coast of Pembrokeshire, 2 m. from Tenby. It is about 1 m. in length, and has a superficial area of 611 acres, a third of which are in good cultivation. In the time of William of Worcester it contained 30 inhabited houses. Pop. in 1841, 87. To the NW is the island of St. Margarets or Little Caldey.— Also a township in the p. of West Kirby, Cheshire, 6 m. NNW of Great Norton, at the mouth of the Dee. Area 740 acres. Pop. in 1841, 104.

CALEA, a town of the island of Borneo, on the NW coast.

CALEDON, a town in the p. of Aughaloo, in co. Tyrone, on the east side of the Blackwater, 2 m. NNW of Tynan. It is a handsome little town, with pleasant environs. Pop. in 1841, 1,046.

CALEDON, a town of S Africa, in the co. and 50 m. WSW of Zwellendam, pleasantly situated on an affluent of Bot river, at the foot of the Zwarte Berg. In the vicinity are several thermal and mineral baths. CALEDON, a township of Upper Canada, in the Home district. It is to a considerable extent hilly, and covered with pine. The soil is tolerably good, and affords excellent hard timber. Pop. in 1842, 1,920.

CALEDON BAY, an indentation of the coast of NE Australia, on the west side of the gulf of Carpentaria, in S lat. 12° 40′, and E long. 136° 38'.

CALEDONIA, a county in the state of Vermont, U.S., comprising a superficies of 700 sq. m., bordering on the SE on the Connecticut river, and intersected in the W by the E range of the Green mountains. It is watered by the Pasumpsic, a tributary of the Connecticut, and by the head-streams of Onion and Lamoile, and contains granite and limestone, and numerous sulphur springs. Pop. in 1840, 21,891. Cap, Danville.-Also a township of Livingston co., in the state of New York, 229 m. W of Albany. It is watered by the Genesee river, and by a large millstream; and the surface, which is hilly, presents a generally fertile soil. Pop. 1,987.-Also a village of Claridon township, Marion co., in the state of Ohio, 52 m. N of Columbus, on the W branch of Olentangy of Whetstone river. It contains about 20 dwellings, and possesses some mills.—Also a village of Washington co., in the state of Missouri, 117 m. SE of Jefferson city, on the S side of Big river, and in a rich mineral district.-Also a town of Shiawassee co., in the state of Michigan. Pop. 114.-Also a township of Upper Canada, in the Ottawa district. It contains a village of the same name, 5 m. S of Ottawa river, and 9 m. from L'Originac, which is celebrated for its mineral springs, and the waters of which form an important article of export. Pop. of township 714.-Also a flourishing village on the banks of the Grand river, partly in the townships of Seneca and Oneida, and connected by a swing bridge, 20 m. from Brantford and 14 from Hamilton. Pop., ineluding that of the adjacent settlement of Little Caledonia, 300.

CALEDONIA (NEW). See NEW CALEDONIA. CALEDONIAN CANAL, a magnificent line of inland navigation, 60 m. in length, running through the Great glen of Caledonia, which extends due SW and NE, from the island of Lismore in Loch Linnhe, in 56° 30′ N lat., and 5° 33′ W long., to the Suters of Cromarty on the Moray frith, in 57° 40′ N lat, and nearly 4" W long. The peculiar formation of the great Caledonian valley,-long, deep, and comparatively very narrow,-and occupied for much the greater portion of its length by a regular chain of inland lakes and extensive arms of the sea,--had long suggested the idea of a canal, which by connecting the whole might afford the means of a navigable communication between the opposite sides of the island. In addition to the ordinary class of coasting-vessels, there was every prospect of this canal being resorted to by many of the Baltic and West Indian traders, both in their homeward and outward-bound passages to and from the opposite sides of the kingdom, and particularly to Ireland at certain seasons of the year. By adopting the proposed route, it was calculated that a dangerous and tedious tract of navigation, extending nearly 300 m. around the NW coast and islands of Scot

land, would be saved to all vessels having occasion to trace in this direction to the opposite sides of the kingdom; and it was considered an important addition to the saving of ordinary searisk, that, during a period of war, vessels might avoid the danger and loss to which they would otherwise be exposed along a line of coast peculiarly liable to be infested in the event of hostilities with America or any of the northern states of Europe. It was therefore proposed that the canal should be formed of a size to admit the largest class of Baltic and American traders, or such as to pass on occasions of emergency a 44-gun frigate fully equipped; for which it was estimated that a uniform depth of 20 ft. water would be necessary, with a bottom of 50 ft. and 90 ft. width at surface; and with locks measuring 185 ft. long, by 43 ft. in width. The original estimate for executing the work on this scale amounted to no more than £474,000; and the period of its completion was computed at seven years. An act was passed on 27th Dec., 1803, authorising the undertaking. But many unforeseen difficulties occurred to prevent the canal being

opened until the 23d of Oct. 1822; the cost of the canal up to the period of its being opened, amounted to the sum of £912,373; and the total outlay, to 1st May, 1848, was £1,311,270. One of the temptations to make a canal at all, and particularly of this great size, from Loch Eil to the Beauley frith, was the apparent facility afforded by the three lakes which lie in almost a continuous line, and are for the most part of ample width and depth : viz., Loch Lochy, 10 m.; Loch Oich, 4 m.; and Loch Ness, 234 m; together 37 m.; thus leaving of the whole length of 604 m.. only 23 m. of canal to make. That the cost of making the canal has been much reduced, probably more than half, by the lakes, cannot be doubted; but it is equally apparent, Mr. Walker states, that they are great hinderances to the passage of vessels; and the canal is of little practical use to any vessels except steamers From lying in the trough or hollow between two ranges of mountains, the wind blows always parallel to the line of the canal, so as necessarily to be a foul wind in one direction. From the rocky nature of the banks, and their crooked irregular shape, tracking

through the lakes is impossible. The width of Loch Lochy and

Loch Ness is sufficient for vessels of about 100 tons to work when once fairly in the lakes; but there is a great difficulty in warping against a strong head-wind to reach this, and great danger also from the rocky shores in case of a vessel missing stays. Therefore, working or tacking through the lakes is seldom attempted; and the consequence is, that the passage of 60 m, which, were tracking practicable for the whole length, might be accomplished gen erally in three or four days, often takes as many weeks, even a month is not unusual, and cases of five weeks have been known. The evil is increased by the westerly winds which prevail for of vessels proceeding from the E to the west end, which is the direction of what ought to be the greatest trade on the canal.

eight or nine months of the year, and are opposed to the passage

CALELLA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, prov. and 25 m. NE of Barcelona, finely situated on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Gura. Pop. 2,500. It is well-built, contains a parish church, a convent, and an hospital; and has manufactories of blonde, lace, and fishing-nets, and distilleries of brandy.

CALEMBERG, a village of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgebirge, bailiwick and 9 m. ENE of Zwickau, and 54 m. WSW of Dresden. Pop. 1,500. It has some manufactories of hosiery.

CALENBERG. See KALEnberg.

CALENDASCO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 6 m. WNW of Piacenza, near the r. bank of the Po.

CALENSAWE, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Syria, pashalik of Gaza, 12 m. W of Sebaste or Samaria. CALENTANA, a town of Naples, in the prov. and 25 m. W of Bari, and 3 m. SW of Ruvo.

CALENZANA, a canton and commune of the island of Corsica, arrond. of Calvi. The cant. comprises 8 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 4,988. The village is situated in a fine valley, 6 m. SE of Calvi; and possesses a pop. of 1,974. Its church is one of the finest in the island. The cant. affords good wine.

CALENZANO, a parish and village of Tuscany, 10 m. NW of Florence, on the Marina. Pop. 1,169. CALEPIO, a town of Venetian Lombardy, in the prov. and 13 m. ESE of Bergamo, near the r. bank of the Oglio.

CALERA. a town of Spain, in Estremadura, prov. and 20 m. SW of Llerena.-Also a town of New Castile, prov. and 50 m. W of Toledo, on the r. bank of the Tagus.

CALEY MOUNT, a summit of SE Australia, the

city, and then repaired to Cochin and Cananore. The kings of these cities gave him spices, gold, and silver; and gladly entered into an alliance with him against the Samorin to whom they were tributary. Several other princes joined them, with the hope of freeing themselves from tribute, and drawing to their harbours a portion of the commerce of Asia. In Malabar, the Portuguese now obtained such influence, that they built a fort in almost every city, and compelled every chief to acknowledge himself a vassal of the court of Lisbon. The other nations of Europe at last imitated the adventurous spirit of the Portuguese. The Dutch established themselves here in 1604; the English followed them soon after; but the French did not establish their trade till about sixty years after the Dutch. When Malabar fell into the hands of Tippu, in 1789, he destroyed C., and removed the inhabitants to Nellúr, the name of which he changed to Furruckabad. He razed the city to the ground; banished the merchants and factors of the foreign commercial houses; cut down all the cocoa-nut and sandal trees; and ordered the pepper-plants in the surrounding districts to be torn up by the roots. His cruelty to the inhabitants of C. was marked by dreadful barbarity. About fifteen months after the inhabitants were removed to Furruckabad, the prov. was conquered by the English; and the inhabitants returned with transport to their old place of residence. Before the town was destroyed by Tippu, it contained between 6,000 and 7,000 houses. The inhabitants are principally Moplais, a stout and industrious race of men, who settled in this country about 400 years ago, and are nearly as numerous as the Nairs, whose authority over them they dispute. Nouvelle Relation d'un Voyage fait aux Indes Orientales, par M. Dellon. Amst. 1699.-Bartolomeo's Voyage to the East Indies.-Dalrymple's Oriental Repository, vol. i.-Dr. Buchanan's Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, vol. ii.

CALIDONIA PORTO, or CALEDONIA BAY, an indentation of the N coast of the isthmus and 125 m. E of Panama, on the W side of the gulf of Darien. An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish a Scotch colony here in 1698.

CALIGNI, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Orne, cant. of Flers, 19 m. N of Domfront, near the Noireau. Pop. 1,363.

CALIFORNIA,

Ax extensive region stretching along the shores of the Pacific ocean from the parallel of 42° N, which divides it from Oregon, to Cape San Lucas in N lat. 29° 48'. Its southern portion is sufficiently defined, being that long peninsular piece of land which is separated by the gulf of C. from the Mexican prov. of Sonora, and which still belongs to Mexico; but the boundaries of the northern portion, on the E, were long undefined; some geographers assuming the Sierra Nevada as the W limit; others extending it to the Colorado river; and others carrying it still further W to the Sierra de Anahuac, a prolongation of the Sierra Madre. The Spaniards, in 1536, first applied the name C. to the whole W coast of N America, from the parallel of 32° to the torrid zone; but the origin and etymology of this word has never been accurately ascertained. In all the various dialects of the natives, no trace of such a name has ever been discovered; and though some writers have had recourse to conjecture, and suppose that the word California is compounded of calida and fornax, thus signifying a hot furnace,' and was derived from the sultriness of its climate, yet Father Venegas is rather inclined to think that it owed its origin to accident; possibly to

some words spoken by the natives, and misunderstood by the Spaniards. Be this as it may, the territory was not distinguished among the native inhabitants by any general denomination, but was divided amongst a variety of tribes or hordes, each having a separate name and language peculiar to themselves. The Californians of the peninsula, according to Father Taraval, were divided into three distinct nations, whose languages bore no affinity to one another; viz., the Pericues on the S, the Menquis in the centre, and the Cochimies on the N; each of whom were subdivided into several branches distinguished by considerable variations in their dialect. In New C., the distinctions were still more numerous; and Father Lasuen has observed that on an extent of 180 leagues from San Diego to the bay of San Francisco, no fewer than 17 languages were spoken, which can hardly be considered as dialects of a small number of mothertongues. The nations of the Rumsen and Escelen, who formed the original population of the presidio and village of Montery, spoke totally different languages; while the languages of the different tribes of the Matalans, Salsen, and Quirotes, in the vicinity of San Francisco, were evidently derived from a common root. A recent traveller in C. says, "Each tribe has its own separate and distinct language, and this is not at all similar to any other language which I have ever heard in my travels amongst the Indians of Peru, Bolivia, or Chili. It is, however, by no means harsh, but on the contrary, their words appear to contain a great many vowels. Captain Beechey says: "Each tribe has a different dialect; and though their districts are small, the languages are sometimes so different that the neighbouring tribes cannot understand each other. In the mission of San Carlos there are 11 different dialects. [Voyage to the Pacific, p. 398.] The Christianized Indians, as they are called, generally speak the Spanish language. It has been attempted by some to establish a resemblance between the Mexican or Aztec language, and the idioms of the NW coast of America; but these languages differ in essential points; and even in their numerical words it is impossible to trace the smallest similarity. The Californian Indians when first visited were unacquainted with the use of written characters. They had neither the symbols and hieroglyphics of the Mexicans, nor the letters of the eastern nations of Asia. They were even destitute of any method of distinguishing years, or intervals of time, which the Mexicans did by means of cycles of fifty years. According to their traditions, their ancestors, driven from their native settlements in the N, removed to C. A quarrel between two chiefs had divided the nation into two opposite factions; and, after a bloody battle, the defeated party retreated towards the S, and being eagerly pursued, were compelled to seek for safety among the mountains and islands of this region. This is all the information which the Spanish missionaries have ever been able to procure concerning the origin of the Californian Indians; and though the most probable conjecture is that they, as well as all the other nations of America, passed over in some remote age from Asta, yet it must be admitted that not one single monument has ever been discovered throughout the whole of the American continent, to authenticate clearly their Asiatic origin.

Native tribes.] The Californians are of a more tanned and swarthy complexion than the other Indians of New Spain; but their faces are far from being disagreeable, and they are in general robust and vigorous. Captain Beechey says, "The stature of the Indians which we saw in the missions was by no means diminutive. The Alchones are of a good height, and the Tularaios were thought to be, generally, above the standard of Englishmen." On the contrary, La Pérouse describes them as in general small and weak. M. Rollin, his surgeon, although he says they are taller than the Chilian Indians, yet gives the averago

height as 5 ft. 2 in. Langsdorff says, none of the men seen by him were above 5 ft. "They are of a considerably darker colour," says Forbes, "than the natives of the provinces more to the south; and what with their filthy habits and constant exposure to the sun, they approach the hue of the Negro. They resemble the Negro also in their large projecting lips and broad flat noses. Their hair, however, is very different from that of the Negro, being long and straight, not crisp: if left to grow it hangs down to the hips; but they commonly cut it to the length of four or five inches, which makes it stick out like quills. The hair grows very far down towards the eyes, which makes their naturally low forehead look extremely low; the eyebrows are in general small, though in some bushy; the beard is also in general very scanty, although occasionally a full flowing beard is observed; the causes of the difference not being well known." Bryant describes the Indians he saw at Captain Sutter's esta blishment in the valley of the Sacramento, as generally wellmade, and of good stature, varying from 5 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. 10 or 11 in. in height, with strong muscular developments. Their skin appeared to him a shade lighter than that of a Mulatto. "Their characteristics," says Father Venegas, "are stupidity and insensibility; want of knowledge and reflection; inconstancy, impetuosity, and blindness of appetite; an excessive sloth, and abhorrence of all labour and fatigue; an incessant love of pleasure and amusement of every kind, however trifling or brutal; pusillanimity and relaxity; and, in fine, a most wretched want of every thing which constitutes the real man, and renders him rational, inventive, tractable, and useful to himself and society; for even in the least frequented corners of the globe, there is not a nation so stupid, of such contracted ideas, and so weak in mind, as the unhappy Californians." The early Jesuit missionaries have supplied us with numerous details respecting the native pop. of C., as it existed around their wide-spread missions in the last cent. Every nation or language consisted of several rancherias, more or less extensive, according to the fertility of the soil; and each rancheria of one or more families. They had no chiefs or caciques among them, whose authority was acknowledged either by tribute or external ceremonies. Every family governed itself; and the natural obedience of children to their parents was forgotten as soon as the former were able to provide for themselves. On some occasions, however, they submitted to the direction of a leader, especially in gathering at particular seasons the fruit of the pitahaya which constituted their principal food, in their fisheries, and in their military expeditions; but this dignity was obtained neither by blood, by age, by suffrages, nor by a formal election. He that was most brave, artful, or eloquent, assumed the cominand; and his authority was established by the tacit consent of his rancheria, who quietly submitted until the exigency was over which required his direction. At present, the Indians who enter the missions are divided, in their wild state, into distinct tribes, and are, according to the information supplied to Captain Beechey in 1826, governed by a chief whose office is hereditary, but only in the male line. A substantial, though not common cause of quarrel, was when one nation presumed to hunt, fish, or gather fruits, in districts where another nation had acquired a prescriptive right: this offence was immediately followed by a declaration of war. Every one was commanded to provide a sufficient quantity of arrows, which were made of reeds curiously pointed with flint but not poisoned. They had also a kind of wooden spears, with the points sharpened and hardened in the fire, which they used when they came to close action. The C. Indians did not, like many American nations, eat their prisoners or enemies killed in war; but when they had slain a chief or leader of the enemy, it was customary to eat a small morsel of his body on the field of battle. They burned their dead, and deposited the ashes in a morai; and, like the Canadians, they scalped the vanquished, and tore out their eyes which they had the art of preserving from corruption. The practice of burning their dead is still maintained. "The corpse is placed upon a funeral pile of wood, and the Indians sing a low monotonous song during the time it is being consumed. The mourning is even more singular than this ceremony. When a person dies, the women relations of the deceased cut off their hair, and smear their heads, necks, and breasts with pine pitch mixed with charcoal, painting also a streak upon the nose, and one underneath each of the eyes. This paint is allowed to fall off by time, and as long as it exists the term of mourning continues." The ancient religion of this people, as far as can be collected from the accounts of the Jesuits, is a mixture of the most monstrous absurdities. Father Venegas prefaces his account of the Californian religion, by telling us, that all relations agree that idolatry was unknown in this country; that the inhabitants had neither creature nor image to whom they paid any kind of adoration; nor any outward profession of religion, either in festivals, prayers, vows, expiations, nor any public or private marks of addresses to God. But we are at the same time told that they had among them a series of speculative tenets resembling many of the Christian doctrines, though mixed with a thousand absurdities; that they even had an order of priests, and schools in which their youth were instructed in religious opinions. "As regards their religion," says a recent tourist, "it is difficult to form any exact idea. They have an idea of a good and evil spirit. The former is called Puis in their language, and they say that the eagle-which abounds in the country--is his minister. The name of the evil spirit I could not comprehend, from their articulation being so imperfect, but they said that the fox was

his minister. They direct no prayers to the good spirit, because they say that he will do them no harm; and all their supplications are made to the evil one." The edues or priests, pretended to carry on friendly intercourse with their deities; and to be possessed of knowledge and power sufficient to prevent calamity, or to give success to any enterprise, Their authority appeared most conspicuous at their public feasts. They then appeared in their habits of ceremony, only used upon extraordinary occasions, and which consisted of a large cloak entirely composed of human hair, a high plume of hawk's feathers upon their head, and a monstrous fan of the same materials in their hand. Thus accoutred, they opened the entertainment with sucking the chacuaco, till they became intoxicated, and almost frantic with the smoke; they then began an oration upon their tenets, which was delivered with wild gestures, and frightful vociferations. Το these public feasts the neighbouring and friendly rancherias were usually invited, to whom they likewise sent challenges for wrestling, leaping, running, shooting with the bow, and trials of strength In some of the islands, particularly those on the W coast called Los Dolores, the religion and customs of the inhabitants were very different from those of the peninsula. Each community had its civil and spiritual officer; and according to Father Torquemada, they had temples, images, altars, sacrifices, and sacred birds.-The C. Indians throughout the whole of the peninsula were uniformly destitute of any kind of clothing, and the only distinction among the natives in this respect was the form and nature of their ornaments. The Pericues braided their hair with strings of pearls, interwoven with small feathers. The Menquis wore a closely braided girdle round their waist, and on the forehead a curious fillet of network made of pita thread; they also adorned their arms with bracelets made of nacar, a small round fruit like beads. The Cochimies, who usually kept their hair short, had a kind of diadem or crown formed of several bands of nacar, and sometimes of small white round snail shells resembling pearls. Like several tribes of the Orinoco, these savages entertain a great horror for clothing. "A monkey dressed like an officer," says Father Venegas, "does not appear so ridiculous to us, as a man in clothes does to the Indians of C." They looked upon clothing as effeminate and disgraceful. They were highly affronted when desired to cover themselves; and when offered clothes by the missionaries, either refused them, or afterwards threw them away. The women, however, had garments manufactured from the leaves of a certain species of palm tree, which on being beat assumes the appearance of rough flaxen threads, but which, instead of being woven, were merely fastened to one another at the top, and hung down in close and thick skains and tufts. Of these they formed a petticoat, which reached to the feet; and also a short cloak which they threw over their shoulders. Others formed their petticoats of thin pieces of sedge fastened together with mescal threads, and covered their bodies with skins of deer, sea wolves, hares, and foxes. These remarks still apply to the dress of their females, and they all bedaubed their faces with ointment, and painted their skin by way of ornament. The Indians of the present day are still very scantily clothed, and in summer many go entirely naked. The women, however, wear a deer skin, or some other covering about their loins; and tattooing is practised by both sexes. Being a wandering people, removing from place to place in quest of subsistence, their habitations were suited to their mode of life. Some of them were composed of a few stakes fixed in the ground, drawn together at the top, and covered with bark or sedge; others consisted merely of a little space enclosed with stones, without any covering but the heavens. At the present day their villages consist of wigwams made with poles covered with bulrushes; and are generally placed in an open plain to avoid surprise." [Beechey.] Their furniture usually consisted of a bow and arrows, a wooden spear, a bowl made in the shape of a high crowned hat, a batea or jug, a bone which served them for an awl, a little piece of touchwood for kindling a fire, and pita nets for fishing, for gathering fruits, and for carrying their children. These nets showed very great skill; and were made of so many different colours, and such exquisite workmanship, that Father Taraval affirms, "of all the nets I ever saw in Europe and New Spain, none were comparable to these, either in whiteness, the mixture of the other colours, or the strength and workmanship, in which they represent a vast variety of figures." Captain Beechey praises the beauty of the baskets, and the ornamental parts of dress, manufactured by the female Indians of the present day. In their closely woven baskets, the small scarlet feathers of the Oriolus Phonicius are woven in with the wood, and completely screen it from view on the outside; while to the rim are affixed small black crests of the C. partridge, of which birds sometimes 100 brace are required to decorate one basket, which is likewise ornamented with beads and pieces of motherof-pearl. They also manufacture and embroider belts, caps, and dresses, with great taste. Langsdorff counted in one of their feather-bandeaus, or head-dresses, no fewer than 450 tail-feathers of the golden-winged woodpecker, of which there are only 2 on each bird.-Polygamy, though admitted and practised, was not general, but appeared to be confined chiefly to the southern districts. Their marriages, however, lasted only during the pleasure of the parties, and were annulled by the slightest motive.The disorders to which the C. were subject, arose chiefly from intemperance in their pleasures, and the vicissitudes of the dimate. In winter, they were subject to sore throats, pleurisies, and catarrhal affections; and to putrid, bilious, and inflammatory fevers in summer. They were also liable to dysentery, ophthal