist of slaves, who are either employed on the provision grounds, which are generally at some distance from the towns, or in the operations of trade. The chiefs and free- CALABASH BAY, an indentation of the S coast of the island of Jamaica, in the parish of St. Elizabeth, the S point of which, formed by the isle of Pines, is in N lat. 21° 35', W long. 80° 19′. whole region around. The soil is very unequal, changing from a rich and mellow loam to a cold and wet gravel. Many of the mountains are nothing but bare and barren rocks, while others are covered with majestic oaks; and the sloping sides of some of the hills are embellished with fruit-trees of every description, such as vines, figs, oranges, lemons, citrons, olives, mulberries, chestnuts, and almonds. The extensive forest and pasture region of La Sila, celebrated by Virgil in the 12th book of his Eneid, reaches from above Cosenza on the N to Catanzaro on the gulf of Squillace, and covers a surface of nearly 400 sq. m. The ancients however, comprehended, under the name of Sila, the whole forest extending along the chain of mountains as far as Reggio, which Strabo estimates at about 700 stadia, or above 100 British miles in length. This forest abounds with fir and other resinous trees, which annually afford immense quantities of pitch, rosin, and turpentine. It belongs exclusively to the crown; and its annual produce is nearly 11,000 cantares of pitch and rosin. The white pitch is the most valuable, but seldom exceeds 75 cantares, or 22,688 lb.; while the black pitch affords 10,000 cantares, or 2,777,500 lb. The lower parts of the mountains abound with the small leaved flowering manna-ash, which grows spontaneously, and without culture. The manna likewise is a royal monopoly. During the manna harvest,-which generally lasts four or five weeks, every peasant called upon is compelled to abandon his own employment and assist in the work. The manna is extracted by making a hori CALABOZA BAY, an extensive indentation of the NW coast of Venezuela, on the W side of the gulf of Maracaybo, in N lat. 11° 15', and W long. 72°. CALABOZO, a town of Venezuela, in the prov. and 125 m. SSW of Caraccas, pleasantly situated on the Guarico, in the midst of the Llanos, in N lat. 8° 56 87, and W long. 67° 42'. Pop. 4,000. It contains a fine church, and has a considerable commerce in cattle. The marshes in the environs are infested with torpedos. The climate, although generally tem-zontal incision in the bark of the tree, about half-anpered by the NE wind, is extremely warm. founded in the beginning of the 18th cent. by the Gaipascoa company. Neap. sq. m. 1,659 C. was Pop. in 1845. 306,328 372,281 inch deep, and inclining a little upwards; a small maple leaf is then fixed into the wound, from which the manna in its liquid state drops into large leaves CALABRIA, a province of Naples, forming the of Indian figs, which are placed at the foot of the most southern part of the Italian peninsula; bounded tree instead of basins. Some kinds of manna, howon the N by the prov. of Basilicata, and the gulf of ever, ooze out from the bark of the tree without inTaranto; by the Ionian sea on the E; and on the Scision, and crystallize in little balls on the surface. and W by the Mediterranean and the straits of Mes- This kind sells in general very high. Many of the sina, which separate it from Sicily. It lies between valleys are covered with luxuriant pasturage, upon the parallels of 22° 48′ and 32° N lat.; and is 160 which are fed numerous flocks of sheep, which form the m. in length from N to S, with a breadth varying principal wealth of the northern part of the province. from 15 to 70 m. Its entire area is estimated at The wool, which is esteemed nearly equal to that of 5.199 Neapolitan sq. m., or 6,901 English sq. m. Spain, is strong and curled, and is much employed in The pop. in 1820 was returned at 851,425; in 1837 the manufactories of Venice. Cultivation, however, is at 1,032,116; and in 1845 at 1,093,521. It is sub- miserably neglected. Exertion is here paralyzed by divided into the three administrative divisions of the hand of power. The peasant is discouraged from effort by the apprehension that increasing activity and production on his part would only expose him to an additional weight of taxes and oppression. The C. farmer, instead of manuring and cleaning his ground, thinks he does well if he ceases to plough it for two or three years, and leaves the pasturage to make its way through the rank weeds which surround it. In some districts, the common course of husbandry is to take a crop of wheat, and then let the field lie fallow for two years. On all the baronial and ecclesiastical estates, a lease of only two years, and that loaded with many clauses and restrictions, is allowed. In the eastern part of the peninsula, however, the state of agriculture is much better, and the ground produces finer crops. The low lands are extremely rich in herbage, producing spontaneously rich crops of sainfoin; but half of the grass is suffered to rot in the ground for want of cattle to consume it. The fertile plains around Reggio appear like one rich and delicious garden, shaded by groves and avenues of poplars and mulberry-trees, and divided by hedges of pomegranates enclosing vineyards and orchards of various kinds of aromatic fruit. Hemp is the principal agricultural production of this district; but of the essence of citron, orange, and bergamot, not less than 100,000 quarts were annually exported from it about Calabria Citra, Calabria-Ultra-Prima, Calabria-Ultra-Seconda, C. is a mountainous region, being covered with the Apennines, which here form large and irregular masses, and their numerous ramifications; but the valleys are rich and fertile, and it is watered by numerous rivers. Its mountains are seldom of a pointed or conical shape, but almost always round; and though some modern travellers have asserted that they are of volcanic origin, yet no traces of lava are to be found in their neighbourhood. They appear to consist, for the most part, of limestone and primitive rocks. The highest summits are Monte Pollino, 7,000 ft.; Monte Sila 4,632 ft.; and Monte Alto 4,110 ft. The principal rivers are the Coscile, Crathis, Trionto, Nieto, Tacina, Alli, Alaro, Abis, and Angilota. Mountain-streams are numerous; and there are numerous small lakes. The climate of C. is, in several of the most fertile districts, very insalubrious, on account of the inundations of the rivers, which being allowed to roll their floods unrestrained over the low and neglected fields, leave, as they shrink back into their channels, black and stinking swamps which poison with their noxious vapours the the beginning of this cent. Great quantities of oranges are exported from the environs of Rossano, in Calabria Citra, to Taranto and Gallipoli. The cotton-tree is also cultivated, and the sugar-cane; but the principal article of C. commerce is silk. It is said that silk-worms were first introduced into this country by Roger, king of the Two Sicilies; though, according to Procopius, they had been brought into Italy in the time of Justinian. This branch of industry increased here so rapidly, that, in the 16th cent., the produce of C. silk exceeded that of all the rest of Italy, and amounted to 300,000 crowns; when a duty of 5 grana for every pound was imposed upon it by Charles V. in 1542. This imposition was afterwards gradually augmented, till, in the 17th cent., it paid 36 grana per pound; which duty yielded annually to the treasury of Naples nearly 400,000 ducats. The quantity of silk obtained was estimated at 3,000,000 lbs. But this advantageous branch of industry has of late years fallen off; and it is reckoned that not above 800,000 lbs. of raw silk are now annually exported to Naples from this province. The inferior sort brings 18 carlini per pound, and the best silk 25 carlini; so that the mean price may be estimated at 20 carlini, or 2 ducats of Naples. The principal manufactories of silk in C. are at Monteleone, Reggio, and Catanzaro; that of the latter city is the most important. The other manufactures and exports of C. are woollen and cotton stuffs, iron and coarse earthenware, hides, honey, and wine.-C. possesses some very valuable mines of silver, lead, iron, copper, marcasite, sulphur, marble, antimony, rock-salt, and coal; none of which however are at present wrought, except an ironmine at Stilo. The woods of C. are well-stocked with game. Sheep, horses, oxen, buffaloes, goats, and swine are extensively reared. The horses are small, but handsome, spirited, and patient of fatigue. The oxen are generally white, large, and long-horned. A red breed of cattle has been introduced from Sicily. The natives of this country are a brave and hardy race of men; patient under penury, hardship, and hunger; and possessing symmetry and strength of limb, with an ardent and fiery spirit. His outward appearance, his latticed and miserable garments, long and black beard,-volubility of gesture,―irascibility and violent declamation, point out the C. mountaineer as the unpolished child of nature. He rises against every haughty demand; but if you speak to him with kindness, he will show himself complaisant, frank, and benevolent. The common upper dress of almost all classes, from the richest citizen to the lowest muleteer, is a short black vest suspended from the left shoulder, close hose, and a high conical bonnet. The women wear full shirt sleeves, and a thickly plaited petticoat of coarse cloth; and on the head a cloth folded like a napkin.-The language approaches to that of Sicily.-Every town swarms with monks, to whom is intrusted the education of the youth. Numerous bands of gypsies infest the country, wandering wherever profit or convenience dictates. They subsist here as elsewhere by the sale of little articles of iron, or by the exchange of horses and asses; but chiefly by pilfering and theft. The pop., besides the natives of Italian blood, consists of some colonies of Arnauts or Albanians, who differ from the original inhabitants of the country both in religion, language, and in appearance. Large black eves, a sallow pale olive complexion, short black curled hair, and strong and muscular limbs, sufficiently distinguish them from the Italian Calabrese. Their language, too, is peculiar to themselves, and its roots are unconnected with any other European tongue. Though it has been known in Europe upwards of 1,000 years, it still remains without an alphabet; and many of its sounds cannot be accurately expressed either by Latin or | Greek letters. The Arnauts are dispersed over the province, occupying in some instances whole villages and towns; but many of their settlements are wretchedly poor and much decayed. "Their habitations." says Father Marafiotti, "are not regular houses, but merely shepherds' huts, or wooden barracks; and they have commonly deep caverns wherein they keep their cattle, hogs, and sheep. They are chiefly employed in agriculture, and find a sale for their corn, cheese, and cattle, in the neighbouring towns and villages." This people were first introduced into Italy about the middle of the 15th cent. After the death of Scanderbeg, prince of Epirus, the Albanians, unable to withstand the forces of Mahomet I., resolved to leave their country, and seek an asylum in the kingdom of Naples. Ferdinand I., touched with their misfortunes, invited them to settle in his dominions; and, grateful for the assistance which he had formerly received from Scanderbeg, who had established him upon the throne, not only assigned them lands, but granted them exemption from taxes, with many other privileges. They fixed their habitations chiefly in C., as being then under the protection of the prince of Bisignano, who had married an Albanese princess; and their numbers continued to increase, by the addition of new colonies, until the reign of Charles V. This prince, to whom they had delivered up the city of Corona in 1532, likewise liberally rewarded its inhabitants who had settled in the province of C., with lands, and an exemption from all imposts, both ordinary and extraordinary, for their fidelity and devotion. Bred to arms, and inured to hardships, the Arnauts formed some of the finest troops in the armies of Naples; but under the viceroys of Spain they were neglected and oppressed. This prov. has in all ages been subject to earthquakes. It was almost utterly destroyed by these awful visitations in 1638, and in 1659; and in 1783, the whole of Calabria Ultra, from Cape Spartivento to Amantea above the gulf of St. Eufemia, was so convulsed that scarcely one stone was left upon another S of the narrow isthmus of Squillace. Above 30,000 of the pop. miserably perished, being either buried in the waves, destroyed by the falling of their houses, or swallowed up by the opening of the earth. "Stupendous alterations," says Mr. Swinburne, "were occasioned in the face of the country. Rivers choked up by the falling in of the hills, were converted into lakes, which, if not speedily drained by some future convulsion, or opened by human labour, will fill the air with pestilential vapours, and destroy the remnants of population. Whole acres of ground, with houses and trees upon them, were broke off from the plains, and washed many furlongs down the deep hollows which the course of the rivers had worn; where, to the astonishment and terror of beholders, they found a new foundation to fix upon, either in an upright or an inclining position. In short, every species of phenomenon incident to these destructive commotions of the earth, was to be seen in its utmost extent and variety in this ruined country." CALABRIA CITRA extends from the Trecchina river, which divides it from Basilicata, to the Savuto on the Mediterranean side, and the Fiumenica on the opposite coast. It is traversed on the W by the principal chain of the Apennines, and on the SE by the uplands of La Sila. Its chief productions are wine, oil, lint, hemp, tobacco, sesame, saffron, cotton, fruits, and manna. Tunnies and sardines are actively fished on the coasts; and large quantities of salted fish, silk, wool, and turpentine, are exported. It is divided into the 4 districts of Cosenza, Castrovillari, Paola, and Rossano; and subdivided into 43 circondario, and 146 comune. Its cap. is Cosenza. CALABRIA-ULTRA-1MA, occupying the most south ern part of the peninsula, is also a mountainous region, traversed throughout its centre by the Apennines, which form in the S the great mountain-knot of Monte Alto or Aspromonte. The finest silk is produced in this district; the fruits are also exquisite, and the wine of Gerace is famed. Iron is partially wrought. It is divided into the 3 districts of Reggio, Gerace, and Palmi, which are subdivided into 22 circondario, and 104 comune. CALABRIA-ULTRA-2DA extends from the S frontier of C. Citra to the river Mesima on the W coast, and to near Cape Stilo on the E. Its principal productions are silk and oil. Its breed of horses is considered the best in the kingdom. It is divided into 4 districts, Catanzaro, Cotrone, Monteleone, and Nicastro; and subdivided into 33 circondario, and 151 comune. History] Before the Roman domination reached C., this region was a part of Magna Græcia, After the fall of the Western empire. It passed successively under the rule of Odoacer, Theodoric, and the Greek emperors. The Arabs established themselves in C. in the 10th cent. It was subsequently conquered by the Normans. It has twice vigorously resisted French invasion, first in 1799, and again in 1806-7.-Swinburne's Travels.-La Calabria istrata dal P. G. Fiore da Cropani. Naples, 2 vols. fol.Craven's Tour. London, 1821, 4to.—Annali Civili del Regno delle due Sicilie CALABRITTO, a town of Naples, in the prov. of Principato-Citra, district and 10 m. NE of Campagna, on the Sele. Pop. 2,420. It contains several churches and a convent, and possesses important fairs. CALACEYTE. a town of Spain, in Aragon, prov. and 75 m. SE of Saragossa, and 14 m. E of Alcaniz, between the Nonaspe and Algas. CALACOTO, a town of Bolivia, in the district of Pacaj, on the Desaguadero, 50 m. SW of La Paz. CALACUCCIA, a canton and commune of the island of Corsica, arrond. of Corte. The cant. comprises 5 com., and in 1831 possessed a pop. of 3,330. The village is 16 m. W of Corte. Pop. 629. CALAGDO, a town of the island of Mindanao, in the Philippine group, on the NE coast. CALAHORRA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, in the prov. and 27 m. ESE of Logrono, on the 1. bank of the Cadacos, near its junction with the Ebro. Pop. 6,000. It contains a cathedral, 2 parish-churches, and several convents. The environs are fertile, producing grain, wine, oil, and lint.-C., the Calaguris of the Romans, is of great antiquity. It sustained a memorable siege in the year of Rome 682, and is celebrated as the birth-place of Quintilian. the occupation of the town by the English in the 14th cent.; the town-house, a fine structure, the tower of which forms a light-house; the watch-tower; and the hotels, the principal of which contains a theatre. It possesses also a custom-house, a bank, a college, several schools, a library, an hospital, extensive public baths, a fine posting establishment, and barracks. The port, formed by a quay terminating in two long stone moles, is small and shallow, and only accessible to small vessels, but the roadstead affords excellent anchorage, and there is a good wet dock. This port, from its vicinity, forms the chief point of communication with the English coast. The passage to Dover, a distance of 22 m., is generally accomplished by steam in from 2 to 3 hours. A daily tidal service to and from C., performed throughout the half-year ending 31st July, 1849, at the joint expense of the Northern of France railway company, and the South Eastern railway company,-the former paying onethird and the latter two-thirds of the amount,-produced the following results:-Passengers to and from Calais, 1st of February to 31st July, 1849: The reader will find further details of the statistics of intercourse betwixt this port and Great Britain, and information respecting the capacities of its harbour, in the article BOULOGNE. Its export trade consists principally in silk, wine, brandy, salt, wrought marble, a variety of articles of Swiss and Italian produce, and eggs. Of the latter article 60,000,000 are annually exported to England. Its chief imports are spun cotton, linen, thread, machinery, ironmongery, and coal, from England, timber and iron from the North, and colonial produce. Oil, sugar from beet- root, black-soap, and cotton lace, form the chief articles of local manufacture. The latter manufacture was introduced by emigrants from Nottingham about the year 1817. In the vicinity are important fisheries of mackerel, herring, and cod.-The French government has accorded to Mr. Jacob Brett authorization to establish on the coast of France a submarine electric telegraph between C. and Boulogne, which, crossing the Channel, will go to Dover on the coast of England. The treaty entered into with Mr. Brett guarantees certain advantages to the French government, and leaves all ex CALAIS, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, arrond. of Boulogne.-penses at the charge of Mr. Brett, assuring him, The cant. comprises 12 com., and in 1820 contained however, certain privileges for ten years in case the a pop. of 23,529; in 1831, of 24,329. Of its total experiment should succeed. The works must be terarea 36,947 mésures de tenc, corresponding to nearly minated by the 1st of September, 1850, at the latest; the same number of English acres, 6,000 are waste but it is probable that they will be finished sooner. land, and 500 under wood, 3,000 in pasture, and This first application of the submarine electric tele22,000 under different crops. The soil improves as it graph-if it should succeed, as from the long examirecedes from the coast.-The town is situated on the nations which have been made there is every reason coast of the channel to which it gives its name, the to hope-will produce on the relations between Pas-de-Calais of France, or the straits of Dover of France and England results of which it is impossible England, at the mouth of a canal which communi- at present to estimate the importance. Dover, the cates with the Aa at St. Omer, 214 m. NNE of Bou-point at which the submarine telegraph is to join logne, 22 SE S of Dover, and 207 m. N of Paris; in England, is united to London by a direct telegraphic N lat. 50° 57′ 33′′, E long. 1°31'. Pop. 10,437. It is of line; the capitals of France and England will, theregreat strength, possessing extensive ramparts, a good fore, be in this manner in almost instantaneous comcitadel, and a fortified port. It consists of two parts, munication.-This town is supposed to occupy the separated by an esplanade. The faubourg de Cour-place of the ancient Portus Ulterior. It was fortified gain extends to the NE along the coast, and is chiefly occupied by a seafaring pop. The other district, inappropriately designated the Upper town, is generally well-built, with broad and regularly formed streets. Near the centre is the parade, which is of great extent, and adorned with handsome edifices. The chief buildings in C. are the parish-church, built during about the year 1228, by Philip of France, count of Boulogne. In 1347 it was taken by capitulation, after a siege of 13 months, by Edward III. of England, and held by the English until 1558, when it was regained to France by the Duke of Guise. In 1596 it was captured by the Archduke Albert, but restored by the treaty of Vervins. It is believed to have been the first place against which cannon were employed. CALAIS, a township of Washington co., in the state of Maine, on the St. Croix or Shoodie river, nearly opposite St. Andrews, N Brunswick, with which it is connected by a bridge, and 200 m. ENE of Augusta. It has an upper and lower village, 2 m. apart, and connected by a railroad. The falls in the river afford excellent water-power, and the tide, which rises 20 ft. in height, admits of its navigation to the lower falls, by vessels of the largest dimensions. Pop. in 1840, 2,934.-Also a township of Washington co., in the state of Vermont, 10 m. NE of Montpelier. It is watered by branches of Onion river, and contains several ponds abounding with trout. It is chiefly pastoral. Pop. 1,709. CALAIS (SAINT), an arrondissement, canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Sarthe. The arrond., which contains an area of 111,579 hectares, comprises 6 cant., viz., Bouloire, Saint Calais, Chartre-sur-le-Loir, Château-du-Loir, Grand-Lucé, and Vibraye. Pop. in 1831, 71,334; and in 1836, 70,834. The cant. comprises 14 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 15,539.-The town lies on the Anille, 11 m. S of Vibraye, and 30 m. ESE | of Le Mans. Pop. in 1789, 3,962; in 1821, 3,671; in 1831, 3,638; and in 1836, 3,783. It contains a church of peculiar Gothic structure, a communal college, a large square, and two fine promenades; and possesses manufactories of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, lime, brick, and tile-works, tanneries and glass-works, and a printing establishment. Its trade consists chiefly in cotton, corn, and clover seed. This town, which is of considerable antiquity, originally bore the name of Anille or Anisola. It took the name by which it is now known from the founder of a monastery, at the beginning of the 6th cent. CALAIS-DU-DESERT (SAINT), a commune of France, in the dep. of and 21 m. from Mayenne, cant. of Couptrain. Pop. 1,522. It contains a fine paper manufactory. CALAISAIS, CALAISIS, or PAY-RECONQUIS, a district of France, in the ancient prov. of Picardy, containing an area of 29,800 hectares, now comprised in the dep. of the Pas-de-Calais. Its chief towns were Calais the capital, Guines, and Ardres. It was ceded to France by the counts of Gand in 1282; conquered in 1349 by Edward III., to whom it was ceded in 1360; and regained by the French in 1558. CALALAS CAPE, a headland of Marocco, on the N coast, 40 m. W of Ras-ud-Dir, or Cape Tres Forcas, in N lat. 35° 17', W long. 3° 39'. CALAMARCA, a town of Bolivia, in the prov. and 30 m. S of La Paz, on the road to Potosi. CALAMAS, a river of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, which takes its rise in Mount Papingos, sanjak of Avlona, and runs S to the village of Suli Cato, in the sanjak of Janina, where it receives the Terino; thence bending SW it passes Sarachovitza, is joined by the Longavista and Kurendas, enters the sanjak of Delvino, and passing Sulias and Janiari, falls, after a course of about 54 m., into the channel of Corfu, to the N of the cape of the same name. It abounds in trout. CALAMA TA, a town of Greece, in the prov. of Messenia, 1 m. from the head of the gulf of Messenia, beneath the huge masses of Mount Taygetus, on the 1. bank of a small stream, the Nedon of Strabo, and to the E of the Pamisas river, the plain of which between this river and Nisi is from 4 to 5 m. broad. It contained about 400 families in 1829. It is the chief entrepot in the interchange of commodities between the S coast of the Morea and the interior provinces. Maize, wheat, barley, cheese, cattle, oil, figs, cotton, and leather, are exported from it. In its vicinity, along the road to Leontari, are extensive olive groves, vineyards, and mulberry and fig orchards. Pouqueville regards this town as occupying the site of the ancient Calamea. CALAMIANES, a group of islands in the Philippine archipelago, to the SW of the island of Mindoro, in N lat. 12°, E long. 120°. They are 17 in number, and are surrounded by shoals, which render them difficult of approach. Calamane, second in size to Busvagon, the largest of the group, is 30 m. in length, and 12 m. in breadth, and belongs to the sultan of Borneo. The total pop. of the islands is estimated at 20,000. Honey, wax, rice, dye-woods, and edible birds' nests, form the chief articles of produce. Horses are reared in considerable numbers, and the woods abound with game. Pearl fisheries are established on the coasts. The aborigines are represented as mild in character. In the interior, tribes are said to exist, black in colour, subsisting in a state of independence, and without any species of government. The coasts are to a great extent possessed by the Spaniards, who have a garrison at Tatay. CALAMITA (CAPE), a headland of the island of Elba, forming the SE extremity of the island, in N lat. 42° 43', E long. 10° 26'. CALAMO, a town of the island of Sicily, in the prov. and 25 m. SSE of Palermo, on the 1. bank of the San Leonardo or Termini. - Also an island of Greece, off the coast of Acarnania, in front of the plain of Metika.-Also a town of Bolivia, 200 m. SSW of Potosi, and 50 m. WSW of Atacamba, on the W side of the Andes. CALAMOCHA, a town of Spain, in Aragon, the cap. of a partido, in the prov. and 40 m. N of Teruel, on the r. bank of the Xiloca. In the environs copper has been wrought. CALAMONACI, a town of Sicily, in the prov. and 23 m. NW of Girgenti, near the 1. bank of the Calatabellota, and 2 m. NE of Ribera. CALAMOTA, an island of the Adriatic, on the coast of Dalmatia, 1 m. WNW of Ragusa. Pop. 300. It possesses a small port, which was to a great extent destroyed by an earthquake in 1667. CALAMUNDERGHUR, a fortress of Hindostan, in the prov. of Bejapur, situated on a lofty mountain, at the base of which is the hamlet of Patna, about 23 m. W of Belgaum. CALANAS, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, in the prov. and 22 m. N of Huelba. In the vicinity are cold mineral springs. CALANCA, a valley of Switzerland, in the cant. of the Grisons, running S from the Lepontine Alps, between two ramifications of that chain, by which it is separated from the Val Misocco on the E and the Val Blegno on the W. It is 15 m. in length, and 5 in average breadth; and is traversed by the Calanasca, an affluent of the Muesa. It improves in fertility towards its S extremity; but is generally extremely wild. Rosin, soap, and iron-wire form the chief articles of local produce and trade. It derives its name from an ancient fortress-now in ruins— near the village of Santa-Maria. CALANDĂ, a town of Spain, in Aragon, in the prov. and 66 m. SE of Saragossa, and 7 m. SW of Alcaniz, at the junction of a river of the same name with the Guadalupe. CALANDSOOG, a town of Holland, in the prov. of N Holland, near the W coast, 15 m. NNW of Alkmaar and 10 m. SSW of Helder. Pop. 262. CALANG, a town in the peninsula and 135 m. NNW of Malacca, on the Perak. It is the residence of the sultans of Perak. CALANGIANOS, a parish and village of the island of Sardinia, prov. of Ozieri, situated amid mountains, 6 m. ENE of Tempio. Pop. 1,650. |