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foundries, for the manufacture of boilers and machinery, but coals for this purpose will have to be imported from abroad. The chief obstacle to the growth of the naval power of B. is undoubtedly the circumstance that, although the places along the coast are among the most populous in the country, they do not supply a sufficient number of sailors for the navy and merchant service, which is the reason that Blacks, or coloured people, mostly slaves, are almost exclusively seen on board B. ships. The Indians are especially in request, being considered to have a great talent for seamanship, and are said to be drawn from the very heart of the country into the naval service. This has some resemblance to the French and Russian conscription for the fleet, which seems to have confounded the military with the sea service in no very advantageous manner. Although it might be difficult to reconcile this view of recruit

yet B.-in her excuse be it said-is so circumstanced as to be obliged to make a virtue of necessity. If the emperor could, like the United States, command 80,000 sturdy, northern sailors, and if the finances of the empire were equal to the maintenance of such a force, what a position might he assume in the face of the world!”

perfectly isolated as a naval power, or at least cut off by a tedious navigation from all the important naval states, in which number we of course include, together with the great powers of Europe, the United States of America. Now this isolated position is a source of strength to the young empire, inasmuch as it gives her time to prepare for a defensive war, and in certain circumstances also offers at the commencement of a war an opportunity of developing superior forces against the enemy. Moreover, as the course round the cape of Good Hope to India, and that round Cape Horn to the Pacific-those two great highways of commerce to all maritime nations nearly touch the coast of B., the latter power can with ease, in such a case, cut off the enemy's commerce and whale-fishery, by sending swarms of privateers and cruisers, which, without going far from home, might deluge the ocean from the Amazon river to the La Plata, and at the same time convoying for the fleet with that of other maritime nations, B. vessels safely in and out of the harbours of the empire in spite of all the enemy's force. If a hostile fleet is actually off the coast, it has an extent of nearly 3.600 nautical miles to blockade, and this at a great distance from any means of aid or relief. This last circumstance presents the chief obstacle to steamers, on account of the coal they require; and yet these vessels are peculiarly adapted for such a service, since they alone have the power to coast backward and for- | ward at pleasure, in spite of the Equatorial stream and the B. branch of it, as well as the trade-wind. Hence it is that the imperial navy would derive great advantage from having a superiority in steamers. But in a country where a sea-passage offers, if not exactly the shortest, at all events generally the safest, quickest, and most convenient channel of communication between the coast provinces and the metropolis, steam-navigation is an essential requisite, especially when, as here, revolts in the provinces and the consequent despatch of troops are events of not rare occurrence. No country in the world, moreover, possesses such an extraordinary inland water-communication as South America; gigantic rivers traverse its continent like life-arteries, branch out far into the interior, and, whilst they form the only path that winds through these endless wildernesses, open to steam-navigation a new and fertile field of activity. By this means the imperial banner can penetrate hundreds of miles into the interior, to the furthest settlements, and there unfold to command, to chastise, or to conciliate. B. possesses noble harbours; those of Santa Catharina, Santos, Rio-de-Janeiro, Bahia, and many others, are capable of sheltering the largest fleets. The extensive coast of the empire offers, as we have seen, an immense basis for the operations of her own squadrons, an open field for her cruisers and privateers, which every foreign power desiring to conclude an alliance offensive and defensive with the young state will surely take into account. If strongly fortified, these fine harbours would serve as a bulwark for their own force, and as a safe asylum for the squadrons of allies, which would find here shelter, rest, and every requisite to refit and enable them to venture out again upon the treacher-dity ous element. In all this nature has done much, but much remains for art still to effect. There is no want of excellent wood for building, although in B., as well as elsewhere, complaints are heard of its deficiency; but how can these complaints be reconciled with the fact that a sumaca once sailed to Rio from Para which was hollowed out of a single colossal tree? Another essential requisite for the economical maintenance of a fleet and the conduct of a naval war, are dry-docks for building, which I do not remember to have seen either at Rio, Bahia, or Para. It has been recently proposed to establish larger iron

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Commerce.] At the era of the discovery of America, and for a long time after, the true principles of commerce were little understood in Europe, where systems of the most rigid commercial restriction prevailed. This attachment was still further strengthened by that jealousy and suspicion which have long formed component parts of the Spanish and Portuguese national character, and led them to adopt the flota system, by which all intercourse between the colonies and the mother-country was permitted to be kept up only from certain ports, and at certain seasons of the year. This system was, however, adopted by Portugal on a more liberal footing than by her Spanish rival. Annual fleets were allowed to sail from Lisbon and Oporto; and as these cities, from their advantageous situation, engrossed almost all the commerce of Portugal, and were almost exclusively qualified for carrying on distant commercial enterprises, the restrictive system was probably not so severely felt. The ports in B. which were allowed to hold intercourse with Portugal were, in like manner, limited to four,-Olinda, San Salvador or Bahia, Paraiba, and Rio Janeiro. As soon, however, as B. was discovered to contain gold and diamonds, and therefore began to be viewed as a source of immense wealth to the Crown, the indifference with which she had been hitherto treated ceased, and a general system of rigid restraint which cramped her growing prosperity commenced. In the middle of the 18th cent., when more liberal and enlightened ideas of commercial intercourse were gradually adopted by every other nation, Portugal alone adhered to the exploded system in its fullest extent. Under the administration of the Marquis de Pombal, a system of exclusive companies was carried to such an extent as even to subject port wines, the staple commo

of the kingdom, to a monopoly. Extending this system to B., he subjected to an exclusive company the trade of the northern captaincies of Maranhao, Pernambuco, and Para. The regulations of this company were in some respects of a nature peculiarly preposterous. Ignorant of the limits which bound the authority of the sovereign in commercial affairs, the court of Lisbon decreed that the shares in the company's stock should bear a certain price; and in order to enforce this regulation, it was ordained that they should be a legal tender of payment. This ruinous and injudicious measure was, however, repealed by the successors of Pombal. By a commer

Musical instruments,
Painters' colours,

Plate, plated ware, and jewellery,
Saltpetre,

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Oil, linseed, hemp, and rape seed,

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Silk manufactures,
Soap and candles,
Stationery,

Tin, unwrought,

Tin and pewter ware,
Umbrellas and parasols,

Woollen manufactures and yarn,
Other articles,

2,625,853 2,313,538

The articles imported into the United Kingdom from B., and the quantities entered for home consumption in 1844, were as follows:Imported.

Annotte,
Copaivi balsam,
Cocoa,

243 cwt. 1.066 580,501 lbs.

Entered for home consumption.

138 cwt. 736 48,544 lbs. 2,579,497

670,308

in 1845,

1,543,196

Coffee,

3.499,660

in 1845,

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Hides,
Horns,

Caoutchouc,
Isinglass.
Ipecacuanha,
Rum,

-in 1845,

cial treaty, concluded soon after the emigration of the roval family to B., and dated the 19th February, 1810, the trade of B. was thrown open, in all its ports, to the vessels and produce of Great Britain, upon paying a duty of 15 per cent. All the former restraints being thus removed, an immense stimulus was given to trade and improvements of every sort; industry, freed from the pernicious restraints under which it formerly laboured, was excited to new and active exertions, by a higher price and greater demand for its produce. This effect has taken place to a considerable extent already: in 1820, B. exported, in return for British manufactures, to the amount of £1,860,000; and in 1821, of £2,500,000. In 1827, a commercial treaty between Great Britain and B. was concluded for 15 years, and was subsequently prolonged to 1844, when a new tariff came into operation. This tariff is exceedingly elevated, and will be highly prejudicial to the commercial relations which Europe entertains with B. All fermented liquors are to pay an ad valorem duty of 50 per cent., and thus the wines and brandies of France are affected; as well as the malt liquors of England. Crystals and glass of all kinds, plain and coloured paper, fruits, objects of domestic consumption, &c., are to pay 25 per cent. ad valorem. Chemical products, salt fish, iron and castings, tanned hides, salt meat, steel, and tin, are to pay 20 per cent.; linen, woollen, cotton, and silk manufactures, 30 per cent.; and, besides these duties, high as they are, the B. government has reserved to itself the power of imposing a differential Tapioca, duty on certain articles coming from countries where the goods of B. also pay differential duties. These conditions differ widely from those of the old tariff, and particularly from those stipulated in the year 1827. According to that treaty, all goods and prodace, natural or manufactured, of Great Britain or her colonies, were freely imported into B. on payment of duties never exceeding 15 per cent. on the value. The gross total "declared" value of British and Irish produce and manufactures, exported to the Brazils from this country, amounted in 1841 to the sum of £2,556,554; in 1842, to the sum of £1,756,805; in 1843, to the sum of £2,140,133; and in the year 1844, to the sum of £2,413,538; thus showing that the average annual value of our exports to this important state of South America amounts to about £2,216,757. In 1828, the declared value of British goods exported to Brazil was £3,518,297; in 1845 it was only £2,493,306, of which £1,429,509 was in cotton goods. The declared value of the articles of export from the United Kingdom to B., in 1840 and 1844, was as follows:

Alkali,

Apothecary wares,

Apparel and haberdashery,

Arms and ammunition,

Bacon and ham,

1844. £3.358 5,938 30,120

6

Sarsaparilla,

Sugar,
Tallow,

in 1845,

in 1845,
Brazil wood,
Fustic,
Rosewood,
Zebra wood,

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5,664

2,928

482

7,301

2,469,135

5 gall.

33,529 lbs.

21 cwt.

4,856,604

4,825 lbs. 1,191,896

4,966 cwt.

406 tons. 558

293 tons.

558

932

1,906

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Cotton, 20,846,395 lbs. Before the commencement of the present century, the colonial exports from the port of Rio Janeiro amounted, for a considerable number of years, to £1,613,975 in value. Of these exports, gold formed about one half, or £800,000 sterling; the silver amounted to 700,000 dollars, which, at 5s. each, were equal to £175,000 sterling. The Jornal do Commercio of Rio Janeiro contains a voluminous review of the import and export trade, and of the movement of money-values, of that important place for the year 1846, from which, representing, as it must, the greater bulk of the industrial transactions of the empire, in its external relations at least, some of the more important items of the account may be usefully extracted in this place.

The shipping reports show 931 arrivals of 218,819 tonnage from foreign ports, against 878 of 204,266 tonnage in 1845. The sailings 1,034 of 321,722 tonnage against 881 of 274,955 tonnage in 1845. The entries of 1846 exceeded those of 1845, in the ratio of 5 per cent., and the mean term of the entries from 1842 inclusive by 9 per cent. Of these entries in 1846, the number with other destinations was 110 of 32,659 tonnage, 132 of 27,852 tonnage in ballast, and 6 of 1,203 tonnage for other ports of the empire. Of the total number of 683 vessels of 157,103 tonnage which entered with cargo, 105 of 22,362 tonnage were English; 158 of 38,401 tonnage United States; 74 of 18,608 Swedish; 58 of 12,049 Danish; the remainder Portuguese, Austrian, 1.622 Sardinian, Hanseatic, French, &c., &c., in the order in which placed.

12,713
1,659
526
44,261

921 2,290 9,597

1840. £1.345 2,568

15.021

16,096

26,478

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Beer and ale,

12,535

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53,544

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79,088

Hats.

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Yarn,

Machinery,

1,359.991

1.667 47,752

Passing to the class of imports in which our own 16.783 country is more nearly concerned, we find that the direct aggregate importations of cotton, linen, silk, and woollen manufactures are thus stated from 1842 to 1846 both inclusive:

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30,086 packages in 1846, against 30.160 in 1845; 25,773 in 1844; 23,603 in 1843; 22,482 in 1842. The proportions for which different countries contributed to these imports of cotton goods in 1846 were as follow:

1,242

United States, 4,866 packages.
Hanse Cities, 404

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Ceara,
Maranham,

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1,789,816

1,262,109

87,840

820.218

112,918

1,776

306,100

San Catharina,
Para,
San Paulo,
Rio-Grande-do-Sul,

377,959 1,214,480

who sailed with Columbus in his first voyage, in January, 1500,
History] B. was first discovered by Vincente Yanez Pinzon,
But the chief glory of its discovery is assigned to Pedro Alvarez
de Cabral, a Portuguese navigator, who, in his expedition to
Gama-stood so far to the W that he found himself on the coast
India-the way to which had just been discovered by Vasca de
of Brazil, in 10° S lat. Coasting along this then terra incognita,
to the SW, Cabral discovered a fine barbour-now called Cabralia
-in 16° 30' S lat., where he anchored, and which he named Porto
Seguro, or the safe harbour.' Here Cabral landed on Easter
Sunday, in April, 1500, just three months after Pinzon had landed
at Cape San Augustin, and taken possession of the country in
the name of the king of Castile. As soon, however, as Cabral
had landed, he took possession of the country in the name
of the king of Portugal, with all possible solemnity. An altar
was erected on the shore, beneath a large tree, and mass per-
formed by eight friars then going on their first mission to India,
and the simple natives assembled at the ceremony, kneeled
when they saw the Portuguese kneel, as if they thought to
gratify the strangers by joining them in the same acts of devo
tion. Cabral erected a stone cross as a memorial of his discovery,
and named the country Tierra de Santa Cruz. Gaspar de Lemos
was despatched to Lisbon with intelligence; and one of the
natives was sent with him as a sample of Emmanuel's new
subjects. The king of Portugal immediately sent three other
ships, under the celebrated Amerigo Vespucci, to examine the
second, the first settlement was made in 1504
coast. This expedition made two successive voyages: in the
But as the coun-

Great Britain, 22,986 France, The cottons from Great Britain show an increase, as compared with 1842, of nearly 7,000 packages; of 6,500, as compared with 1843; of 3,700 as compared with 1844; and of nearly 3,000 as compared with 1845. As compared with 1845, the imports of cotton goods from the United States was in decrease by nearly 4,000 packages; and an increase slightly upon 1844; but in decrease considerably both in 1842 and 1843. France and the Hanse-towns were in decrease also in 1846, but not in proportionate extent. Some small quantities of cotton goods were imported coastwise from other Brazilian ports, which made up the difference between the total imports and those noted from the countries named.-Of the 2,161 packages of linens imported, 1,657 were from Great Britain, showing a decrease of 335 packages upon 1845, but an increase upon the three years preceding. The largest quantity from any other quarter was 194 from Portugal. Of the 1,261 packages of silk goods in 1846, Great Britain furnished 424, which was 127 in excess of 1845, but 120 less than 1844, 18 less than 1843, 109 more than in 1842. From France 556 packages were received in 1846, against 582 in 1845, but an increase more or less upon the preceding years. In 1842 only 261 packages were received from France against 442 from Great Britain. The remainder of the silks were from the United States, Hanse-towns, Spain, Sardinia, and Belgium.-Of woollen goods 3,826 packages entered Rio Janeiro in 1846, of which from Great Britain 3,175, from France 384, from the Hanse-towns 202, from Belgium 65. From Great Britain the imports were only 14 pack-made when B. was thought of little consequence were now reages more than 1845, but more considerably below those of the three former years. From France the imports were 104 packages below those of 1845, and nearly as much below those of 1844 and 1843, but 118 above those of 1842.

The export trade of Rio showed a considerable improvement in 1846. The quantity and the value of the exported products were greater than in either of the preceding years. The exports of coffee

1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1,174,659 1,183,646 1,271,022 1,208,062 1,511,096 bags & barrels. Excess in 1846 over 1845 of 303,034 bags. The countries chiefly exported to were: The United States, 727,263 bags, against 551,276 in 1845; Hamburg, 177,326, against 145,829 in 1845; the Mediterranean, 165,469, against 121,604 in 1845; to Great Britain and her possessions, 172,621 bags, quantity for 1845 not stated. In 1847, the exports of coffee had risen to 1,641,560 bags; and in 1848 to 1,710,579 bags; but in 1849 they fell to 1,160,410 bags. The total value of products exported from Rio in 1846 was estimated at 31,000,000 rials. Gold uncoined, diamonds, &c., 3,000,000 rials.

The custom-house receipts were, in 1846, 8,212,575 rials, against 8,043,764 in 1845. The consulado fees in 1846 were 2,026,856 rials, against 1,747,930 rials in 1845. In 1848 the entire custom-house receipts at Rio were 9,571,379 rials; and in 1849, 11,062,203 rials. Further details of B. commerce will be found under the heads PARA, MARANHAM, PARAHIBA, PERNAMBUCO, BAHIA, and RIO DE JANEIRO. The following table exhibits the value of the exports of produce to foreign countries from the exporting provinces of B. in 1842, distinguishing the amount exported from each to Great Britain:

try was not yet known to contain the precious metals so eagerly sought after by the navigators and colonists of that day, and was supposed to produce little more than parrots, wood, and monkeys, B. and its infant-colonies lay neglected till 1549, being maintained as a place of banishment for criminals from the mother-country At last the court of Portugal having got some insight into the value of these new possessions, sent out Thomé de Sousa as governor; and, in 1549, the foundations of San Salvador, or Bahia, were laid. All the grants of large tracts of land which had been voked. Six Jesuits were sent out with De Sousa, for the purpose of converting the natives: the conduct of these missionaries was so very guarded and conciliatory that the natives soon held them in great veneration, and oftener than once these politic ecclesiasties were the means of preserving to the mother-country her co

lonies in South America.

Villegagnon's expedition.] The growing prosperity of the new colony, however, exposed it to new and more formidable dangers. The first rivals of Portugal in this quarter were the French. Villegagnon, a knight of Malta, with that love of adventure and restless disposition which characterized his fraternity, sought to form a settlement upon the coast of B. It was necessary for the success of his project that he should have the concurrence of the Court; and Villegagnon, with this view, applied to the grand admiral Coligny, who at that time possessed great influence at the court of France. In order to draw Coligny into his scheme, he pretended a zealous attachment to Calvinism, and urged that the projected settlement might afford an asylum for the persecuted Huguenots; duped by this artifice, Coligny seconded his proposal with all his influence, and prevailed with Henry IL to patronize the undertaking, Several ships were fitted out, set sail, and arrived at the spot where now stands the city of and filled with Protestant passengers. With these Villegagnon Janeiro. Here he found some Normans, who, having been shipwrecked, had lived for some time with the natives, and were His vessels were therefore qualified to act as interpreters. then sent back to France for a further supply of Protestant colonists, and with formal despatches to the French king; those which he wished to be acted upon were sent to Coligny and his friends at Geneva. A spirit of missionary zeal for the extension of the gospel into these parts was now awakened in the Protestant community; and two ministers, and fourteen students, from Geneva, determined to devote themselves to the work of evangelization in South America. The influence of Coligny, and the uneasy situa tion of the reformers in France, swelled the number of emigrants, who, in three vessels, set sail to join their comrades under Villegagnon. No sooner, however, had they arrived in B., than Villegagnon threw off the mask he had so long worn; he quarrelled with the Genevan ministers, and demeaned himself so tyrannically and intolerantly, that they who had gone to Antarctic France as they termed it-soon found themselves under a worse yoke than that from which they had fled. They demanded permission to return, which was granted. The remaining associates of Villegagnon were comparatively a handful; the Portuguese, however, did not attack him for the space of four years; and but for this treachery Rio Janeiro, and perhaps all B., might at this

day have been a French colony. A body of Flemish adventurers were just ready to embark; and 10,000 more Frenchmen would have emigrated, if Coligny's object in founding this colony had not been frustrated by Villegagnon's deceit.

These careful men, considering it useless to keep up fortifications which, according to all appearances, would never be needed, dismantled the fortresses, and sold the artillery, arms, and ammunition, to the Portuguese.

Attacked by the English and Dutch.] The Jesuits, well aware of the dangerous neighbourhood of a heretical colony, now roused the governor of the Portuguese settlements to a sense of his danger; the French were attacked, and, after an ineffectual resistance, compelled to evacuate the country. Upon the foundation of the French settlement, however, the present capital of the Portuguese empire in South America was founded. England being at war with Spain during the reign of Philip II., B. was severely harassed by the English cruisers under Cavendish and Lancaster, who took, burned, and plundered Santos, St. Vincent, and Pernambuco, then called Recife. The Dutch also, who had recently obtained their independence, were at war with Spain, to which power, Portugal, with all its foreign settlements, was at this juncture annexed. This political misfortune proved the ruin of the Portuguese East Indian empire, which was wrested out of their hands by the Dutch; and B. became the next object of their commercial and warlike ambition. In 1621, a West India company had been formed In Holland, with similar exclusive privileges to those of their East India company, which had performed such feats in the East. This body, emulous of the fame of their sister-company, fitted out successive squadrons to harass the Spanish and Portuguese setflements in South America. One of these, in 1624, under Admiral Willekens, captured San Salvador, the cap. of Brazil, and acquired immense booty in colonial produce. The whole province followed the fate of the city. Struck with terror at this achievement, and fearing that it might pave the way for the loss of the whole country, a large fleet, composed of the combined naval force of the two crowns, and carrying 12,000 soldiers and mariners, sailed from Lisbon in 1626; and, after an ineffectual resistance on the part of the Dutch garrison, recaptured the place. The Dutch were unable, from the deficiency of their resources, to undertake immediately the recovery of San Salvador; but they attacked all Spanish and Portuguese vessels in the European seas, as they returned from the East and West Indies, and their success in this way was prodigious, for in thirteen years they had Captured 545 vessels, the value of whose proceeds amounted to £7,500,000 sterling. By these means they were enabled to fit eat a new armament of 46 ships, with which they attacked Pernambaco in 1630, and captured the place after several obstinate engagements. In 1633, 1634, and 1635, they reduced the captancies of Seregipe del Rey, Paraiba, Rio Grande, Ceara, Itamaraca, and the greater part of Bahia,-in short, the whole of B. to the N of the Rio Francisco, Para and Maranhão excepted. Elated with success, and eager to complete the conquest of all B., Prince Maurice of Nassau was sent out in 1636, as governor and generalissimo, with a strong armament. He laid siege to Bahia, but the obstinate valour of the Portuguese garrison baffled the guins of Maurice, who was compelled to abandon the enterprise with the loss of 2,000 men. The Portuguese, in their turn, fitted out an armament of 46 vessels, manned with 5,000 soldiers, under the command of Mascarenhas, a valiant officer, in order to recover Pernambuco. One-half of these troops perished from sickness during the passage, and the rest arrived in a melancholy state at Bahia Mascarenhas, however, by extraordinary exertions, augmented his force to 12,000 men, and sailed for Olinda, in Pernambuco, the cap. of Dutch Brazil. Maurice, knowing the destination of this powerful armament, had prepared for its reception. Reinforced from Holland, he met Mascarenhas with a fleet of 41 Vessels well-manned and equipped; a furious engagement ensued of four days' continuance; the Dutch admiral was killed, bat victory in the end declared for Maurice,-the Portuguese fleet was entirely dispersed,—a great part of it perished,-and only six ships of that mighty armament returned to Europe. This, however, did not decide the contest. The Portuguese had gained Over the natives to their side; and a system of guerilla warfare now commenced, which, without producing anything decisive, pelonged the war, wasted the country, harassed the Dutch, and wearied them out with incessant predatory expeditions. Maurice found himself unable, after all his successes, to effect the entire conquest of the country; and a temporary truce was entered into which acquired strength and permanency by the revolution in Portugal. The almost entire loss of their colonial possessions, especially that of B.-a loss to which they would not have been Pxposed, had they not, by their union with Spain, been involved in the war which that power carried on against Holland-had rekilled the ancient animosity of the Portuguese, and the apathy which the Spanish court had shown to their misfortunes height-suming this new distinction under the title of the united kingdom ened it to fury; arms were, therefore, unanimously taken up, and a revolution was suddenly and peaceably effected, by which John duke of Bragança was elevated to the throne of his ancestors under the title of John IV. These proceedings, however, involved Portugal in a long and arduous conflict with Spain, and rendered it for some time unable to afford any effectual assistance to its colonies in B. The Dutch, however, from enemies, had become hopeful allies in this new contest; and a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, was concluded between the two nations, which left the Dutch in possession of all their conquests B. The latter, conceiving their B. possessions to be in a state of perfect security, now thought only of reducing the enormous expense which they entailed upon the home-government. Prince Maurice was recalled; and a jeweller of Haerlem, a merchant of Amsterdam, and a carpenter of Middleburg, were nominated to succeed him in the government of the B. colony.

Expulsion of the Dutch.] The defenceless state to which the Dutch possessions were reduced by these measures, was soon perceived by the Portuguese governor of Bahia, who sent advice of it to Lisbon; and in the meanwhile a conspiracy was organized by those Portuguese who still lived in the Dutch territory. Though the plot was discovered, the contrivers escaped; and having collected a number of their countrymen, they began to lay waste the Dutch plantations. At the head of this insurrection was Joam Fernandez, a daring character, who was joined by one Camaram, a native Brazilian, with a number of Indians, and by a Black called Henrique, with a band of warlike Negroes. The Dutch were totally unprepared for this danger. One detachment after another was cut off in the woods; and though great military talent was displayed by many of the Dutch officers, they were soon shut up in Recife, and exposed to all the miseries of a siege with little hope of relief. These transactions occurred in 1645, when the whole Dutch force in B. did not exceed 2,700 men. From this date till 1654, a tedious and miserable contest ensued, so nearly resembling a guerilla warfare that the Dutch were at length wearied out, and finally surrendered their last possession, Recife, in January 1654. Euraged at the loss of B., the Dutch maintained a war of six years against Portugal with great animosity, but without success sufficient to compensate for the loss of their late acquisitions; at last they consented to a peace, by which B. was left wholly in the hands of its earliest masters, on condition that Portugal should pay in return 8,000,000 florins, by successive instalments, in salt and colonial commodities. This treaty was signed in August 1661. Several other stipulations in favour of Dutch commerce to B ports, were made; but the Dutch never availed themselves of them. Thus, after a contest of thirty years' continuance, the Portuguese remained sole and undisturbed possessors of B. The English, indeed, and the French, made some feeble attempts to form settlements at the mouth of the Amazon, and in Maranhão, in the early part of the 17th cent., but they were soon expelled.

The disputes between the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respecting their respective boundaries on the side of the Plata, claim little interest, and were chiefly carried on between the colonists themselves. The colony of San Sacramento, always an eye-sore to the court of Madrid, was agreed to be given up by the Portuguese, in consequence of the cession of seven Jesuitic reductions on the side of the Parana and Araguay; but as the Portuguese were compelled to use force to gain possession of these reductions, they refused to give up San Sacramento. Another agreement was made in 1779, by which this contested fortress was yielded, in return for the restoration of the territory of San Pedro, which had been wrested from the Portuguese, and the cession in full to them of a large tract in the SE of Peru.

Emigration of the Royal family to B.] Recent events have raised B. to great importance. Bonaparte, as soon as he had obtained a respite from warfare in the East by the peace of Tilsit, selected Portugal as the next victim of his ambition. After various unsuccessful attempts on the part of the prince-regent of Portugal to ward off the impending danger by repeated concessions, he found that nothing but immediate departure for the B.s could save him from falling into the hands of his arch enemy. This measure was accordingly adopted as soon as he heard that a French army was approaching Lisbon, on the 29th of Nov., 1807. After a prosperous voyage, and escorted by a British squadron under Sir Sidney Smith, the prince-regent arrived at Bahia, on the 25th of Jan., 1808. He was received at Bahia with every demonstration of joy by the inhabitants, who even offered to build a suitable palace for his residence, provided he would agree to make their city his capital; but Rio Janeiro was deemed a more suitable place for his residence, and that city, formerly only the cap. of a colony, now became that of the Portuguese monarchy From this moment may be dated the actual independence of the Portuguese possessions in the West. "The stimulus most prompt and efficacious," says Mr. Luccock, who visited Rio both in 1808 and again in 1813,-"in promoting internal improvement, and particularly in forming a national character and feeling of which B. was almost destitute, and for want of which the country had nearly fallen, like the colonies of Spain, into a number of disjointed states, arose out of the measure which gave to this important part of the Portuguese dominions, privileges and honours similar to those enjoyed by the mother-country. The period for as

of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarva, was judiciously fixed for the anniversary of the queen's birthday, in Dec. 1815. In order fully to understand the extent and importance of this change, it will be necessary to recollect, that, in old times, the provinces were almost wholly unconnected with each other; that they had scarcely any stronger common bond than the similarity of language, the circumstance of receiving their respective triennial governors from the same court, and the commercial one, which led their views and interests to the same European city; that, between some of these provinces, there existed an opposition of interests, and between others, open and avowed jealousies. Hence it was, that, when the court arrived at Rio, the colonies were found to consist of portions so disjointed as to be ready, on the slightest agitation, to fall in pieces, and render the situation of the royal emigrants very precarious. There were required all the address of government, and all the powerful support which it

received from Britain, to preserve the administration from positive disrespect,-to keep the whole of B. within one common bond, to turn the people's attention from Lisbon to Rio,-to make them feel that the latter city had become the centre of their union, the capital of their widely diffused people, the source of their security, the focus and fountain of their wealth and their honour. The first effort towards accomplishing this important work was made when the ports of B. were opened to foreign commerce; and a wonderful alteration it produced in the people's views and modes of thinking. Yet it left them without any strong bias to one particular country, and served rather to incline each province, without regard to the general interest, to the

side where its commercial advantage was most considerable. But no sooner was the country declared a kingdom, than it displayed an individuality of sentiment, and joined in one common act of homage to the throne."

Revolution.] In 1819, the Brazilians, assisted by an English man-of-war, recovered possession of Portuguese Guayana. In 1821, the Cortes of Lisbon invited their sovereign to revisit his ancient capital, and, on the 22d of April, his majesty nominated his eldest son, Don Pedro, regent of B., previous to his own departure for Europe. On the 4th of Oct., a premature attempt was made at Rio to proclaim the regent emperor; but on the 1st Oct., 1822, the Brazilians, provoked by the impolitic conduct of the Cortes, proclaimed their independence, and conferred the imperial crown on Don Pedro, under the title of Pedro I. The anticipations of future unanimity which attended the elevation of Don Pedro to the Brazilian throne were not realized. Various grievances, real or alleged, proved a source of misunderstanding betwixt the emperor and his subjects; and on the 7th of April, 1831, Don Pedro abdicated the imperial dignity in favour of his son, a child of five years of age; and a regency was nominated by the Brazilians themselves. On the 29th of July, 1841, Don

Pedro II was crowned emperor of Brazil. He is said to be remarkably advanced in mental vigour and acquirements for his age, and to devote himself with great energy to the affairs of

state.

Authorities.] Southey's History of Brazil, 3 vols. 4to.-M. A. de Cayal, Corographia Brazilica, Rio-de-Janeiro, 1817. 3 vols.,

4to.-Travels in the Interior of Brazil, by John Mare. London, 4to, 1812.-Reise von Maximilien von Neuwied Nach Brasilien. Frankfort, 1819-21. 6 vols. in 4to.-Schaeffer, Brasilien als unabhaengiges Reich. 8vo. Altona, 1824.-A History of the Brazil, by James Henderson, London, 4to., 1821.-Culdcleugh's Travels

in South America in 1819-21. London, 2 vols., 8vo., 1825

Sketches of Residence and Travels in Brazil, by D. P. Kidder. 2 vols., 8vo. Philadelphia, 1845.-Voyage up the River Amazon, by W. H. Edwards. London, 1847.-Diccionario Geographico do Imperio do Brazil. Por J. C. R. Milliet de Saint-Adolphe. Paris, 1845. 2 vols. 8vo.-Macgregor's Commercial Tariffs. Part xxi. for 1847.-Geographical Journal.

BRAZORIA, a county of Texas, on the coast of the gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Brazos de Dios, stretching from Galveston bay on the E to the Colorado on the W. The soil on the coast is thin and scanty; and over a breadth of 10 m. from the coast, the surface of the country is an open prairie; but beyond this the soil becomes of exuberant tility, and the face of the country presents an interchange of rich prairies, cultivated land, and forests of cedar, live oak, and pecan. This is at present the principal cotton-region in Texas.

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parallel with the main stream of the Brazos for about 70 m., the distance between them varying from 3 to 6 m.; and, turning E, falls into the B. at Nashville. BRAZZA, or BRAC, an island of the Adriatic, near the Dalmatian coast, in the gov. of Ragusa, circle and 12 m. S of Spalatro. It is about 60 m. in length, and 6 m. in breadth, and comprises a superficial area of 300 sq. m. Pop. 14,090. It is generally mountainous; and its soil is to a considerable extent stony and unproductive. Its chief productions are wine and oil; the former is deemed the best in Dalmatia. Bees and silkworms are extensively reared; and the breeds of sheep and goats are celebrated for the delicacy of their flesh. Cheese forms an important article of manufacture. In the E part of the island is a fine freestone quarry. The island of B. forms a dist. comprising 7 com., and containing 20 villages, of which the principal are Castel-San-Pietro, the cap., and Milna, each possessing a port and good building-docks. It gives its name to the bishopric of Lesina - Brazza-et-Lissa.-The channel, of the same name, by which it is separated from the continent on the N, is capable of affording anchorage to shipping of the largest dimensions.

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BRDOW, a town of Poland, in the gov. of Mazovie, obwod of Kuïavie, 27 m. SW of Brzésc. Pop. Cattle fairs are held here three times a-year. BRE'A (LA), or BRAY, a district in the island of Trinidad, on the gulf of Paria. Area 31 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 1,502; of whom 43 were whites, 494 free coloured, 765 coloured apprentices, and 181 aliens. The district contains 5 estates, and produced 427,000 lbs. of sugar and 1,696 gall. of molasses, besides coffee and provisions, in 1836. The v. of B. is 30 m. distant from Port of Spain, and is situated close to the sea, near Punta Bréa. Its site is elevated, dry, and healthy, but it consists only of a few dozen houses, or rather huts, huddled together with little order. The soil is interspersed with patches of pitch to such an extent that it is rare that any building remains long in an upright position, in consequence of the subsidence and shifting of the pitchy soil on which it stands. There is good anchorage off the point for square-rigged vessels, and sufficient depth of water to the shore for large flats.

The celebrated pitch lake of Trinidad is about fer-half-a-mile distant from the v., at an alt. of between 50 and 60 ft. above sea-level. It presents a nearly circular undulated surface, about 14 m. in diam., and skirted by irregular thickets of wood, particularly towards the sea. It is of an unascertained depth; but as fast as the pitch is taken away it fills up again. The soil around the pitch lake is light in colour, and peculiarly favourable to the growth of a species of anana or pine-apple peculiar to the district. The pitch has usually the appearance of pit-coal, but is grey in colour and somewhat hard except in very hot weather, when it becomes liquid to a small depth. This substance has been used in many parts of the island with success for the improvement of the roads, and is well-adapted for painting ships' bottoms. There are occasional symptoms of boiling observable in this lake, but no account of its ever having boiled over exists. "To me," says Colonel Capadose, "the

BRAZOS DE DIOS, a large river of Texas, rising in several head-streams, in the Guadaloupe mountains, under the parallel of 33° N; and flowing in a SSE direction, between the basin of the Trinidad on the E, and that of the Colorado on the W, to the gulf of Mexico, which it enters between the towns of Velasco and Quintana, where its breadth is about 170 yards. For 200 m. from its mouth, its banks, composed of a tenacious red or blue clay, are from 20 to 40 ft. in height; but the river, when swollen by rain, sometimes overflows this deep bed. For 500 m. from its mouth, its width varies from 150 to 200 yards. It is navigable by small steam-boats to San Felipe de Austin, 150 m. from its mouth.-lake had the appearance of an immense level plain, Its principal branches on the 1. are the Red Fork, the Nolan, and the Navosota; on the r. bank its principal tributary is the San Andres or Little B. river. About 50 m. above the mouth of the Incoque, one of its head-streams, is a salt lake about 20 m. in length, and from 6 to 7 m. in breadth. The stream flowing from this lake unites with the Incoque to form the B.-Kennedy.

BRAZOS (LITTLE), a branch of the above river, which flows through Milam co., in a course nearly

with here and there thickets of shrubs, grass, and trees growing out of the bitumen, which was then of a very dark colour, and generally quite hard; some few places yielded to the impression of the foot, and were of the consistency of pitch. The water flowing through the chasms was perfectly clear, but lukewarm, and of a disagreeable, acid taste. This warmth, no doubt, was owing to the heat of the sun, which, however, had no effect upon the solid part of the surface, which was quite dry though the day had been one

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