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1830 he was chosen president of the federal republic for a term of eight years. Morazan appears to have exerted himself to the utmost for the maintenance of the general welfare and tranquillity; but the incessant struggle of parties themselves, aided by the appearance of Carrera at the head of his Indian hordes, again brought matters to a crisis, and in 1839, the federal union proclaimed its own dissolution. In the early part of 1842, Carrera captured the city of Guatimala, and Morazan fled to Costarica, where he met a traitor's doom on the 15th of September. On the 7th of October, in the same year a treaty of alliance offensive and defensive was signed between the states of Guatimala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and San Salvador. In 1845, fresh troubles burst forth in Guatimala and San Salvador; and the federal union of Central A. became avowedly what it had long virtually been,-a political nullity. In 1846, Nicaragua took forcible possession of Greytown-formerly San Juan de Nicaragua-the capital of the Mosquito territory, and held it for some time without advantage to itself, and to the injury of Costarica, to which that port formed the sole outlet on the Atlantic side adapted to its trade with Europe. In 1849, the British government having intimated that "Greytown belongs exclusively to the territory of Mosquito," the Nicaraguan government-which had already entered into a contract with the Pacific Steam navigation company for the purpose of forming a ship-canal through so much of the isthmus of Central A. as appertained to it-repudiated that contract, recalled its minister from London, and under the advice of an American chargé d'affaires, entered into a new contract with some parties in the United States for the execution of a ship-canal, in which the Nicaraguans accorded powers and privileges of an exclusive kind and founded only on their own unwarrantable pretensions to the Mosquito territory. The states who, from their territorial position, ought to have been made parties to any such arrangement, and whose concurrence was necessary, were Mosquito, Costarica, and Nicaragua. The first as possessing the mouth and port of the river St. John; the second as possessing the S bank of the great lake of Nicaragua, and of the river St. John down to the Colorado branch from the main channel; and the third as possessing, from

the Machuca rapids, the N bank of the river and lake, as well as the outlet proposed on the Pacific side. Yet Nicaragua alone assumed the right of making this contract, on condition of her sov

ereignty being established over the territory by the support of the United States. These transactions will, as a matter of course, be repudiated at once by the governments of the United States and of Great Britain. But, at the moment we now write, it is understood that an attempt is making to frame a new federation of the five states of Central A., based on a plan of union, the 13th art of which declares that "the contracting states repudiate that which has wanted and pretended to call itself the Mosquito monarchy, and all its pretended rights over the port of San Juan and the adjacent territories, which pretended right the government of Great Britain has put forward; and the said contracting states assert the sovereignty of Central A. over all her natural soil, which, before the independence of the country, constituted the Captain-generality of Guatimala; and these states recognise and assert the entire independence of Central A. from all foreign monarchical powers, and repudiate any of their interference or intervention in the affairs and governments of the people of the New World." This article, interpreted according to the usual significance of such documents, amounts to no less than a declaration of war against Great Britain; but that, from the weakness

of those states, no such construction will be put upon it by the British government, is no doubt what has been calculated upon

in the impudent instigations which dictated it. Two of the states, most energetic and rising among them, have stood aloof from this

Guatimala, the largest and most populous, and Costarica, the

CENTRE, a township of Perry co., in the state of Pennsylvania, U. S., 36 m. NW of Harrisburg. Pop. in 1840, 982.--Also a county in the state of Pennsylvania, comprising an area of 1,560 sq. m., bordered on the W by a branch of the Susquehanna, and drained by Bald Eagle and Penn's creeks. The surface is mountainous and rocky, and the soil, except on the streams, indifferent. Pop. in 1830, 18,879; in 1840, 20,492. Cap., Bellefonte.-Also a township of Green co., in the same state. It possesses a hilly surface, with a loamy soil, and is drained by Ten Mile creek and its branches. Pop. in 1840, 1,503. It contains the v. of Clinton.-Also a township of Indiana co., in the same state, drained by Yellow and Twolick creeks, affluents of Blacklick river. It is hilly, and its soil consists of loam and clay. Pop. 1,615.-Also a township of Union co., in the same state, drained by Penn's and Little Mahonaily or Middle creeks, and containing the villages of Middleburg and Centreville. The surface is diversified, and the soil to a considerable extent calcareous loam. Pop. 1,891.-Also a township of Wood co., in the state of Ohio. Pop. 98.-Also a township of Morgan co., in the same state. Pop. 1,171.-Also a township of Williams co., in the same state. Pop. 339.-Also a township of Monroe co., in the same state. Pop. 1,740.-Also a township of Mercer co., in the same state. Pop. 159.-Also a township of Guernsey co., in the same state, on the national road, a little to the E of Cambridge. Pop. 1,159.-Also a township of Carroll co., in the same state. Pop. 441. It contains Carrollton, the cap. of the co.-Also a township of Crawford co., in the same state. Pop. 132.-Also a township of Columbiana co., in the same state, intersected by Little Beaver river and the Sandy and Beaver canal. Pop. 3,197. It contains New Lisbon, the cap. of the co.-Also a township of Hancock co., in the state of Indiana. Pop. 772. Also a township of Wayne co., in the same state. Pop. 3,058.-Also a township of Marion co., in the same state.

CENTREBURG, a village of Liberty township, Knox co., in the state of Ohio, U. S., on the S side of the N fork of Licking river, 36 m. NE of Columbus. It consisted in 1840 of about 12 dwellings.

CENTRE (CANAL DU), a canal of France, in the dep. of the Saone-et-Loire, which connects the Loire with the Saone. It branches from the former near Digoin, and unites with the Saone at Chalons, passing, in its length of 72 m. Paray, Palinge, Saint-Leger, and Chagny. Its summit-level is about 240 ft. above the level of the Loire at Digoin. It has 81 locks; and is 48 ft. in breadth at the surface, and 30 ft. at the bottom. Its depth of water is 5 ft. It was com

compact. As regards them, therefore, it appears that the three contracting states do not recognise in them the privilege to dispose of their own soil, but arrogate to themselves the right to dictate in everything connected with the territory of the whole of Central A. The truth is, these small republics of Central A., owing to their constant changes and divisions, can hardly be re-pleted in 1791, at an expense of £456,000. Its basin garded as regular governments for more than a few years at a time, for revolution succeeds revolution, and change follows change, with a rapidity that defies the pen of history to chronicle with even an approach to exactness; and these continual mobilities and alterations must render their relation to other Powers ex

tremely embarrassing, and particularly to such nations or their subjects as those to whom they may happen to be debtors. The following table of the area and pop. of the republics of Central A. is from the Weimar Almanach

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is supplied with water to a great extent from the marshes of Longpendee. The principal articles of transport on this canal are grain, wine, brandy, staves, hoops, laths, charcoal, coals, timber, iron, mill-stones, stone, and gypsum.

CENTREFIELD, a village of Canandaigua township, Ontario co., in the state of New York, U. S., 199 m. NW of Albany. It contained in 1840 about 20 dwellings.

CENTRE-HARBOUR, a township of Belknap co., in the state of New Hampshire, U. S., 41 m. N of Concord. It presents a diversified surface, bordered on the SE by the Winnipisiogee lake, and on the NW by Squam lake. The soil is generally loamy and fertile. Pop. in 1840, 579.

CENTREPORT, a village of Huntingdon township, Suffolk co., in the state of New York, U. S., situated on Great Cow harbour, 192 m. SSE of Albany. It consisted in 1840 of about 20 dwellings.

CENTRES, a commune of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, cant. of Naucelle. Pop. 1,502.

mountains runs throughout the centre of the island, attaining, at its S extremity, the height of about 3,700 ft. From this point, termed the Black mountain-the Mount Enos of antiquity-they gradually decline towards the N, and branch off in lateral directions. Indeed the whole surface of the island may be characterized as rugged and mountainous in the extreme; the elevated portions are arid and barren, presenting nothing to the eye but immense masses of dark grey rock. Between these, however, are a number of small confined valleys filled with rich mould readily admitting of cultivation; and even in the interstices of the rocks, wherever there is a little soil, the vine and olive take root and produce abundantly: so that the agricultural capabilities of the island are much greater than would at first be supline. By recent statistical accounts it appears that of 220,000 acres of surface only 10,000 are devoted to agricultural purposes; about 1,600 are under pasturage; 12,232 under vines; 432 under olives; 6,242 under currants; and about 190,000 are waste and uncultivated. The soil is of great natural fertility; but it is necessary to import considerable quantities of corn from the Morea. The principal productions are raisins, currants, oil, wine-particularly the kind called muscadel-citrons, melons, figs, carobs, pomegranates, salt, and cotton. C. is particularly noted for its raisins, which are of a quality superior to those of the other islands, and even of the Morea, and are raised to the amount of 2,000 or 3,000 tons a-year. The quantity of oil annually made is from 20,000 to 30,000 casks; of wine from 30,000 to 35,000. The Uva passa, or currant-vine of C., a low shrubby plant, covers many of the hill-sides nearly to their summits; in other places they are clothed with low brushwood, cistus, heath, and arbutus.

CENTREVILLE, a village of Warwick township, Kent co., in the state of Rhode Island, U. S., 11 m. SSE of Providence, on the E side of Pawtuxet river. Pop. 350.-Also a village of Barnstaple township, Barnstaple co., in the state of Massachusetts, 78 m. SE of Boston. Also a township of Alleghany co., in the state of New York, 265 m. SW of Albany. The surface is diversified; and the soil, consisting of argillaceous mould, is generally fertile. Pop. 1,513. -Also a village of Slippery Rock township, Butler co., in the state of Pennsylvania, consisting of about 60 dwellings. Also a village of Washington township, Montgomery co., in the state of Ohio, 9 m. SE of Dayton. It is finely situated in a fertile locality, and is built of stone. Pop. about 450.-Also a vil-posed from the barren and rugged nature of its outlage, cap. of St. Joseph co., in the state of Michigan, pleasantly situated on Prairie river, 139 m. WSW of Detroit. It is the seat of one of the branches of the university of Michigan. Also a village, cap. of Queen Anne co., in the state of Maryland, 39 m. NE of Annapolis, consisting of about 60 dwellings. -Also a village of Fairfax co., in the state of Virginia, in a fine situation, 114 m. N of Richmond. Pop. 240. Also a village, cap. of Bibb co., in the state of Alabama, on the E side of Cahawba river, 38 m. SE of Tuscaloosa.-Also a village of Amitie co., in the state of Mississippi, at the head of Dawson's creek. Also a village of St. Mary's parish in the state of Louisiana, 139 m. SW of New Orleans, on the S side of Bayou Teche.-Also a village, cap. of Hickman co., in the state of Tennessee, on the S side of Duck creek, 54 m. SW of Nashville.-Also a village, cap. of Wayne co., in the state of Indiana, on the E side of White-water river, 62 m. E of Indianapolis.

CENTRE WHITE CREEK, a village of White Creek township, Washington co., in the state of New York, U. S., 39 m. NE of Albany, consisting in 1840 of about 30 dwellings.

CENTRON, or CHINTRON, a village of Savoy, in the prov. of Tarentaise, on the r. bank of the Isere, and in the Val de Centron, 4 m. NNE of Moutiers. It is supposed to have been the cap. of the ancient Centrones. The Val de C. extends NE from Moutiers.

CENTURI, a village of the island of Corsica, cant. of Rogliano, on the gulf of San Fiorenza, on the NW coast. It possesses a small port, and exports wine and wood.

CENVES, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Rhone, cant. of Monsol, 22 m. NNW of Villefranche-sur-Saône. Pop. 1,370.

CEOS. See ZEA.

CEPAGATTI, a village of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo-Ultra, district and 15 m. S of Città-SanAngelo. Pop. 995. It contains a custom-house.

CEPEDA, a town of Leon, in the prov. and 45 m. S of Salamanca, partido of Sequeros del Condado, in the Sierra de Francia. Pop. 1,116. It contains a church and a custom-house.

This island possesses no stream of sufficient magnitude to deserve the name of a river; but there are several small rills which continue to flow throughout the year, and in winter are swollen by the rains into formidable torrents. It is now almost destitute of timber, an extensive forest which once covered the Black mountain having been burnt down several years ago. There are no inland lakes or marshes of any extent. During a part of the year, pools are formed in the deep gullies or ravines by the mountain torrents, and these are supposed occasionally to give rise to exhalations unfavourable to health. The principal sources, however, to which the febrile diseases of this island are attributed, are two lagunes communicating with the sea, each terminating in a shallow marshy bay. One of these, the lagune of Livadi, is 8 or 9 m. from Argostoli, and the marsh in which it terminates is 3 m. long by 1 m. broad. The other, the lagune of Cutano, is about 1 m. to the S of the capital, but the extent of the marsh there is by no means so great. Towards the extremity of these lagunes the water is very shallow, and sometimes a large portion of the muddy bottom is left exposed to the action of the sun. Of late years mach has been done, by embanking in some parts and deepening in others, to render them less obnoxious.

CEPHALONIA, the largest and most populous of the Ionian islands, in N lat. 38° 8', E long. 21° 18'. It lies 6 m. S of Santa Maura, having Zante on its The climate of C. is more variable than that of S extremity, and the island of Ithaca interposed be- the other islands; a difference of 24° in the therm. tween it and the Morea, from which, towards the has sometimes been observed in the space of a couentrance of the gulf of Patras, it is about 25 m. dis-ple of hours. This may partly arise from the great tant. Owing to the irregularity of its shape, the elevation of the Black mountain, which being geprecise length and breadth of C. cannot well be de-nerally covered with snow from December to April, fined; but its greatest length is about 31 m.; greatest breadth 28 m.; and circumf. from 160 to 180 m. It has an area of about 348 sq. m.-C. is generally a bare, hilly, stony island, excepting the valleys, many of which are rich and beautiful. A chain of lofty

must exert a material influence on the temperature of the low grounds. In summer, however, the range of the therm. is higher by several degrees than in the adjacent islands. During winter the prevailing winds are from the NE; in summer from S to E

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