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the waters. It formed a broad ring, having in the middle a small pool, the temp. of which was 68°. BRINAS, or BRIONES, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, in the prov. and 45 m. ENE of Burgos, and 21 m. WNW of Logrono, on the 1. bank of the Ebro. BRINCAMISIR, a township in the p. of Berriew, Montgomeryshire. Pop. in 1841, 50.

BRINCUM, a town of Hanover, in the prov. of Hoya, 12 m. NNE of Bassum, and 4 m. S of Bremen. BRIND, a hamlet in the p. of Wressell, E. R. of Yorkshire. Pop. in 1841, 77.

BRINDIOK, or BLITAR, a prov. of the island of Java, bounded on the N by the prov. of Kadiri; on the E by that of Passarouang; on the S by the prov. of Loudaya; and on the W by the territory of Patje. In the interior, which is extremely mountainous, is the volcano of Kellout. The W and SW districts are watered by the Kadiri.

out by means of lights placed, it is supposed by some antiquaries, upon columns of Corinthian order, erected on a rising ground in a direct line with the channel. One of these columns, of a green and white marble, and nearly 50 ft. high, still remains entire upon its pedestal.-The soil in the neighbourhood of the town is light and good, and produces excellent cotton, of which the inhabitants manufacture stockings and gloves. The position of B. is centrical; and in the whole kingdom of Naples a finer situation for trade is not to be found; but one fatal circumstance, -the obstruction of the channel which unites the outer and inner havens,--has deprived this city of its natural advantages. Its ruin may be said to have been begun by Julius Cæsar, when, in order to block up the fleet of Pompey, he drove piles and threw heaps of rubbish into the channel of communication. In the 15th cent. the prince of Taranto BRINDISI, or BRANDISO, a city of Naples, situ- caused several ships to be sunk in the middle of the ated on the coast of the Terra d'Otranto, between passage, to prevent the royalists from entering the Capes Cavallo and Gallo, in N lat. 40° 38', E long. 18°; port; and thus provided a resting place for the sand 40 m. NE of Taranto, and 200 m. E by S of Naples, and sea-weed, which soon accumulated to such a known in ancient times by the name of Brundusium, degree as to render the entrance impassable to vesand the scene of many important events in Roman sels of every description. In 1752, the bank had history. Of ancient B. little now remains but the increased so much, that, except in rainy seasons, column of the light-house; a large marble basin into and during violent E winds, even the waves were which the water flows from brazen heads of deer; completely excluded; and, from that period, the numbers of broken pillars, which have been removed inner port became a green fetid lake, full of noxious from their former stations to the corners of the streets, insects and infectious effluviæ; so that no fish could to protect the houses from the wheels of carts; fre- live in it but eels, and no boat ply upon its surface quent fragments of coarse mosaic which had compos- but the smallest canoes; while the low grounds at ed the floors of ancient habitations; inscriptions, coins, each end were converted into stagnant marshes, the ruins of aqueducts, and a few other similar vestiges vapours of which created every summer an actual of antiquity. Of the present city the walls still in- pestilence, which, in the course of a few years, declude a large space; but the inhabited houses do not stroyed or drove away the greatest part of the inhaoccupy half the enclosure; and the pop. does not ex- bitants. From 18,000 the pop. of B. was reduced, ceed 6,600. The streets are crooked and badly pav- in 1766, to 5,000 miserable-looking creatures, tored; the buildings mean and ruinous in their appear-mented with agues and fevers; and of this number ance and none of the public edifices is in any re- not less than 1,500 were carried to their graves durspect remarkable. The only structures at all deserving the autumn of 1775, in a climate which, 30 years ing of notice are the cathedral, built by king Roger, and dedicated to St. Theodore; the citadel, a large and stately building, erected by the emperor Frederick II. to defend the northern branch of the harbour, and repaired by Charles V.; and the walls of a palace near the port, built by Walter de Brienne, but the greater part of which has been pulled down to supply materials for the new canal at the entrance of the inner harbour.-The most remarkable object in B. is its double harbour, which is reckoned the finest in the Adriatic. Two promontories, stretching out gradually as they advance into the sea, form the outer port, which is protected from the fury of the waves by the island of St. Andrew lying between the capes, and presents a large triangular space in which vessels of considerable burden may safely ride at anchor. At the bottom of this bay, where the two promontories unite to form an angle, is a narrow channel admitting the water into the inner port, which extends itself on each side in the shape of a semicircle, embracing the city like two arms, and bearing some resemblance to a stag's head and horns. From this appearance, the name Brundusium is supposed by Strabo to have originated, being, it is said, an old Messapian word signifying the head of a deer. This harbour is conjectured to have been produced by the sinking of the ground, in consequence of an earthquake: as the hills around it are upon an exact level, and exhibit parallel correspondent strata. It is 23 m. in length, and 1,200 feet broad at the widest part. It has a great depth of water; is sheltered by the hills and the town on every side; and is excellently adapted for every purpose of navigation and trade. The communication between the two havens was formerly marked

before, was esteemed so salubrious that the convents in Naples were accustomed to send their consumptive friars to B. for the restoration of their health. In this state of wretchedness the remaining citizens applied for relief to Don Carlo Demarco, one of the king's ministers, himself a native of Brindisi; and, in consequence of this representation, Don Andrea Pigonati, an able engineer, was sent with plans and instructions for the improvement of the harbour. The marshes, at each extremity of the inner port, were filled up with earth; a dam constructed to prevent the water from returning upon the low grounds; and the channel cleared so far as to form a canal with a depth of 2 fath, of water, capable of admitting large boats, and affording a free passage into the inner harbour to the sea, which now rushes in and out at every tide. In clearing this opening, many of the oak piles which had been driven in by Cæsar, and which had remained above eighteen centuries 7 ft. under the sand, were drawn up in as fresh a state as if they had been cut only a month before. The canal or gut was designed to extend in a straight line 700 yards; and, if Pigonati's plan had been fully carried out, a harbour would have been formed completely land-locked, and capable of containing a whole navy, and of admitting vessels of the greatest burden; but the work could not be kept in a sufficient state of repair without a considerable annual expense, and great difficulty was experienced in rendering the piers strong enough to resist the violence of the sea, and preventing the reaccumulation of sand by the tides. In 1830, new works were undertaken to clear the channel into the inner harbour, and keep the harbour itself free of weeds and silt. By dredging and otherwise, a depth of

from 10 to 12 palmi is kept up in the inner port: but only the outer harbour can be used by vessels of a large class. The local position of the town and its surrounding territory, encircled by a belt of stagnant waters, still occasions malaria; but the natives allege that its baneful influence is limited to the first and last hours of darkness.-The castle, a beautiful structure, is about half-a-mile from the town. It is now used as a prison for malefactors.-The environs of B. are flat and destitute of trees, but abundantly productive of aromatic herbs. A few patches of corn-land announce the proximity of the town; and a nearer approach exhibits some well cultivated gardens and vineyards. The district of B. is divided into 8 cantons: viz., B., Ceglie, Francavilla, Mesagna, Oria, Ostuni, Salice, and Santo-Vito.

B. was one of the chief towns of Iapygia and the Messapian peninsula. It was taken by Attilius Regulus from the Salentines about B.C. 256. In this place, Pompey the Great was closely blockaded by Cæsar, from whose skilful approaches he with great difficulty made his escape to Greece. B. and its garrison declared, at an early period, for Octavianus, afterwards Augustus, and put him in possession of all the military stores which his uncle, Julius Cæsar, had collected for his intended expedition to Parthia. It was soon after besieged by Mark Antony; and, Octavianus having advanced to its relief, found his legions so reluctant to fight against their countrymen, that he

was obliged to come to an accommodation with his rival, which

was effected by the mediation of Pollio and Maecenas, and confirmed at Brundusium by the marriage of his sister Octavia to Antony. B. is farther celebrated as the birthplace of the tragic poet Pacuvius, and as the scene of the death of Virgil. It suffered greatly during the ravages of the Vandals in Italy; and in 836, was almost completely destroyed by the Saracens. The Greek emperors were desirous to retain it in their possession, and to restore its ancient prosperity; but, before they could effect their intended improvements, they were driven from it by the Normans under William L. It recovered much of its splen dour during the successive expeditions to Palestine, for which its excellent harbour presented a convenient point of embarkation: and it particularly benefited by the presence of the emperor Frederick, who made it a principal place of rendezvous to his armaments for the Holy Land; but after the loss of Jerusalem, the fall of the Greek empire, the conquest of the East by the Turks, and the consequent ruin of the trade of the Levant, B. lost all its importance, and was reduced to a state of desolation, from which it never recovered. Beside the causes which we have already assigned for the ruin of this once flourishing city, there is another which is deserving of notice. During the long

war which the Venetians waged against the Turks, a fleet of the republic was always stationed in the port of B. The Venetians admired the wines which were made in the adjacent country, and paid a high price for them; and the inhabitants, in consequence, tore up all their olive-trees, and replaced them with vines, in order to supply a demand which proved only temporary.-Swinburne's Travels in the two Sicilies --Stolberg's Travels in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Sicily, 1791, 1792.-Annales des Voyages, &c., par M. Brun, tom iii.-Craven's Tour.

BRINDLE, a parish of Lancashire, 5 m. NE of Chorley, intersected by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. Area 2,940 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,401.

BRINDLEY, a township in the p. of Acton, Cheshire, 4 m. WNW of Nantwich. Area 950 acres. Pop. in 1841, 184.

BRINGHURST, a parish of Leicestershire, 14 m. W of Rockingham. Area 490 acres. Pop. in 1841, 92. BRINGTON, a parish of Northamptonshire, 7 m. WNW of Northampton, near the London and Birmingham railroad. Area 4,180 acres. Pop. in 1841, 795, of whom 330 were in the hamlet of Little B. BRINGTON, or BRINKTON, a parish of Huntingdonshire, 6 m. NW of Kimbolton. Area 1,190 acres. Pop. in 1841, 129.

BRINI, a river of Russia in Europe, which takes its rise in the dist. and 17 m. W of Kozelsk; enters the dist. of Metchovsk; runs through the lake of Tolstochévo; and, after a course of 36 m., falls into the Jizdra.

BRINICA, a river which takes its rise in the Polish district of Cracow; runs SSE along the confines of Silesia; unites with the Przemza; and, pursuing its course along the W frontier of the republic of Cracow, joins the Vistula 1 m. NNW of Oswiecin in Gallicia.

BRININGHAM, a parish of Norfolk, 4 m. SW of Holt. Area 1,450 acres. Pop. in 1841, 243. BRINKBURN, a parish of Northumberland. Area 6,530 acres. Pop. in 1841, 208. It contains the 3 townships of High Ward B., pop. 96; Low Ward B., pop. 57; and South Side B., pop. 55. BRINKHILL, a parish of Lincolnshire, 53 m. NNW of Spilsby. Area 780 acres. Pop. in 1841, 163. BRINKLEY, a parish of Cambridgeshire, 5 m. S of Newmarket. Area 1,500 acres. Pop. in 1841, 366.

BRINKLOW, a parish of Warwickshire, 54 m. NW of Rugby, intersected by the Oxford canal, and 24 m. N of the London and Birmingham railway. Area 1,410 acres. Pop. in 1841, 797.

BRINKWORTH, a parish of Wilts, 4 m. WNW of Wootton - Basset. Area 7,460 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,307.

BRINN. See BRUNN. BRINNINGTON, a township in the p. and 2 m. NE of Stockport, Cheshire, near the Peak Forest canal. Area 810 acres. Pop. in 1841, 184.

BRINNY, a parish in co. Cork, 4 m. NE of Bandon. Area 4,898 acres. Pop. 1,852. BRINON, a commune of France, in the dep. of Cher, cant. of Argent. Pop. 1,126. See also BRIE

NON.

BRINON-LES-ALLEMANDS, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Nievre, arrond. of Clamecy. The cant. comprises 24 com., and in 1831 comprised a pop. of 10,597. The town is on the Beuvron, 15 m. S of Clamecy. Pop. 334. BRINSCOMBE. See WEARE.

BRINSOP, a parish in Herefordshire, 53 m. NW of Hereford. Area 1,470 acres. Pop. in 1841, 116. BRINSWORTH, a township in the p. of Rotheram, W. R. of Yorkshire, near the N Midland railArea 1,050 acres. Pop. in 1841, 241. BRINTON, a parish of Norfolk, 4 m. SW of Holt. Area 650 acres. Pop. in 1841, 193.

way.

BRIOLLAY, a canton and commune of France, in the dep. of Maine-et-Loire, arrond. of Angers. The canton comprises 8 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 8,767.-The com. and v. are on the 1. bank of the Sarthe, near the confluence of that river with the Loir, and 9 m. NNE of Angers.

BRION, a commune of France, in the dep. of Maine-et-Loire, cant. of Beaufort. Pop. 1,610. The environs afford good white wine.-Also a village of France, in the dep. of Deux-Sevres, cant. and 6 m. N of Thouars. Pop. 400. The locality produces excellent wine.-Also a village of France, in the dep. of the Lozere, cant. of Tournels, 29 m. N of Mende. Pop. 450. It possesses manufactories of cadis and serge. In the vicinity is the thermal spring of Chandette.

BRION, or CROSS, an island in the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Magdalen group, in N lat. 47° 49', W long. 61° 14'.

BRIONES, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, prov. of Burgos, on the r. bank of the Ebro, 21 m. NW of Logrono.

BRIONI, a group of islands in the gulf of Venice, near the coast of Illyria, in the gov. and circle of Trieste, 5 m. NW of Pola, in N. lat. 44° 53', E long. 13° 46'. They have long been celebrated for their marble.

BRIONNE, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Eure, arrond. of Bernay.-The cant. comprises 23 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 15,478.-The town, which is of considerable antiquity, is situated on the Rille, 11 m. NE of Bernav. It has extensive tanneries.-The council in which the heresy of Bérenger was condemned, in 1050, was held here.

BRIORD, a village of France, in the dep. of Ain, on the r. bank of the Ain, 15 m. NW of Belley. The castle still exists here in which Charles the Bald was poisoned by his physician.

BRIOUDE, an arrondissement, canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Haute-Loire. The arrond. comprises an area of 157,234 hectares; and contains 8 cant., viz., Auzon, Blesle, B., ChaiseDieu, Langeac, Lavoute-Chilhac, Paulhaguet, and Pinols. Pop. in 1831, 80,742; in 1836, 88,755; in 1846, 84,329.-The cant. comprises 7 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 15,195.-The town is situated on the r. bank of the Allier, 32 m. NW of Le Puy, at an alt. above sea-level of 1,390 ft. Pop. in 1789, 4,446; in 1836, 5,247; in 1846, 4,852. It is irregularly built; but possesses a handsome Gothic church founded in the 9th century, a communal college, a small public library, and an agricultural association. It has some manufactories of woollen and linen fabrics, and a considerable trade in grain, wine-the produce of the environs, hemp, and antimony. Fairs are held six times a-year. This town was the birthplace of Lafayette.

BRIOUDE (VIELLE), a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Haute-Loire, cant. and 3 m. SSE of Brioude, on the 1. bank of the Allier, which is here crossed by a bridge, consisting of a single arch, 187 ft. in width, built in 1454. Pop. 1,158. | BRIOUX, or BRIOU, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Deux-Sevres, arrond. of Melle. The cant. comprises 21 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 11,083. The town is 7 m. SW of Melle. Pop. 961. It has a tile-work.

BRIOUZE, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Órne, arrond. of Argentan. The cant. comprises 14 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 11,197. The town is 18 m. WSW of Argentan. Pop. 1,493.

BRIQUANTI, a town of W Africa, in the Ashantee territory, 140 m. NW of Coomassie, near the supposed source of the Bara.

BRIQUAS. See LATTAKU.

takes its rise in Lister Peak; runs SSE; passes Mount Brisbane; receives the Lockyer and the Bremer; bends ENE, and falls into Moreton bay, 25 m. E of the town of Brisbane, in S lat. 27° 26'.—Also a town in the Moreton bay district of New South Wales, about 25 m. from the mouth of the river of the same name, which is here about 4 m. broad, and is navigable by a small steamer to the town of Ipswich, 50 m. higher up. Also a county in the Sydney or Middle district of New South Wales, bounded on the N by the Liverpool range; on the E by the counties of Gloucester and Durham; on the S by Durham, Hunter, and Phillip; and on the W by Bligh. It is well watered. The amount of live stock within its boundaries on 1st January 1848 was 1,865 horses, 9,631 horned cattle, 505 pigs, and 111,452 sheep. In 1846, the sheep were returned at 228,551. In 1848, 68 acres were planted within this co. with the grape vine; and the quantity of wine made was 1,000 gallons. The pop. on 24 March 1846 was 1,406. The principal villages in 1846 were: Scone, pop. 117; St. Aubin's, pop. 102; Haydonton, pop. 117; Murrurundi, pop. 52; Merriwa, pop. 42.

BRISCOE, or BIRKSCEUGH, a township in the p. of St. Cuthbert, Cumberland, 3 m. SSE of Carlisle, near the Carlisle and Newcastle railroad. Pop. in 1841, 303.

BRISET-MAGNA.

BRISCOUS, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Basses-Pyrenees, cant. of La Bastide-Clairence. Pop. 1,285. See BRICETT (GREAT). BRISGAU. See BREISGAU. BRISIGHELLA, a town of the States of the Church, in the legation and 26 m. SW of Ravenna, on the Amone. Pop. 4,000. It possesses an extensive commerce in silk, and has a weekly market. BRISKEDWIN, a hamlet of Llandilo - talybont parish, Glamorganshire. Pop. in 1841, 297. BRISKEN, a hamlet of Llanfynydd parish, Carmarthenshire. Pop. in 1841, 131.

BRISLEY, a parish of Norfolk, 6 m. NW of East Dereham. Area 1,230 acres. Pop. in 1841, 388. BRISLINGTON, a parish of Somerset, 3 m. SE

BRIQUEBEC, a town of France, in the dep. of the Manche, 9 m. WSW of Valognes. Pop. 5,000. In the environs are a mine of copper, and cold ferru-of Bristol, intersected by the Great Western railginous springs.

way. Area 2,960 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,338. BRISOMERONERO, a river of Greece, in the

BRIS (SAINT), a commune and town of France, in the dep. of Yonne, cant. and 6 m. SSE of Aux-Morea, which issues from the S side of Mount Konerre. Pop. 1,948. The environs produce good red do, runs SSW, and falls into the Ionian sea, 8 m. wine. NNW of Navarino.

BRISACH (NEUF), [GERM. Neu Breisach,] a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Haute-Rhin, arrond. of Colmar.-The cant. comprises 16 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 10,345.-The town is situated 1 m. from the 1. bank of the Rhine opposite Alt - Breisach, 9 m. SE of Colmar, and 1 m. from Fort Mortier. Pop. 2,005. It is strongly fortified, and possesses an arsenal. Its streets are narrow; and the houses, which are of uniform height, do not rise above the level of the surrounding walls. Calico is the chief article of manufacture. This town was built in 1690, by Louis XIV., after the loss of Alt-Breisach.

BRISACH (VIEUX). See BREISACH (ALT). BRISAMBOURG, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Charente-Inferieure, cant. of St.-Hilaire. Pop. 1,502.

BRISSAC, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of Maine-et-Loire, cant. of Thouarce, 10 m. SW of Angers. Pop. 932. This town was erected into a duchy in 1612.

BRISSAGO, a parish and town of Switzerland, in the cant. of Tessin, dist. and 9 m. SW of Locarno, on the r. bank of Lake Maggiore. Pop. (Catholic) 1,493. It has an extensive commerce in timber.

BRISSARTHE, a commune of France, in the dep. of Maine-et-Loire, cant. of Chateauneuf, on the r. bank of the Sarthe, 20 m. NNE of Angers. Pop. 1,061.

BRISSON (SAINT), a commune of France, in the dep. of Nievre, cant. of Montsauche, on a lake of the same name which discharges itself into the Cure. Pop. 1,186.

BRISTOL, a city, and county in itself, situated on BRISAU, BRUSAU, or BREZOWA, a town of Aus- the S side of the Bristol channel, and surrounded by tria, in the prov. of Moravia, circle and 32 m. W the counties of Gloucester and Somerset. Locally, of Olmütz, and 10 m. SSE of Zwittau, on the Zwit-it is partly in Somersetshire, but principally in Gloutawa, near the Bohemian frontier. Pop. 983. It possesses a manufactory of fine cloth; and in the environs are extensive paper, fuller's, and corn-mills. Meal forms its chief article of commerce. BRISBANE, a river of New South Wales, which

cestershire, the divisional line being the old course of the Avon, now part of the floating harbour. By the course of the river, it is about 10 m. from the mouth of the Avon; in direct distance, it is 108 m. from London, and by railway 1184 m. from same

place, 75 from Exeter, 904 from Birmingham, 37 from Gloucester, and 12 from Bath. It is in N lat. 51° 27′ 6", W long. 2° 35′ 28′′: in time 10 minutes later than London. The county includes the course of the river Avon from Hanham-mills, about 4 m. above Bristol, to its mouth; and takes in so much of the Bristol channel as is included within a line skirting the Somersetshire coast as far W as the How rocks, just below Clevedon, 12 m. from Bristol; thence in a straight line to the islands called the Steep holmes and the Flat holmes, more than 20 m below the mouth of the Avon; thence in a straight line nearly up the mid-channel to an island called | the Denny, nearly opposite the Avon; and thence to Avon road on the N side of that river. The reform act added to the city, for the purpose of parliamentary representation, the district of the united out-parishes of St. James and St. Paul, the whole of the parish of Clifton, that part of the parishes of St. Philip and St. Jacob heretofore without the boundary of the ancient city, and parts of the parishes of Westbury and Bedminster. The pop. of this parliamentary borough district was 104,338 in 1832; and 123,188 in 1841. The ancient limits of the city comprised 8,465 inhabited houses, with a pop. of 59,074 in 1831; and in 1841, 9,276 inhabited houses, with a pop. of 64,266. The entire population of the city, including its suburbs of Clifton, Bedminster, Westbury, &c., in the last named year, was 138,116, and the rateable value of its property £406,206. B. has returned two members to parliament since the 23° Edward I. The right of election formerly belonged to all freemen, in whatever manner they had become so, the number being nearly 6,000. The number of electors in 1839-40 was 10,878; in 1848-9, 10,001; in 1849-50, 12,157.-The annual value of property in the ancient city rated to the poor-rate in 1847 was £219,991, the amount of rates levied £23,962; in 1848, annual value £221,313, rates levied £35,963; in 1849, annual value £221,069, rates levied £24,870. To this must be added for the last year, £2,686 harbour rate, £11,514 paving rate, £14,855 borough rate, and £3,213 borough dock rate. The local rates collected in 1849 in the added districts were: Clifton, £10,609; Bedminster, £7,934; Westbury, £2,026. The district, £3,638; and St. Philip and Jacob (out), £8,335.

The city is situated in a valley, about 8 m. from the mouth of the Avon, and near its confluence with the Frome, on ground of variable elevation and form. A large part is on elevated land, or on a slope of southern aspect, ranging W to the Bristol channel. The ancient city is bounded on one side by the Avon, on another by the Frome (now dammed in and forming the floating harbour), and on a third by the ancient moat of the castle. This part contains some very ancient houses, and narrow streets, in which the upper stories often project considerably beyond the line of the ground-floor; lanes, courts, and alleys, are here numerous; but many of the streets have of late been widened and otherwise improved in appearance. The highest parts of the city are those called St. Michael's-hill and King's-down, which are about 200 ft. above the level of the lowest streets. The central parts of the city, the first class shops, and the banks and principal places of business are located in the parishes of Christ-church, St. Ewen, St. Maryleport, All-Saints, St. Werburgh, and St. Stephen; but as most of the principal inhabitants reside at Clifton, Cotham, and their neighbourhoods, the progress of building and domestic trade tends in their direction, and some of the finest shops are now to be found in College-green, Parkstreet, &c. The more modern parts of the town contain some spacious streets and squares, with elegant

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buildings. In Queen-square is an equestrian statue of William III. by Rysbrack, which is accounted one of the finest works of art of its class in Europe. The banks of the river from the Hotwell-house on one side, and from Rownham ferry on the other, afford pleasant walks,-presenting at one view the grand scenery of St. Vincent's rocks, and the charming woods of Leigh opening into the Nightingale and Salvator Rosa valleys; they are with Clifton and Durdham-downs much frequented. The Hotwells are much resorted to by invalids, in consequence of a mineral spring the waters of which, like those of Matlock, are found beneficial in consumptive, scorbutic, and inflammatory diseases. The temperature of the water at the pump is between 72° and 73° Fahrenheit.-Among the public buildings of B., the exchange, in Corn-street, is at once the finest and the most important. It was erected by the corporation in 1760, at the expense of £50,000, and has just been repaired at a cost of £3,000. It is a handsome and spacious edifice in the Corinthian order of architecture, 110 ft. in length, and 148 in depth. It is used chiefly by the corn-merchants, the real business of the exchange being transacted in the commercialrooms, which were erected in 1811, at an expense of £17,000. The latter contain several apartments of considerable dimensions, one of which is used for a library and news-room.-The present council-house was built in 1827 at an expense of above £14,000.— The new guildhall in Broad-street is a noble building in the early Tudor style; 117 ft. in length, and 45 ft. high; the central compartment rising 28 ft. higher than the general front. The interior contains the law-courts, courts-of-requests, courts-of-bankruptcy, and rooms for the judges, mayor, grand jurors, &c.

Trade, Harbour, &c.] The principal market is held in a spacious quadrangle near the exchange, on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays; there are likewise general markets held on the same days in St. Nicholas-street and Union-street, and a vegetable market in West-street, St. Philips, a leather market at Back-hall, and a fish market on the Welsh Back. A market for cattle is held every Thursday, on an enclosed area of 4 acres at Templemeads, at the junction of the Great Western and Exeter railways. In former years two fairs were held for most sorts of goods, beginning on the 1st of March and 1st of September, and each lasting ten days; but in 1838 they were abolished, and two fairs instituted in their stead for horses, cattle, and sheep, only to be held on March 1st and 2d, and September 1st and 2d, in the new cattle-market: there are likewise fairs for leather, commencing on the first Tuesday in March and September, and for wool, commencing on the first Wednesday in the same months.-B. is a city of great commercial importance. The principal exports are the manufactures of the neighbourhood, with coal, culm, and iron; the imports are chiefly the produce of the West Indies, North and South America, Russia, France, and Germany, consisting of sugar, rum, wine, wool, tobacco, coffee, turpentine, hemp, raw-hides, and timber. In 1836 the custom duties received at this port amounted to £1,112,812; in 1838, to £1,169,524; in 1846, to £911,314; in 1849, to £1,043,088. In 1838, 325 British vessels, of a total tonnage of 63,587 tons, and 42 foreign vessels of 6,107 tons, entered the port; in 1846, 331 British vessels, tonnage 89,205, and 41 foreign vessels, tonnage 7,901 tons; in 1848-9, 423 British vessels, tonnage 108,750, and 118 foreign vessels, tonnage 15,590; and in 1849-50, 477 British vessels, tonnage 107,568, and 169 foreign vessels, tonnage 22,424. These numbers are, however, distinct from the returns of vessels which entered and cleared within the limits of the port. In 1847 the number of sailing vessels which entered inwards coastwise

was 5,417258,450 tons; and of steam-vessels 1,257 = 161,619 tons; while the number which entered from the colonies was 16967,392 tons; and from foreign ports 255 British vessels = 41,416 tons, and 118 foreign vessels = 15,590 tons. The number of coasters inward in 1848-9, was, from Ireland, 41192,558 tons; other coasters, 6,263 = 327,511 tons; in 1849-50, from Ireland, 43895,156 tons; other coasters, 6,176 = 333,593 tons. The number of vessels registered at the port of B. on 31st December, 1848, was 123 below 50 tons, their total tonnage being 3,496 tons; 146 above 50 tons, their total tonnage being 31,758 tons; 11 steam-vessels under 50 tons, their total tonnage being 305 tons; and 19 steam-vessels above 50 tons, their total tonnage being 3,380 tons. The number registered in December 1849, was:-Vessels under 50 tons burthen, 139; above 50 tons, 174: of these, 286 are sailing-vessels, with a tonnage of 37,212 tons, and 27 steam-vessels, (9 under 50 tons,) with a tonnage of 3,528 tons. -The quay extends along the shore of the Frome and Avon for a distance of more than a mile. In 1803, it was found necessary to form a floating-harbour here, on account of the damage which large vessels occasionally sustained from lying in the river at low water. This was effected by changing the course of the Avon, and damming up the old course, which now forms the harbour, communicating with the river, accessible at all times, and affording a sufficient depth of water for any vessel. This work, with the elegant iron bridges over the Avon, occupied a period of five years, and required an expenditure of £600,000. The swivel-bridge across the floating-harbour was formerly a drawbridge, but was altered to its present form in 1827 at a cost of £1,930. The new channel of the river extends from near Totterdown to Rownham ferry. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent; the dock-yards are situated on the banks of the floating-harbour. The receipts of the harbour consist of town, mayor's, and wharfage dues. In 1847, the town dues received were £2,136, and the mayor's dues £509; in 1848, town dues £2,582, mayor's dues £641; in 1949, town dues £2,831, mayor's dues £735: the wharfage dues have amounted to somewhere over £2,000 per ann.; but in November 1849 a resolution was passed by the Society of Merchants, by whom they are received, for a reduction in their amount to the extent of at least £700 a-year. The dock receipts in 1841 were £27,868; in 1842, £28,027; in 1843, £30,911; in 1846, £29,584; in 1847, £28,784; in 1848-9, £28,699; in 1849-50, (after the reductions of rates,) £20,993. The amount of pontage collected in Bristol in 1833 was £33,884; in 1838, £35,711. From various causes, chiefly of a local nature, the trade of B. has not kept pace with the increase of other ports, once its rivals; but an effort has been lately made for its improvement by the purchase of the dock property by the corporation, and an extensive reduction of the dock charges; the city taxing itself to the extent of 4d. in the pound upon the entire rateable property of the borough to make up for the diminution of the dock revenues. The gross receipt of postage collected in B. in 1846 was £18,093; in 1847, £20,000; being nearly equal to the collection at Birmingham; but under one-third of that at Liverpool.-As calculated on the average run of 31 passages of the Great Western steamer, the distance in sailing of the port of B. from that of New York is 3062 nautical m.; and of the port of New York from that of B., 3,105 m. See table in article BRISTOL CHANNEL. The most important manufactures of B. are those of brass and copper, glass, zinc, pins, and china; considerable quantities of lead, patent shot, soap, leather, and floor-cloth, are made;

and there are several iron-foundries, breweries, distilleries, and sugar-refineries.-Coal is procured in the vicinity in great abundance, and with a view to favour its importation a railway was formed many years ago between Cuckold's pill on the E side of B, and Coalpit Heath in the parish of Westerleigh, a distance of 9 miles. This railway has now been absorbed in the Bristol and Birmingham line; and the opening of the Bristol and Exeter railway through the coalfields of Nailsea, &c., has afforded ready meansof bringing into the city the coals of that district. Municipal government.]-The earliest charter of B. for which any authority can be stated is by Henry II., about 1164; the latest is that of Queen Anne, granted on the 24th of July, 1710. Under the new municipal act the corporate body of B. consists of a mayor, 16 aldermen, and 48 councillors. The mayor and recorder formerly held assizes twice a-year for the trial of persons charged with offences committed within the city jurisdiction; but this court has been abolished, and courts of quarter-session are now held. by the recorder. One of the judges on the western circuit usually holds a summer assize for the trial of civil causes, but the heavier descriptions of criminal offence are tried at the Gloucester assizes. A lordlieutenant is appointed for the county.-A spacious and well-constructed gaol was erected here in 1820, which was partially burnt during the great riot of 1831. There is also a commodious bridewell, built in 1834 and enlarged in 1846, and which contains separate cells for 76 prisoners. The present police force consists of a superintendent, 5 inspectors, 24 sergeants, and 219 men, exclusive of 4 officers employed at the council-house. A fourth part of the men parade the city by day, and the remainder by night, after the model of the metropolitan police.The revenue of the corporation is entirely managed by the common council. The average income of the corporation, as prepared for the use of the commissioners of the municipal corporations, (1833,) was £18,773; the average expenditure £16,409. The bond debt of the city, in 1833, was £86,204 10s. 1d.; in 1850 it was between £9,000 and £10,000. The city revenue in 1840-1 was returned, including the proceeds of sale of property to the extent of £17,226, at £64,842; in 1842-3 at £45,899; in 1847 it was £48,483; in 1848, £50,922; in 1849, £46,522. The expenditure in 1841-2 was £69,796; in 1842-3, £49,176; in 1847, £53,299; 1848, £51,180; and 1849, £46,906. The principal sources of revenue are rents and borough rates; the principal item of expenditure, police and constables. The sewerage of the city is not in a satisfactory state, although of late years much has been done for its improvement, and as the city is about to be brought within the provisions of the Health of Towns act, the adoption of a complete system may be speedily looked for. The present sewerage of the old city extends for 41 m., and £10,000 has been laid out within a few years in the construction of improved trunk sewers. The Frome, in its course among the houses of the town, may be considered as a great open sewer, although it should be stated that the corporation has recently expended over £3,000 in deepening and levelling its bed so as to improve the water-flow and abate the nuisance; also a mass of sewerage is discharged into the floating harbour. To effect a change of the water in the floating harbour as frequently as possible without drawing it all off, and to carry away muddy accumulations when disturbed by the dredg ing machine, a large expenditure has just been incurred in the construction of a culvert below the bed of the harbour, from a point near Cumberland basin to below low-water mark in the tidal river. Its length is 150 feet, width 9 feet, and height 7 feet;

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