points resembling the Arab breed, and are said to be of a stock originally brought from Africa. The pop. in 1826 amounted to 2,325.-Camargue is supposed to derive its name from Caius Marius, the Roman general, to whom is attributed the division of the Rhone into its two principal branches; but this is questionable, as the course of that river seems entirely the work of nature.-Memoire sur la Camargue Par M. de Rivière. 8vo., Paris, 1826. CAMARINA, a town of Sicily, in the Val di Noto, in the prov. and 50 m. WSW of Syracuse, on a river of the same name, which falls into the Mediterranean, 2 m. SE of Scoglielli. CAMARINAS, a town of Spain, in Galicia, in the prov. and 30 m. SW of La Coruna, on the N side of the bay of the same name. Pop. 2,000. It possesses a safe port, but difficult of access, and an active trade. CAMARINES, a prov. of the island of Luzon, in the Asiatic archipelago, consisting of the peninsula which forms the SE portion of the island, and which is connected with the body of the island by an isthmus only 12 m. in breadth. It is generally mountainous, and contains several volcanoes. The principal stream which it possesses is the Naga; but it encloses several lakes, and has some thermal and petrifying springs. The harbours, of which there are several, are excellent, and the bays and roadsteads commodious and safe. The soil produces rice, tobacco, dye-woods, timber, &c., and the coasts abound with fish. The inhabitants are tall, strong, and courageous, and they manufacture varieties of stuffs, and hats of the filaments of the palm-tree. The mountaineers are chiefly Papous, subdivided into several tribes. The total pop. subject to Spanish sway is estimated at 164,000. The bishop and alcade reside at Naga, but the cap. of the prov. is Caceres. Its navigation is said to be obstructed by rocks about 90 m. from the sea. The exports from this river are ivory, palm-oil, and slaves. CAMAROON MOUNTAINS, a lofty group of mountains on the coast of Africa, near the C. river. Their base is nearly 20 m. in diam.; and their highest peak, in N lat. 4° 13', and E long. 9° 12', has an alt. of 13,357 ft. above sea-level. They are covered with verdure and trees nearly to the summit. Although at a distance this noble mountain appears to rise by a continuous slope from the sea, on a closer view it is found to consist of a succession of hills, with intervening valleys of the richest soil. The whole district indicates volcanic origin. These mountains appear to be continued in the islands of Fernando Po, Prince's island, St. Thomas, and Annabona which lie to the SSW. CAMAROSQUI, a town of Peru, in the district of the Pampas del Sacramento, on the 1. bank of a river of the same name, 40 m. SW of its confluence with the Apo-Paro. CAMBADAO (SANTA), a town of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira, comarca and 19 m. N of Arganil, and 33 m. NE of Coimbra, on the r. bank of the Imontorio. It possesses some sulphureous springs. CAMBADOS, a town of Spain, cap. of a judicial partido, in Galicia, prov. and 20 m. N of Vigo, on the S coast of the bay of Arosa, at the mouth of the small river Umia. CAMBAGA, a town of Senegambia, in the kingdom of Futa-Jallon, on one of the head-streams of the Tankisso, 30 m. NE of Timbo. CAMBAMBE FORT, a fort of Angola, on the N bank of the Coanza, near the falls of that river, and 150 m. E of its entrance into the Atlantic. CAMBAT, a prov. of Abyssinia, in the S part of the country of the Galla. It is generally mountainCAMARINIAGUAS, a town of Peru, in the dis-ous, but fertile. It contains a mixed pop. of Pagans, trict of the Pampas del Sacramento, or Pajonal, near the r. bank of the Apo-Paro, 90 m. NNW of the confluence of the Apurimac. CAMARIOCA SIERRA, a range of mountains in the island of Cuba, and forming a portion of the central chain which intersects the island in its entire extent. CAMARNEIRA, a town of Portugal, in the prov. of Beira, 23 m. NW of Coimbra. CAMARON (ALTO DEL), a town of the republic, and in the intendancy of Mexico, 40 m. NNE of Acapulco. CAMARONE CAPE, a headland of Guatemala, on the N coast, in N lat. 16°, and W long. 85° 5′. CAMARONES, a town and port of Bolivia, in the intendancy and 246 m. SE of Arequipa, prov. and 50 m. S of Arica, at the entrance of a small river of the same name into the Pacific. CAMARONES, a village of New Grenada, in the district of Hacha, at the mouth of a river of same name, which flows into the Caribbean sea, 20 m. SW of the embouchure of the Rio Hacha. CAMARONES BAY, an extensive indentation of the E coast of Patagonia, in S lat. 44° 46', by which a river of the same name enters the Atlantic. CAMARONOS, a town of the island of Cuba, 125 m. ESE of Havanna, on a stream which falls into Jagua bay. CAMAROONS, or CAMAROENS, a river and bay of Africa, in the bight of Biafra.-Little is known of the river beyond its entrance, which exhibits an open space of 7 m. across, but includes the mouth of the Malembe, which branches off in a NE direction. All the country immediately bordering the river is low and marshy. In average breadth, as far as Captain Allen ascended, or for 50 m., it is 400 yards. Its depth, in the dry season, varies from 2 to 20 ft. Christians, and Mahommedans. The cap. is Sangara. CAMBAY, CAMBAUT, KAMBAYAH, or KAMBOJA, a city of Hindostan, in Guzerat, the seaport of Ahmedabad, in N lat. 22° 21', E long. 72° 48', situated about a league from the gulf of the same name, upon the N bank of the river Canari, Catari, or Mahi, 72 m. NNW of Surat. This city is enclosed with a strong wall, about 5 m. in circuit, in which there are 12 gates. The streets, which are very large, had separate gates at the entrance of each, and these were shut every night; but of these only a few remain. The houses, which are wellbuilt, are chiefly of stone, brick, or marble. The principal edifices of a public nature, are the durbar or nawab's palace, the chief mosque, a fine Hindu temple, three bazaars, and four tanks or cisterns by which the town is copiously supplied with water in dry seasons. But the fallen fortunes of this once-famous city are everywhere visible in its ruins and desolation. The sea formerly flowed up to the walls, and formed a commodious harbour; but it is now fully half-a-league from the town, and large vessels cannot approach nearer to it than within 3 or 4 leagues. This cause, together with the violence of the tides, which rise here 30 ft., and flow with immense velocity, and the numerous rocks in the gulf of C., have contributed to the decline of its commerce. C. was formerly one of the largest and richest cities of the East. It was called the Cairo of the Indies, on account of the extent of its commerce, its manufactures of silks, chintzes, and gold brocade, and the fertility of the adjacent territory, which produces grain, cotton, opium, indigo, and many other valuable articles of trade. Its port was frequented by merchant-vessels from every part of the East Indies, from Mozambique, Melinda, and from the Arabian and Persian gulfs. The principal articles exported from it were fine | CAMBAY (GULF OF), a deep indentation of the NW coast of Indía, extending from the S extremity of the peninsula of Guzerat, in N lat. 20° 40', to the above city,-a distance of 130 m. It is bounded by the coast of Guzerat on the W. and by that of Surat on the E. Near to the city of C. the tides run with extreme rapidity, nearly at the rate of 6 m. an hour: at high water rise 30 ft., and at low water leave the gulf dry for 7 leagues below the town. At 15 m. to the E of C., the breadth of the gulf is only 6 m. It is here also completely dry at ebb tide; but the bottom is covered with mud and quicksands, so as to render a passage across without a guide extremely dangerous. Both in the gulfs of Cutch and C., the bore or rush of the tide is nearly as rapid as that at the mouth of the Indus and Ganges. The depth of water in the gulf of C. is supposed to have been gradually diminishing for upwards of 200 years. The river Jumbaisir runs into the E side of the gulf, to the 8 of C.: on it stands a town of the same name. The Nerbudda also falls into this part of the gulf: on it stands the town of Baroach. The Cambay coast of the gulf is rather high. As we approach further to the S, to the channels in the N part of the gulf are liable to shift under the violence of the freshes. A number of small native boats of about 30 tons, rigged with a large shoulder-of-mutton shaped lateen, a small one aft, and a Jib, trade between this gulf and Bombay during eight months of the year; the violence of the SW monsoon prevents their putting to sea for the other four months. CAMBE (LA), a commune of France, in the dep. of Calvados, cant. of Isigny. Pop. 785. CAMBERFORD, a hamlet in the p. of Tamworth, Staffordshire. Pop. in 1841, 122. coast of Surat, the shores become more level. The sands and CAMBERNON, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Manche, cant. and 4 m. NE of Coutances, and 14 m. SW of Saint Lo. Pop. 1,446. three days by about 150,000 persons.-The Camberwell St. Giles' poor-law union comprehends the parish, embracing an area of 7 sq. m., with a pop. returned in 1831 at 28,231; in 1841, at 39,868. The average annual expenditure on the poor of this district during the three years preceding the formation of the union was £15,930. Expenditure in 1846-7, £16,582. CAMBES, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Gironde, cant. of Creon, on the r. bank of the Garonne, 9 m. SE of Bordeaux. The environs afford considerable quantities of wine. CAMBIL, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, prov. and 14 m. SSE of Jaen, and on the r. bank of the river of that name. CAMBING, an island of the Asiatic archipelago, in the Ombay Passage, to the N of the island of Timor, in N lat. 8° 15', E long. 125° 40'. It is about 30 m. in circumference. CAMBIO, a town of Piedmont, in the prov. of Lomellina, and 18 m. S of Mortara, near the 1. bank of the Po. Pop. 800. CAMBIR ISLAND, an island of the China sea, near the E coast of Cochin China, in N lat. 13° 30′, 16 m. SE of Port Qui-nhon. CAMBISES, or CARAGOUNIS, a nomade tribe who inhabit the range of the Pindus, on the confines of Trikali. CAMBLANES, a commune of France, in the dep. of Gironde, cant. of Creon, 8 m. SE of Bordeaux, near the r. bank of the Garonne. Pop. 859. CAMBELSFORTH, a township in the p. of Drax, W. R. of Yorkshire, between the Ouse and Aire, 3 m. N of Snaith. Area 1,970 acres. Pop. in 1841, 321. CAMBO, a township in the p. of Hartburn, Northumberland, 123 m. W of Morpeth. Pop. in 1841, 99. CAMBO, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Basses-Pyrenees, cant. of Espelette, 12 m. SSE of Bayonne, on the 1. bank of the Nive. Pop. 1,373. It contains thermal springs and baths. CAMBODIA, an extensive country in the penin-. sula beyond the Ganges, to the SE of Siam, respecting which we possess very little information. The Portuguese call it Camboja, pronounced Cambokha; the Dutch, Camboetsja, pronounced Cambootja; the French geographers write it Camboge, or Cambodje; and on our charts it is called Cambodia, which some consider a corruption of the Chinese name Kan-pouchi. It is called Kao-mien by the Tonquinese. This country comprises the S extremity of that long neck of land which lies between the two gulfs of Siam and Tonquin, forming what might be termed the rump of the Chinese empire. It is situated between 8° 47′ and 15° lat.; and is bounded by Laos on the N; by Cochin China and Siampa on the E; by the CAMBERWELL (ST. GILES), a parish of Surrey, Chinese sea on the SE; by the gulf of Siam on the including the hamlets of Dulwich and Peckham, and SW; and by the kingdom of Siam on the W. It is part of Norwood, in the E half-hund. of Brixton, 4 divided into three districts: viz., Northern C. or Pem. W of Greenwich. In 1619, Edward Alleyne kheng; Southern C. or Nan-kheng; and Cancao or founded and endowed Dulwich college in this parish; Pontiamo, forming the SW district. In general form the yearly income of which is now about £8,000. this country resembles Egypt, being a very large valThe village is delightfully situated; and the beauty ley forming the basin of the May-kiang river, from its of its environs has made it a favourite residence with mouth up to the parallel of 15° N.-This country the more wealthy citizens of the metropolis. The was at one time an independent state, governed by ancient part of the village is the green and its vici- its own princes; and is of higher antiquity than any nity; the more modern occupies the rising ground to of the surrounding states. In 1786 it was conquered the SE, and comprises the Grove, Champon, Den-by the Siamese. It is now in great part divided bemark, and Herne hills. C. is one of the pollingplaces for the members for the eastern division of Surrey. A fair is held here annually, in the month of August, which continues for three days. By the more sober and respectable part of the inhabitants it is generally regarded as a nuisance; but being at once a manorial right, and a source of emolument, all attempts to suppress it have hitherto proved ineffectual. In 1839, this fair was attended during the tween the Siamese and the Cochin-Chinese, and is the cause of much hostility between the two countries. Its king seems to owe any independence he may possess to the mutual jealousy of his two powerful neighbours. Physical features.] The frontiers towards Laos form a natural barrier. High mountains rise towards the E extremity of this line, and run S towards the sea. The Tchampawa chain runs from NE to SW, and terminates on the banks of the Mei nam, Meinam-kom, May-kiang, or Cambodia river, | and Malays, are settled in the country. These which runs from N to S, and divides itself into a last are scarcely distinguishable from the natives number of arms before reaching the sea, so as to form in features and complexion. Some of the young several large islands at its mouth. This noble stream native females are handsome and beautiful before is the largest of all those that water the Indo-Chinese their teeth, tongue, gums, and lips, are stained with territories, being the lower course of the river of the favourite masticatory compound of lime, betel, Laos, the Kiou-long-keaung of Yunnan, and the and areca; but from this practice, and their general Matchu of Tibet. Before it has reached the ca-dirty habits, at thirty they are objects of disgust, and at pital of Laos, it has already run 1,200 m. of a di- forty absolutely hideous. Like the Japanese ladies, rect course, but has 600 m. more to run ere it mingle they wear a number of long robes of different colours, its waters with those of the sea. Not far below its one over the other; the upper one being always entrance into C. it begins to send off branches. One shorter than the one immediately beneath it. They of these, after passing Lowaik, rejoins the May-kiang all profess Buddhism.-The language of C. is harsher 36 m. below. It has two main deltoid branches, the than the Siamese, and differs materially from it. It W called the Bassak channel, and the E called the is at the same time more copious; and its literature river of Japan: these two branches are themselves sub-is rather extensive. Dr. Gutzlaff says he has seen a divided into other minor branches. The mouth of the geographical work in the language of this country, Bassak is, according to Captain Hamilton, very deep: written some centuries ago, and more correct in its the shallowest part of the channel being 4 fath., and details than Chinese works of the same class. deepening within to 20 fath. in some places. The N entrance, the Japan river, 10 leagues distant, is broader, but much shallower and little frequented. It was up the Don-nai branch of the Japan river that White sailed to Saigon, and found it to preserve a mean depth of from 8 to 15 fath. all the way, having seldom less than 3 fath. to the very banks. It is in fact one of the finest navigable rivers anywhere to be found. The valley, watered and annually inundated by the C. river, is highly fertile. On the borders of the inundated territory a tract of desert land begins, and seems to extend a great way to the E. The coast of C. is generally low, sandy, covered with coppice-wood, and washed by a very shallow sea. A great part of the country is covered with one impenetrable forest of ancient trees, where no voice is heard but that of birds and beasts, and not an inch of cultivated ground is visible. Cities.] At the distance of 60 m. from the mouth of the Don-nai-which is certainly a branch of the Cambodia-stands the city of Saigon, called by the natives Luknui. The intermediate country is a dead flat of alluvial soil, thickly covered to the water's edge with mangroves and other trees, and resembling, in all respects, the sunderbunds of the Ganges. On the seventh day of his tedious navigation, Captain White says, a few scattered cottages and patches of cultivated ground began to make their appearance; these were succeeded by groves of cocoa-nut trees, herds of buffaloes, fishing-boats, and a distant forest of masts indicating their approach to the city. The American expedition landed at the great bazaar, or market-place, which they observed to be well-stocked with a variety of fruits and provisions, exposed for sale mostly by females; and progressed along a wide and regular but filthy street towards the citadel, a Climate and productions.] Captain White informs large quadrilateral area enclosed by walls of brick us that the climate of C. is as fine as that of any and earth, about 20 ft. high, and of immense thickother country within the torrid zone; the periodical ness. Within this enclosure are the viceroy's palace winds passing over and refreshing every part of it. and very spacious barracks. In the naval arsenal, The therm. in the month of October ranged from 80° situated on the banks of a deep creek, Captain to 85 in the shade at Saigon, and the rains were White saw 150 gallies of most beautiful construcheavy and almost constant.-From the mountains tion, mounting from 4 to 16 small brass guns, hauled the natives procure gold, copper, silver, and iron; up under sheds. On the W side of the city was a and from the forests a great variety of valuable drugs, canal, just finished, 23 m. in length, 80 ft. wide, and and of woods for building and for dyeing; of the Iat- 12 ft. deep, which had been cut through immense ter the Cambogia guttifera is well-known in com- forests and morasses, and completed in the short merce. Among the productions of the soil are rice space of six weeks. It connects the Donna with of six different kinds, sugar, pepper, sago, cassia, the great river of C.; 26,000 men were employed cinnamon, areca, betel, tobacco, cotton, raw silk, in-night and day, by turns, in this stupendous underdigo, and many other articles well-adapted for a fo- taking; and 7,000 lives sacrificed by fatigue and reign market. Arrack is the common beverage of consequent disease. Close to the city, and near the the country. Antelopes of various kinds, deer, and bank of the river, was a long range of rice-magahares, abound on the hills; peacocks, pheasants, andzines, which is a royal monopoly, and can only be partridges are plentiful; and water-fowls of all kinds exported by special permission. A number of temswarm in the creeks and rivers. Elephants, rhino- ples, similar to Chinese pagodas, and dedicated to ceroses, and tigers, abound in the woods, and are Boudh and his subordinate deities, are scattered hunted for their ivory, horns, and skins. The horn over the city. The streets generally intersect each of the rhinoceros is a royal monopoly, and is greatly other at right angles, and some of them are described prized by the Chinese; the test of its goodness is re- as very spacious; some of the houses are of brick ported to be the strength of the noise heard when covered with tiles, but the greater part of wood the concave root is applied to the ear, as shells are thatched with palm-leaves or rice-straw. White inby children to hear if the tide be coming in.' Sev-forms us, on the authority of a missionary, confirmed eral ineffectual attempts have been made by different European nations to open up a commerce with this country. See articles KAMPOT and UDONG. by that of the viceroy, that Saigon contains 180,000 inhabitants, of whom about 10,000 are Chinese. This place carries on a brisk trade both with SingaPopulation.] The pop. of C. certainly amounts to pore and the N ports of China, principally in betelat least 1,000,000; but we have no means of approach- nut and silk.-When Haginaar, Wusthof, and Haing to accuracy in our estimate of it. In their dress milton wrote, Lowaik was the capital of Cambodia. and manners the C. imitate the Chinese. They are, The city is situated 300 m. up the river; not on the according to Gutzlaff, "a cringing, coarse people, river itself, but on a branch of it called Sistor, which, narrow-minded, insolent, and officious as circum- 36 m. below, rejoins the main stream. It is 40 stances may allow." Rice and dried fish consti-leagues S of the frontiers of Laos, and 60 leagues E tute their chief food. Many Japanese, Chinese, of the gulf of Siam. All the houses are built con tiguous, and the whole enclosed with double rows of trees and walks between. The inhabitants were estimated at 30,000 souls, and were composed of Japanese, Portuguese, Cochin-Chinese, Malays, and Cambodians. According to Van Wusthof, there is a city on the great river which he passed by on his voyage from Lowaik to Winkjan, called Huysoun, noted for the beauty of its silk manufactures; and beyond it is Munkok, a large commercial city on the frontiers of Laos, being the mart where the Laojans and Cambodians meet to exchange their several commodities. The coast of C. is said to possess some very fine ports, amongst which is Chantibun tributary to Siam, and containing 30,000 inhabitants, and Kangkao, belonging to Cochin-China. Chantibun exports pepper, rice, and betel-nut to Canton; | and some of the ports trade with Singapore. From Kamao, situated at the S extremity of C., to Cape Liant, the coast is bordered with an archipelago of beautiful islands inhabited by Cochin-Chinese, Chinese, and Cambodians. CAMBON, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Loire Inferieure, cant. of and 4 m. from Savenay. Pop. 4,930. Scheldt here, joins the Oise at Chauny.-C., the Camaracum of the Romans, is of great antiquity. It became in the middle ages the cap. of the premier bishop of the same name. In 1544 it was taken by Charles V., and in 1595 by Spain; but it was regained by France in 1667. It was taken by the English on 24th June, 1815. CAMBREA, a town of Senegambia, in the district of Segalia, on the Bentala river, 100 m. NW of Timbo. It is inhabited by Serracolets, and possesses a considerable transit trade. CAMBREMBO, a town of Piedmont, at the head of the valley of Brembana, 13 m. NNE of La Piazza. CAMBREMER, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Calvados, arrond. of Pontl'Evêque. The cant. comprises 31 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 8,214.-The town is 13 m. SW of Pont-l'Evêque. Pop. 1,252. - CAMBRES (LES), a hamlet of France, in the dep. of Seine-Inferieure, cant. of Cleres, and com. of Anceaumeville. Pop. 56. CAMBRE'SIS, an ancient county of France, containing an area of 96,985 hectares, in the prov. of Flanders, now comprised in the dep. of the Nord. CAMBORNE, a parish and market-town in Corn-Its chief towns were Cambray, the cap.; and Cateauwall, 9 m. NW of Penryn, intersected by the Red- Cambrésis. It was ceded to France by the treaty of ruth railway. The town is situated in the centre of Nimèguen in 1678. an extensive mining district in which copper, tin, and lead are wrought. The Dalcoath copper-mine in this p. has been sunk to the depth of 1,000 ft., and sometimes affords employment to 1,000 hands. Pop. in 1801, 4,811; in 1831, 7,699; in 1841, 10,061. Area of p. 6,900 acres. CAMBOULAS, a village of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, cant. of Pont-de-Sallars. Pop. 260. CAMBOUNES, a commune of France, in the dep. of Tarn, cant. of Brassac, 12 m. E of Castres. Pop. 1,683. It has some woollen manufactories. CAMBOYA, a river of New Grenada, which falls into the Napo, 85 m. WNW of the confluence of that river with the Amazon. CAMBRAY, or CAMBRAI, an arrondissement, canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Nord. The arrond. comprises an area of 89,260 hectares; and contains 6 cant., viz., Cambrai, Carnières, Cateau, Clary, Marcoing, and Solesme. Pop. in 1831, 152,444; in 1836, 157,362; in 1846, 174,094. -The cant. comprises 31 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 38,987.-The town is situated on the r. bank of the Schelde, at the mouth of the Saint Quentin canal, at an alt. of 226 ft. above sea-level, 12 m. ESE of Douay, and 34 m. SSE of Lille; in 50° 10′ 39′′ N lat. Pop. in 1789, 15,340; in 1821, 17,085; in 1836, 17,846; in 1846, 18,308. This town, the seat of an archbishopric, is large and well-fortified, and contains several fine streets and edifices, and a handsome parade. The citadel occupies a commanding situation, and is esteemed one of the strongest in Europe. The old cathedral, of considerable antiquity, and which contained the tomb of the celebrated Fenelon, was destroyed in 1793. There are a communal college, an episcopal palace, a town-house, a library of 27,000 vols., and a theatre in the place. The bishop of C. is a suffragan of Paris, and has for his diocese the dep. of Nord. This town is celebrated for its manufactures of linen and cambric; and possesses also extensive cotton and linen yarn spinning mills, manufactories of tulle, lace, calicoes, and other cotton fabrics, hosiery, black soap, sugar from beet-root, and oil, salt refineries, tanneries, bleacheries, and numerous breweries. Its commerce, which is extremely active, consists in articles of local manufacture, grain, seed, hops, butter, lint, wool, and coal. It is much promoted by the canal of St. Quentin, which, issuing out of the CAMBRIA, a county in the state of Pennsylvania, U. S., situated in a valley between the main branch of the Alleghany mountains and Laurel Ridge, comprising a superficies of 720 sq. m., drained by the head-waters of the Kiskiminitas, or Connemaugh, and W branch of the Susquehanna rivers. It is hilly but moderately fertile. Pop. in 1830, 7,076; in 1840, 11,256.-Also a township of Niagara co., in the state of New York, 283 m. NW of Albany. Its surface is generally level, and its soil consists of a compound of sand and calcareous loam. Pop. in 1840, 2,090.-Also a township of Cambria co., in the state of Pennsylvania. It presents a hilly surface, and is drained by Black Lich creek and the N branch of Little Connemaugh river. Its soil consists of sandy clay. Pop. 1,156. In this township is Ebensburg, the cap. of the co. CAMBRIDGE, the county-town of Cambridgeshire, is locally situated in the hund. of Flendish, but possesses separate jurisdiction; 50 m. N by E of London; 57 m. by railway; 243 m. from Ely by railway; and 50 m. from Norwich. The borough extends about 3 m. 1 furlong from E to W, and has an average breadth of 14 m., comprising an area of 3,194 acres, 2 roods. The town derives its modern name from the river Cam, by which it is divided into two unequal parts. It was the Grantan bryege or Grante-brige of the Saxon Chronicle, signifying the bridge over the Granta,' the ancient name of the river Cam. "It once extended," says Carter, "from the castle of Grandchester-now a small village 2 m. SW of the town-to the castle of Chesterton, 3 m. along the W bank of the river Cam; but we have nothing remaining of that ancient city, except the village of Grandchester, and the parishes of St. Giles and St. Peter, now part of modern C., being the two extremities of that ancient city." "The site of the Roman Granta," says Dr. Stukeley, "is very traceable on the side of C. towards the castle, on the NW side of the river." The approach is by no means striking; and the town owes its picturesque attractions entirely to the magnitude and beauty of the buildings belonging to the university, with the extensive walks and gardens attached to them. The town is situated nearly in the middle of the borough, occupying about one-fifth of the whole space. The Cam flows through the town, entering on the S side, and pursuing a northerly direction, along the back of the colleges, on the W side of the town, to its northern extremity, where it turns to the E, and thence forms the boundary of the borongh to the NE corner. Two principal roads enter the borough, on the south side, from London,-one by way of Royston, the other by way of Chesterford, and after uniting in Bridge-street, proceed across the Cam to Huntingdon. A road from Newmarket enters the borough on the E, and passes through Barnwell to the northern part of the town. The principal lines of streets are those of the two first-mentioned roads. Nearly all the colleges and grounds are on the W side of the town. The streets are generally narrow and winding, and the houses irregularly built; but Bridge-street, St. Andrew's, and Trompington streets, are broad, airy, and pleasant, and the whole town is well-paved, and lighted with gas.-C. possesses no manufactures; but by the Cam, which is navigable up to the town, a considerable trade is carried on with the port of Lynn. The commodities forming the staple of this traffic are corn, coal, timber, and iron; the warehouses for which are situated on the banks of the river, at the two extreme ends of the town. Great quantities of oil, pressed from flax, hemp, and cole seed, at the numerous mills in the isle of Ely, are brought up the river; and large cargoes of butter are, by the same means, conveyed hither weekly from Norfolk and the isle of Ely to be forwarded by the waggons to London. The principal market-place, consisting of two oblong squares, is spacious and centrically situated. Cambridge has two fairs; one for horses, cattle, timber, and pottery, beginning on the 24th of Jane, and continuing for a week. The other, called Stourbridge or Sturbitch fair, was anciently one of the most celebrated and best frequented in the kingdom. It commences on the 18th of September, and continues for fourteen days. The staple commodities are leather, timber, cheese, hops, wool, hardware, and cattle. Municipal government and franchise.] Though a borough by prescription, C. was not incorporated till the early part of the reign of Henry I. By the municipal act of 1835 the government of the town is vested in a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors. The same act divided the town into five wards; and assigned to it a commission of the peace. A new county court has recently been erected in the mixed Italian and Palladian style. The façade, 102 ft. in length, projects before a wider and loftier mass in the rear, containing the two court-rooms.-The borough has returned two members to parliament ever since the 23d of Edward I. The elective franchise was formerly vested with the freemen not receiving alms, in number somewhat below 200, and of whom more than the half were non-resident. The number of electors in 1847 was 1,946. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY is a society of students in all the liberal arts and sciences, incorporated by the name of 'the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge,' and formed by the union of 13 colleges, and 4 halls possessing equal privileges with the colleges. It is situated in the county-town of C. over which it possesses both a special and a concurrent jurisdiction. The revenues of this university were estimated in 1835 as follows: Heads of houses, 17 in number, £12,650; 431 fellows whose revenue is £90,330; 793 scholarships with £13,390; 179 college-officers with £17,750; 252 prizes of the value of £1,038; 501 benefices and incumbents with £93,300; rent of rooms, £15,680; and college-revenues, £133,268. History.] The honour of having laid the foundation of this most splendid establishment, seems due to Sigebert, king of the East Angles, who, according to Bede, with the advice of Bishop Felix, in the early half of the 7th cent, established in his own dominions a school in imitation of certain institutions for education which he had seen in France. This school is supposed to have been set up at C. Edward the Elder, according to the chronicle of Hyde abbey, erected halls for the students; but a regular system of academical education seems to have been first introduced at C. in the early part of the 12th cent. Edward III., in 1333, granted most important privileges to the university, making its authority paramount to that of the borough. In 1534, the university renounced the supremacy of the Pope, and in the following year resigned all its charters to the king, who soon after restored them, and reinstated the university in its privileges. The following account of this celebrated seat of learning is compiled chiefly from Dyer's History, and the University Calendar. Government.] Of the 17 colleges, or halls, or societies, which form the university of Cambridge, each is a body corporate, and ruled by its own particular statutes; but each is also subject to general laws which regulate the practice of the confederated body as a university. Each of the 17 departments, so to speak, of this literary union, has its allotted share in the general administration; each, through its individual members, deliberating upon, rejecting, or decreeing laws in the senate, and enforcing them through the executive branches of its government.--The senate takes cognizance of the whole business of the university. Here the office-bearers are elected; and without a grace passing through of arts and the doctors in divinity, civil law, and physic, having it, no degree can be granted. It is composed of all the masters their names upon the college-boards, holding any university of fice or resident in the town, the whole amounting to nearly 2,000. The senate is divided into two classes, or houses,-masters of arts of less than five years' standing, and doctors of less than two, compose the regent, or upper house,--the remainder constitute the non-regent, or lower house. The latter wear black silk hoods, the former hoods lined with white silk. Hence they are also denominated the white-hood house and the black-hood house. Doctors of more than two years' standing, and the orator of the university, are privileged to vote with either of the houses they think proper. The right of electing the two members of parliament is vested in the doctors and masters of arts who have their names on the boards of their respective colleges. The returning officer is the vice-chancellor.-Besides the two houses of the senate, a council called the caput is chosen annually, by which every university grace must be unanimously approved before it can be introduced to the senate. It consists of the vice chancellor, a doctor of each faculty-law, physic, and theology-a regent, and a non-regent master of arts. A meeting of the senate is called a congregation. A list of the days on which congregations are to be held for transacting university business, is published by the vice-chancellor a few days before the commencing of each term. These days occur generally once a-fortnight; but the vicechancellor can convene the senate when he pleases; and any member not below five-and-twenty, with the proper officers or their legal deputies, may transact whatever business is brought before them. Meetings are enjoined by the statutes on certain days, and a congregation may be held at any time when forty members can be convened. chancellor, a high steward, a vice-chancellor, a commissary, a public The executive administration of the university is committed to a orator, an assessor, two proctors, two pro-proctors, two moderators, a registrar, two taxors, two scrutators, classical examiners, syndics, marshal, three esquire bedells, yeoman bedell, university printer, library keeper, under library keeper, school keeper, &c.--The chancellor is the head of the whole university, and presides over all cases relative to that body. The office is biennial, but tenable for life, if the university chooses tacitly so to allow.-The vice-chancellor, in the absence of the chancellor, is governor of the university according to the statutes. He possesses magistratical authority both in the university and the county; and he must be the head of some college.-The moderators, nominated by the proctors, and appointed by a grace of the senate, act as substitutes for the proctors in the philosophical schools, and are generally deputed to officiate for the proctors in their absence.-The registrar, elected by the senate, attends personally, or by deputy, all congregations, to give requisite directions for the due form of such graces as are to be propounded, to receive them when they have passed both houses, and to register them in the records.-The scrutators -who are non-regents, and chosen by the non-regents only--attend all congregations to read the graces in the lower house, to gather the votes, and publicly to pronounce the assent or dissent of that house.-Classical examiners are nominated by the several colleges. Their business is sufficiently indicated by their official appellative. Syndics are members of the senate chosen to transact special affairs relating to the university, such as the framing of laws, regulating fees, inspecting buildings, &c |