of Montpelier, and 20 m. SE of Burlington. height is 4,188 ft. above sea-level.

Its | prov. of Para, on the 1. bank of the Tocantins, 26 leagues SE of Belem. Pop. of the com. 20,000; of the town 2,500. The district and adjacent region is chiefly devoted to the cultivation of cacao.

m.

CAMEL-WEST, a parish of Somerset, 3
ENE of Ilchester, on the Yeo. Area 2,100 acres.
Pop. in 1841, 344.

CAMEN, or KAMEN, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, regency of Arnsberg, circle and 9 m. SW of Hamm, on the Sesike.

CAMENITZA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, in the pash. and 25 m. SW of Ochrida, on the W side of Lake Malik.

CAMENO, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, prov. and 23 m. NE of Burgos, and 2 m. E of Briviesca, near the r. bank of the Oca.

CAMENS, CAMENZ, or CAMNETZ, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, regency and 45 m. SSW of Breslan, circle and 7 m. SE of Frankenstein, on the Neisse river.

CAMERA DE LOBOS, a village in the island of Madeira, 5 m. W of Funchal, interesting as the spot where the Portuguese first landed in 1420. The sides of the adjacent mountains are covered with quiatas and vineyards. To the W, Cape Giram, a magnificent headland, rises to an alt. of 2,185 ft.

CAMERE, or CAMERI, a town of Piedmont, in the prov. and 4 m. NNÉ of Novara, between the Tessino and Terdoppio. Pop. 3,000. It contains several churches, and possesses some manufactories of linen and damask.

CAMERINGHAM, a parish of Lincolnshire, 7 m. NNW of Lincoln, near the post-road. Area 4,450. Pop. in 1841, 139.

CAMETOURS, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Manche, cant. of Cerisy-la-Salle, 8 m. E of Coutances. Pop. 1,264.

CAMIGLIANO, a parish and village 10 m. NE of Lucca. Pop. 1,108. It contains a fine villa belonging to the marquis of Torrigiani.

CAMIGUAN, an island of the Asiatic archipelago, in the Babuyane group, to the N of the island of Luzon, in N lat. 19°, and E long. 121° 50', It is about 10 m. in length, and 4 in average breadth, and is generally hilly. It possesses a considerable trade in gold, wax, cocoa-nuts, and cassia.

CAMILLUS, a township of Onondaga co., in the state of New York, U. S., 7 m. W of Syracuse, and 139 m. WNW of Albany. It possesses a hilly surface, drained by Nine Mile creek, and is intersected by the Erie canal. The soil consists of calcareous loam. Pop. in 1840, 3,957.

CAMILPAND, a town of Hindostan, in the Northern Circars district, and 45 m. SE of Guntoor. CAMINHA, a town of Portugal, in the prov. of Minho, comarca and 20 m. SW of Valenca, and 30 m. NW of Braga, near the embouchure of the Minho, and at the confluence of the Couro with that river. Pop. 2,000. It has a port defended by a strong fort, and contains 2 churches, 3 convents, and several hospitals and alms-houses. There are several saltworks in the vicinity.

m. above its entrance into the Pacific. The pop. is chiefly Indian. Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and other vegetables, are cultivated in the environs.

CAMINO (MIERES DEL), a town of Spain, in Asturias, in the prov. and 8 m. SSE of Oviedo, near the r. bank of the Caudal.

CAMIRA, an island of the North Pacific, in N lat. 21° 30', and E long. 160°.

CAMERINO, a delegation, district, and town of CAMINA, a town of Peru, in the prov. of Arethe States-of-the-Church. The delegation, compris-quipa, 60 m. NNE of Tarapaca, on a small river, 30 ing a superficies of 811,847 sq. tavole, is situated on the eastern side of the Appenines, by which it is separated on the S and SW from the del. of Spoleto and Perouse. Pop. in 1833, 36,592. It is watered by the Tenna, Chiente, Potenza, and several other rivers; and is generally fertile and salubrious. The town is situated on a hill, 90 m. NNE of Rome, and 43 m. SSW of Ancona. It is the seat of the archbishopric of Camerino-e-Treja, and contains a fine cathedral adorned with several works of the old masters, an archiepiscopal palace, a university, and numerous monasteries and convents. It possesses several silk manufactories, and tanneries, and two annual fairs. -Also a river of Sicily, in the prov. of Syracuse, dist. of Modica, which takes its rise near Mortello, runs W, then S, and falls into the Mediterranean, 2 m. SE of Scoglietti, after a sinuous course of about

33 m.
CAMERON, a parish and village in the St. An-
drews district of Fife. Area of p., 7,300 Scotch acres,
of which nearly 4.700 are under tillage. The v. is
about 4 m. SW of St. Andrews. Pop. in 1801, 1,095;
in 1831, 1,207; in 1841, 1,167.

CAMERON, a township of Steuben co., in the state of New York, U. S., 7 m. S of Bath. It possesses a hilly surface, and is watered by Canisteo river. The soil, consisting of calcareous loam and clay, is generally fertile. Pop. in 1840, 1,359.

CAMEROON. See CAMAROON.

CAMEROTA, a town of Naples, cap. of a circondaria, in the prov. of Principato Citra, dist. and 15 m. SSE of Il Vallo, on a small stream about 4 m. from the coast of the Mediterranean.

CAMERTON, a parish of Somerset, 63 m. SW of Bath, intersected by the Somerset coal canal. Area 2,020 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,647.

CAMIRO, a town of the island of Rhodes, situated on the E coast, on the S side of Malona bay, 20 m. SSW of Rhodes. Considerable ruins of the ancient town of Camirus still exist in the locality.

CAMISANO, a town of Venetian Lombardy, in the gov. of Milan, delegation of Lodi and Crema, 3 m. NW of Crema. Pop. 2,500. It contains a massive tower of great antiquity, and a castle of Gothic architecture. Also a town in the del. and 8 m. ESE of Vicenza. Pop. 4,000.

CAMLAPUR, a town of Hindostan, in the prov. of Bijapur, near the 1. bank of the Tungabudra, 3 m. SW of Anagundy. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient city of Bijanagur, the ruins of which still exist in the locality. About 2 m. to the S is a fortified pass which formed the barrier of B. In the vicinity are a mud fort, with a ditch and glacis, now falling into decay, and two magnificent Hindu temples.

CAMLEZ, a commune of France, in the dep. of Cotes-de-Nord, cant. of Treguier. Pop. 1,108.

CAMLIN, a river of co. Longford, rising in two head-streams on the skirts of the Clonhugh mountains, which flow to a confluence in a small lake, 1 m. m. NNE of St. Johnstown. The united stream, issuing from the lake, flows 8 m. SW to Longford, and 3 m. W by N to the Shannon at Richmond harbour.

CAMES FORT, a fort of Peru, in the prov. and CAMLIN, or CRUMLIN, a parish 1 m. N of 40 m. E of Jauja, or Xauxa, on an affluent of the Glenavy, in co. Antrim. Area 6,417 acres. Pop. Mantaro, 80 m. WNW of the junction of the latter 2,157.-Also a rivulet of co. Antrim, rising on the with the Apurimac. W side of Devis mountain, and flowing about 7 or 8 CAMETA', a comarca and town of Brazil, in them. W to the E side of Lough Neagh.

CAMLOUGH, a lake and rivulet of co. Armagh, The lake lies near the N base of Slievegullion, 34 m. W of Newry. The rivulet issues from the lake, and has a course of 4 m. NE to the Newry canal. CAMMA, a parish 8 m. NNW of the town of Athlone, co. Roscommon. Area 12,403 acres. Pop. 3,830.

CAMMA, a district of Lower Guinea, to the NNW of Loango. It stretches along the coast of the Atlantic; and is watered by a small river of the same name, at the mouth of which is the port of St. Catherine. It produces little of commercial import

ance.

CAMMARATA, a town of Sicily, cap. of a circondario, in the prov. and 27 m. NÑE of Girgenti, dist. and 12 m. E of Bivona. Pop. 5,133. Jasper and agate are found in the environs.

CAMMERSWALDAU, or KUMMERSWALD, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, regency of Liegnitz, circle and 7 m. S of Shönau. Pop. 1,157. It possesses manufactories of linen, and bleacheries.-In the vicinity is the great cavern of Kuzelloch.

CAMMERTON, a parish and township of Cumberland, 3 m. ENE of Workington, on the Derwent, near St. George's channel. Area 2,880 acres. Pop. in 1841, 941; of township, 154.

CAMMIN, or CAMERON, a rivulet of co. Tyrone, which rises close on the mountain water-shed between Tyrone and Fermanagh, 54 m. W of Clogher; flows 11 m. N to Omagh; and then runs 13 m. NW to a confluence with the Poe, and the formation of the Strule river.

CAMMINITZ, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, regency of Oppeln, circle and 16 m. ESE of Lublinitz. Pop. 293. It possesses some iron-works.

CAMOCHEIRO, a town of New Granada, in Assuay, on the S bank of the Amazon, 60 m. WNW of Tabatinga.

CAMOGHE, a mountain of Switzerland, in the cant. of Tessin, at the head of the Val d'Agno, on the confines of Venetian Lombardy, 11 m. ESE of Bellinzona. Alt. 9,288 ft. above sea-level. It rises in a pyramidal form above all the surrounding summits, commanding a magnificent view of the adjacent Alps and into Lombardy. Several of the smaller affluents of the lakes Maggiore and Como take their rise in this mountain.

try. This valley is one of the principal routes of communication between Italy and Tyrol. Its ancient inhabitants were named Camuni.

CAMORA, a town of Portugal, in the prov. of Estremadura, comarca of Setuval, on the 1. bank of the Tagus, at the confluence of the Almansor, 20 m. NE of Lisbon.

CAMORAN, or CAMARAN, an island in the Red sea, opposite Massena on the Abyssinian coast, 200 m. from Mocha, and 835 m. from Bombay. It is 11 m. in length, and from 2 m. to 4 m. broad; and presents an excellent harbour, with a narrow entrance but safe anchorage, near its SE extremity. Its pop. is from 100 to 200, chiefly fishermen, who find employment on the pearl-banks and turtle-islands in its neighbourhood.

CAMORIN, or JACARE PAGUA', a lake of Brazil, in the prov. of Rio Janeiro, 12 m. SW of that city. It is a brackish mere, surrounded by thickets of mangroves and marsh-plants; and discharges its waters into the sea by a small stream.

CAMORS, a commune of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, cant. of Pluvigner, 20 m. ENE of Lorient, Pop. 1,832.

ČAMORTA, or NICAVARI, an island in the bay of Bengal, in the Nicobar group, in N lat. 8° 7', É long. 93° 45'. It is about 32 m. in length, and 6 m. in breadth, and rises to a considerable height. It is covered with thick forests, and has a good harbour, enclosed on the S and SE by the island of Noncowery. A settlement was formed on this island at an early period by the Danes; and in 1778 an attempt at its colonization was made by the Austrians. In 1785 the former removed to Noncowery.

CAMORUPIM, a lake of Brazil, in the prov. of Ceará, at the foot of the Serra Hibiappaba. It supplies a small canal communicating with the sea.

CAMOSACK, or CAMMUSAN, a port in the S end of Vancouver's island, near which the Hudson's Bay company have their principal station on the island, called Fort Victoria. As a harbour, it is said to be safe and accessible, and well calculated to become a desirable port-of-refuge and refreshment for vessels frequenting those seas. There is abundance of valuable oak and pine timber; and the tide rushes through a narrow channel communicating with the harbour with a degree of force capable of driving powerful machinery. Unlike other parts of the coast, there is in the neighbourhood a range of plains nearly 6 m. square, containing a great extent of valuable tillage and pasture land, equally well adapted for the plough or for feeding stock. The soil of the best land is a dark vegetable-mould about 12 inches in depth, overCAMOLIN, a small post-town in the parish of laying a substratum of greyish clayey loam, and proTomb, co. Wexford, on the river Bann, 5 m. SWducing abundance of grass and several luxuriant vaof Gorey. Pop. in 1831, 639; in 1841, 561.

CAMOGLI, a village and port in the prov. of Genoa, in the vicinity of the town and on the gulf of that name.

CAMOLALO, & town of Mexico, in the province of Sonora, 70 m. SSE of Sinaloa, and 60 m. W of Culiacan.

CAMOL POINT, a headland of Nubia, on the Red sea, in N lat. 22° 48'.

CAMON, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Somme, cant. of Amiens. Pop. 1,409.

CAMONDES, a village of Spain, in Galicia, in the prov. and 20 m. ESE of Vigo, near Puente Areas. It has some mineral springs.

rieties of red clover. The climate is mild, pleasant, and salubrious, and apparently such as to favour the growth of every kind of grain raised in England, the results of the farming at the Hudson's Bay company's station, Fort Victoria, having hitherto realised the most sanguine expectations. In Upper California the fogs occasionally blight and deteriorate the crops near the sea-coast, but at Vancouver's island CAMONICA (VAL), a district of Venetian Lom- no destructive local influences have yet been ascerbardy, in the gov. of Milan, prov. of Bergamo, stretch-tained. Potatoes flourish and grow to a large size, ing SSW to Lake Iseo, between two branches of the Rhætian Alps, and forming the upper basin of the Oglio. Its length is about 40 m., and the number of its inhabitants is estimated at 50,000. It is generally well-cultivated; and produces wheat, maize, rye, barley, chestnuts, wine, and timber. It contains iron in great abundance; and affords also copper, lead, pyrites, vitriol, &c., marble of different colours, lime, gypsum, and slate. The rearing of cattle and silk-worms forms an important branch of local indus

and the Indians have many fields in cultivation. Fish, especially salmon and sturgeon, and venison, abound, and domestic cattle also thrive. The port of C. is nearer the fishing-grounds than either California or the Sandwich islands, and it is therefore calculated that an advantageous business might be carried on by supplying whale-ships with clothing, stores, and refreshments. Fort Victoria is a square enclosure of 100 yards surrounded by pickets 20 ft. in height, and having two octagonal bastions cach

forms the small Solfatara lake. The reeds and other plants growing on this lake are so incrusted with calcareous depositions, that they have the appearance of stone; and islands of a considerable size, formed by them, float about the lake, and are capa ble of carrying several people at a time. The stream issuing from this lake has the same property, and continues to smoke till it joins the Anio or Teverone. The Anio possesses a similar property of forming calcareous depositions of every shade, from the brilliant crystallizations which are called confetti di Tivoli, to the darker concretions which have incrusted a forest very near Rome. Near Subiaco the minutest insects, and the leaves of the vine, are distinctly seen in these incrustations. After the Anio has passed the cascades of Tivoli, it forms, by depositions in the great plain, those immense beds of travertino, of which St. Peter's, a part of the Colliseum, and all the other public edifices in Rome are built. Emanations of gas, sulphureous vapours, and sublimations of sulphur, are of common occurrence throughout the C.

canic matter in a state of higher induration. These hills are pierced in every direction by caverns; and M. Bonstetten, who examined this part of Italy with the greatest care, affirms that he never could find a rock without numerous excavations. Many of these caverns, which were inhabited by robbers, have been shut up by the police; others have been concealed by the falling of the earth. The highest eminence in the C. is Monte Albano, or Monte Cavo, about leagues from Rome, which rises 2,920 ft.; or according to a writer in the Edin. Phil. Journ., [vol. xiv., p. 22,] 3,160 ft. above the level of the sea. It is united at its base, on one side, to the Maschio d'Arriano, or Mons Algidus of the ancients, and on the other, to Monte Velletri; and forms an immense insulated mass, situated on an extensive plain, and almost at an equal distance from the sea and the calcareous mountains of Sabina. Mount Soracte, an enormous mass of calcareous rock resting upon a base of tufa, about 8 leagues NE of Rome, is completely isolated, and rises to the height of about 2,270 ft. The next principal eminence in the C. is the Villa Millini, which is placed on the summit of Monte Mario, about half-a-league to the NE of Rome. Its height above the level of the sea is 468 ft.; and 446 ft. above that of the Tiber at Rome; and as it occupies the centre of the great plain, it commands a most extensive view of this portion of the C. The rock of which it consists is filled with shells, but is slightly indurated, and the base of the hill rests on volcanic matter. The volcanic ejections which cover the C. seem to have had their principal direction from N to S, since Monte Cavo, the high-cording to which the landlord supplies capital, and the est elevation, is entirely enveloped; while the Villa Millini is scarcely covered; and on the calcareous hills to the E the volcanic soil terminates at the height of 30 or 40 toises above the plain. A ridge of hills raised about 300 or 400 ft. above the level of the sea, stretch in a direction parallel to the coast, from the Tiber to Torre St. Lorenzo, beyond Ardea. | The tongue of land which lies between this range and the sea is entirely formed by the alluvium of the Tiber and of the sea, which throws back upon the land the sand carried down by the river. Though different travellers have pointed out craters in various parts of the C., there appear to be only three which are characterised with sufficient distinctness. The first of these is the famous Lacus Regillus, near Frascati, which is about a quarter of a league in diameter; but has been drained by means of canals. It is placed at the bottom of an inverted cone of hard black lava, from 40 to 60 ft. high, which is entirely open on the side of the road where the lake is level with the plain. This crater is not, like those of Albano and Nemi, covered with volcanic ejections which take from it the regu-height, and is used for various purposes. The stalks lar form of an inverted cone; but the lava is almost completely uncovered in its upper part. The two other craters of Albano and Nemi are about 400 or 500 ft. higher than that of the lake Regillus; and are covered with volcanic ejections several hundred feet in height, which prolong the cone from the hard lava which forms the basins of the lakes. These two craters are of a very regular conical form, and so extremely high that it requires half-an-hour to ascend from the lake to the top of the higher cone. The famous emissary made at the siege of Veii, is cut precisely between the volcanic ejections, which are easily pierced, and the hard lava which now retains the remaining waters of the lake. See ALBANO. The crater of Nemi is considerably smaller than that of Albano, but is equally regular and picturesque. Its cone does not appear to have been at any time entirely filled with the water of the lake. There are numerous sulphureous springs in the C., but the most abundant of these is between Tivoli and Rome, and

The Agro Romano district of the C. contains 111,400 rubbi of about 4 acres each, of which onehalf is arable. Nearly two-fifths of this land belongs to the Church; the other three-fifths, to about 215 lay proprietors. The farms are held by leases of nine years, and also by perpetual leases; but the latter species of lease is annulled if the farmer neglects for two years to pay his rent. Many of the large farms are divided and sublet in small portions to a poor class of tenants; and the Mezzeria system, actenant labour and implements, while the seed is paid for jointly, and the profits are equally divided, is unhappily a prevalent form of contract. The general price of a rubbio of good land is about 20 piastres, and the expense of cultivating it amounts to about 40 piastres. The ground is sown every third year. During the first year it lies in fallow; it is laboured the second year; and the third year it produces a crop. The soil is wrought six times. From the great quantity of rain which falls, particularly in the southern part of the C., and the rapidity with which it descends, great care must be taken to carry it off the fields. In every field there are three kinds of ditches, viz., small parallel ditches, called lira by the ancients, and placed at the distance of 3 ft. These are traversed by wide ditches, placed at a greater distance; and large canals, called colliquiæ, carry off from these the superfluous water. Excellent fruit, vegetables, and almost every species of grain are produced in the C. Extensive plantations of Turkish wheat grow in the lower grounds. This grain rises to a considerable

of it form canes for the support of the vines, and are
also used in the construction of cottages; the leaf is
employed for thatching them, and likewise for mat-
trasses; and the flour composes various dishes,
which are eaten by all ranks, and are regarded as
particularly wholesome and nutritive.
The large
reed, (the Arundo donax,) which rises to the height
of 20 ft., is here cultivated to great advantage; oxen
and asses feed upon the leaves of it. It forms an ad-
mirable support to the vines in a country not much
exposed to violent winds; and after having served
this purpose, it is still useful for burning. That part
of agriculture which relates to the breeding of cattle
is much neglected in the C. The stock consists
mainly of sheep of two breeds,-the small hardy Ni-
gretti, and the fine white breed of Puglia. Their
number is estimated at 600,000. The horned cattle
are a large greyish-white breed. Vineyards are
often planted in the most fertile and best-watered
land, particularly fitted for the growth of corn. Corn

70°; and in May, 68°. The minimum height during these three months was 52°, and the maximum 75°.

is sown on land which is particularly adapted for the winter it occasions severe cold. The ponente, or W vine; and wood is often planted in the finest meadows. wind, still retains the character of the Zephyrs, and On St. Lawrence day, or the 10th of August, when the Favonian breezes of the ancients. The wind the harvest is completed, and when the heat is gen- commonly blows from the E in the morning; deerally greater than at any other season of the year, the clining sometimes to the N, it becomes NE; and at inhabitants begin to burn the stubble, the ashes of other times, turning to the S it settles in scirocco. which is almost the only manure which is employed. It is generally S, however, at noon, and then declines As the crops of grain grow to a considerable height, to the E or W, but most frequently to the latter, and the reaper never stoops, but takes off the head and often becomes due W, which continues all the evenabout a foot and a half of the stalk, and thus leaves ing and part of the night. This and the northerly the stubble about 2 or 3 ft. long. It not unfrequently winds are generally accompanied with a considerable happens, that the hedges and forests are burnt down dew. The S wind, which prevails at noon, particulikewise. The small number of farm-houses which larly in summer, is a sea-breeze, and renders temexist in the C. are miserable dwellings, built as ap- perate the meridian heat of the sun. It appears pendages to old towers and temples, and constructed from a meteorological table kept at Rome in March, out of the fragments of these ancient edifices. The April, and May 1803, that the average height of the inhabitants of these wretched hovels-with the ex-therm. exposed to the N in March, was 60°; in April, ception of a few who have become acclimatized-are compelled to desert them in the middle of summer, when fevers and agues prevail in the country; and We have little information respecting the trade they then sleep either at Rome, under the porticoes of and manufactures of the C., which must be very the palaces and public buildings, or in the towns which limited. Sulphur is obtained in great quantities are nearest to their farms. In the months of July, from a mine about 4 m. from Nettuno; and at a August, and September, the great proportion of pa- place called Campo Leone, there are iron-works betients in the Roman hospitals are the peasants from the longing to Prince Doria. There are several paper, surrounding country. The usual resorts of the Ro- iron, and corn mills erected on the stream Marrana man herds are the nearest heights of the Abruzzo, or near Grotta Ferrata; and there are various manuthe glens of Norcia around the peaks of the Leonessa factures of paper, iron, and oil upon the Anio. and Sibilla. It appears from the testimony of Strabo. Gunpowder is made on the spot where the villa of Pliny, Varro, and other ancient authors, that the air Mæcenas once stood. Flax is cultivated in conof the C. was formerly very salubrious except in a siderable quantities in the Valle di Laricia; and a few places near the sea, where the soil was marshy. good deal of manna and turpentine is collected in The unwholesomeness of the climate is said to have the neighbourhood of Monte Spaccato. The culticommenced about the 6th cent., and to have arisen vation of the vine is well-understood in the C., but from the overflowing of the Tiber, in consequence of nowhere are the inhabitants so little acquainted the accumulated rains by which it was raised above with the art of making wine. Oil is made in great its former bed. It does not appear, however, from quantities, and the proprietors derive a considerable the best observations, that the bad air-cattiva aria- part of their income from this source. The principal of the C. is owing to the stagnant water arising from towns in the C. are Rome, Velletri, Frascati, Palesthe inundations of the Tiber, for it is chiefly in trina, Terracina, Nettuno, Ostia, and Tivoli.-Pliny, spring, in the time of the greatest drought, and in lib. xviii. cap. i.-Varro, lib. ii.-Neueste Statistische the months of August and September, long after the und Moralische Uebersicht des Kirchenstaats, Lubeck, inundations of winter, that it prevails. When the 1793.-Keysler's Travels, vol. ii.—Lumsden's Remarks first rains of autumn succeed to the great droughts, the on the Antiquities of Rome, London, 1797.-Voyage pestilential air completely disappears. On the Rocca sur la scene des six derniers livres de L'Eneide, par C. di Papa, and on one side of the plain of Tivoli, it is V. de Bonstetten, Geneve, 1805.-A description of never experienced; but at different heights below Latium or La Campagna di Roma, London, 1805.this line, it seems to be equally prevalent. In 1775, Breislac, Voyage Physique et Lithologique dans la Camthe heights of Trinita del Monte were reckoned out pagna, 2 vols., Paris, 1803.-Gell's Topography of of its reach; but in 1802 they were completely under Rome.-Edinburgh Phil. Journ. its influence.

The Pontine marshes, which lie at the S boundary of the C., between the Lepini and the sea, are so extremely insalubrious that it is dangerous even to travel through them in summer and autumn. Various attempts have been made to drain this unwholesome tract. "Pope Pius VI., at a great expense," says an anonymous author, "converted a very considerable part of these pernicious marshes into pasturage, cornfields, and rice-plantations. He made a canal 20 m. in length, which conveys the once stagnant waters into the sea; and he intersected it with many lesser channels, which direct them so as to fertilize the fields, which they once rendered useless and pestilential." It appears, however, from the observations of M. Bonstetten, that the insalubrity of the air has rather increased than diminished since this partial draining was completed. The entire extent of this district is about 22 m. by 10 m.; but of this only about 65,000 rubbi are really marshy.

The SE and SW winds,-the scirocco and libeccio, -are extremely oppressive and insalubrious in the C.; though in winter the former contributes much to the mildness of the climate. The tramontano, or N wind, is delightful in spring and autumn, but in

CAMPAGNANO, a town of the States-of-theChurch, in the comarca and 20 m. N of Rome.Also a village of Naples, in the prov. of Lavoro, district of Piedmonte, on the r. bank of the Volturno, 10 m. NE of Caserta.

CAMPAGNATICO, a town of Tuscany, 13 m. NNE of Grosseto, and 35 m. S of Sienna, on the r. bank of the Ombrone. Pop. 880.

CAMPAGNE, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Landes, cant. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1,023. CAMPAGNE-SUR-AUDE, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Aude, cant. and 3 m. N of Quillan, on the Aude, 11 m. S of Limoux. Pop. 410. It contains thermal ferruginous springs, and well-frequented baths, and has a woollen spinning mill.

CAMPAGNE-LES-BOULONNAIS, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Pas-de-Calais, cant. of Hucqueliers. Pop. 1,057.

CAMPAGNE-LES-HESDIN, or CAMPAGNE-LESSAINT-ANDRE', a canton and commune of France, in the dep. of the Pas-de-Calais, arrond. of Montreuilsur-Mer. The cant. comprises 23 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 13,132. The village is 6 m. SE of Montreuil-sur-Mer. Pop. 1,378.