face is estimated at 227 sq. m. Though C. is mountainous, it is not of so rugged a character as many others composing the Ionian group; and its scenery is particularly sweet and enchanting. A lofty range runs through its whole length, intersected by another at the N extremity, in which occurs the highest point of the island. Mount San-Salvatore, or Pantokratora-the ancient Istone in the NE part of the island, has an alt. of 2,979 ft. above sea-level. From its summit the channel that separates C. from Epirus seems narrowed to a river, and the ranges of Chimæra and Pindus, with many intervening vales, are visible; while to the S and SE the islands of Paxo, Cephalonia, and Santa-Maura, rest like distant clouds on the blue waters of the Ionian sea; to the NW the coast of Italy is just visible above the horizon. This mountain is composed of scaglia limestone. The N range is rocky and bare, except in some few places where the olive takes root; but the longitudinal range is thickly covered to the summit with groves of olive and cypress, and on the E side breaks into a succession of hills of moderate elevation, which, with the intervening valleys, are in some parts under cultivation, and in others richly wooded. The culminating point in the longitudinal range is SantaDacca, alt. 2,130 ft. The geological formation of the island is nummulitic or scaglia limestone, with considerable variation in the dip and strike. Many siliceous beds occur in the limestone [Hamilton]. The shores are bold and abrupt, particularly those which face the Mediterranean; but on the SE side they are flat, swampy, and considered unhealthy.-There are only four small rivers, or rather streams, in the island. One of these, the Potamo, discharges itself into the harbour of C., about 2 m. from the citadel; its course is sluggish, and its exhalations are supposed to be injurious. In the low grounds, particularly in the vicinity of the harbour, are several marshy lakes or ponds; these were formerly more numerous, but of late years much has been done by draining to bring them under cultivation. Among the hills are also several marshy lakes; the largest of which, 7 m. NW from the town of C., is about 6 m. long by 2 m. broad. Beyond it is another of more limited extent. The soil of the island is a stiff tenacious clay, extremely retentive of moisture; and nearly two-thirds of its surface is covered with trees, principally olives, so that C. may be said to abound with what are generally considered sources of malaria. Dr. Hennen, in his Topography of that island, states "that there is scarcely a sq. m. free from them, either as they proceed from decaying vege- | tables, underground moisture, or the more open swamp; and that every shower of rain, if succeeded by heat, at whatever season of the year, is productive of miasmata." Out of 153,000 acres, of which the island consists, 90,000 were under olives or vines in 1833, 22,000 were used for agricultural purposes, 7,500 for pasture, and about 33,500 were lying waste and uncultivated. The climate may generally be characterized as extremely variable, even more so to the feelings than is indicated by the therm., though that often shows a difference of 20° of temp. in the course of a few hours. The range on the average of four years was from 44° to 90°; and the number of days on which rain fell was 96 annually. Snow is rarely seen in the low grounds, and never lies, even on the mountain-tops, except for a very short period. The sudden transitions from heat to cold render it necessary for the inhabitants constantly to defend themselves by a more than ordinary quantity of clothing. These changes arise from the predominant winds, which either passing over the gigantic mountains of Epirus on the E, on which snow rests throughout six months of the year, chill the atmo sphere; or blowing hot and sultry from the SE, arrive charged with moisture and fogs. In common with the surrounding countries, C. is subject to earthquakes, which, however, are seldom so violent as to occasion much damage. The shocks are said to be always from NW to SE. C. is scantily provided with wood; that required for mechanical purposes is chiefly brought from Albania or Venice. Olives, vines, orange and lemon orchards, a few fruit-trees cultivated around the houses, and some oaks and elms, constitute the whole. Heaths of great size and beauty abound. From the want of shelter, there is a proportional scarcity of game. Birds of passage do not resort to C. in equal numbers as to some of the other islands; and when they do come, it is chiefly to shun the cold of Epirus. Wild swans, coots, and other aquatic fowls, are abundant, owing to the numerous lagunes and marshy grounds on the coast; fish is also plentiful in the surrounding seas. C. has thus few indigenous sources to maintain a numerous pop. With the exception of goats, which appear to be a native species, and from the milk of which a considerable quantity of cheese is made, all quadrupeds either for draught, for the saddle, or for subsistence, are brought hither from the continent. Compared with the natural advantages possessed by C., neither agriculture nor commerce is sufficiently extended among its inhabitants. The territorial property of the island is vested in a few individuals, who, wanting capital themselves, are obliged to obtain it at a great premium, while they have an uncertain return for their outlay and labour; and in some instances there is a singular complexity and minuteness of division in the right of property, equally fatal to industry. Thus the land not unfrequently belongs to one person, while the olive-trees upon it are the property of another, and the right of cultivation is exercised by a third! These old entail tenures are being gradually done away. The surface, though susceptible of improvement, is not peculiarly adapted either for the plough or the pasturage of heavy cattle. Wheat is the grain chiefly cultivated. It is of excellent quality, and yields in the proportion of 7 to 1; but the whole that is raised does not exceed four months' consumption of the island. In proportion as the olive-trees are productive and the oil-market favourable, general agriculture is neglected in C.; but recent official papers state that the cultivation of wheat and corn is extending. Unlike the other Ionian islands, C. produces no currants. Its wealth may be said to consist almost solely in its olives; and this originated in a great measure from the encouragement long ago held out by the Venetians, who, while in possession of this island, offered a specific reward for the plantation of each tree. Under the operation of this bounty, C. was soon covered with olives, and their propagation is still continued; so that, though the surface is comparatively destitute of woods, numerous copses everywhere appear. There are now, it is said, upwards of 3,000,000 of olive-trees on the island, of four different species, the mirtades, glicoglieydes, codiglyes, and yenoglies, which last are the most common. The second species produces two kinds of olives; those of the third, being the largest, are reserved for salting. There are 1,080 oil-mills or presses; and the inhabitants are enabled to export annually 300,000 jars, each containing 33 lbs. of oil, of a yellow colour and thick consistence, which in respect of quality ranks the fourth in European commerce. The olive-tree produces fruit only once in two years; but circumstances are so favourable to its cultivation, that the product of oil might be here doubled, or even tripled.-A small quantity of wine is made in C. It is of a deep red colour, and very History.] This island-the Corcyra, Drepanum, Macris, or Scheria of the ancients- was successively subject to the Greeks and Romans. When Italy was overrun by the barbarians, C. strong. Principally from mismanagement and ne- churches, and 233 priests. Under Venetian sway, glect of the vines, the whole annual vintage does not an archbishop named by the senate was appointed exceed four months' consumption of the island, and by the pope, and, on his arrival, was received with leaves 30,000 casks of 136 lbs. each to be imported both ecclesiastical and military honours. The greater for use. The care of the vines is superseded by the part of the pop. adhere to the Greek church, at the attention bestowed on the olives; and, as if they were head of which is a proto-papa or chief priest, chosen plants of the same nature, both are cultivated but by an assembly of the clergy and noblesse. He is once in two years. When preparing the ground for always of a noble family, and is invested with episcoolives, vines are planted as a secondary object along pal powers. A cathedral, several churches, and some with them; and when the period of greatest matu- convents both of monks and nuns, are under the rule of rity approaches, it commonly becomes necessary to the proto-papa, who receives a salary from government root them out, that the olives may be preserved. A of 100 dollars a-month. He remains five years in ofquantity of salt, sufficient for exportation, is procured fice, and then returns to the ordinary class of papas, refrom lagunes at Eftimo, Castrades, and Potamo. It taining nothing but some slight external decorations is exported to Albania, not being so fine as to render as a badge of his former greatness. The lower clergy it acceptable in Italy; and, even in Albania, it bears have a regular salary of only from 10 to 18 dollars a lower price than what is imported from other per ann., in addition to their fees on masses, marplaces. Gall-nuts and liqueurs in small quantities riages, baptisms, and burials: hence many are obare the only exports from C. All the oil is car-liged to apply themselves to manual labour. Among ried to Venice; other commodities are exported the manners of the Corfiotes we find some remarkto Leghorn, Trieste, Ancona, and Constantinople.-able instances of weakness and superstition. The The imports to C. are equivalent to at least seven festival of Saint Spiridion is particularly remarkable months' consumption of the year. The inhabitants for the display of credulous delusion which attends it. are totally dependent on other countries for all the larger quadrupeds, for a large supply of grain, and many articles of wearing apparel. Grain from the Morea and Romelia forms the principal import; besides which, 600 horses, 7,000 cattle, and 10,000 sheep and calves, are annually brought from the same quarter. Salt-fish is imported from England, Holland, Leghorn, and Genoa; wine from Dalmatia or the Archipelago; woollen and cotton cloths from Trieste and Smyrna; Indian goods from Constantinople, Turkey yarns chiefly by the trade of Corfu; nevertheless, the total balance is in favour of the island, as the value of the exports exceeds that of the imports by about one-twelfth. Almost the whole trade is carried on in foreign bottoms; for the only vessels lately belonging to C. were 2 or 3 barks of above 300 tons each, and a few galliots, which visited the neighbouring islands. The island is provided with three harbours, or rather roadsteads. That of Gouin, about 2 leagues from the town of C., is the best, consisting of a bay 1 m. in diam. completely land-locked, and with deep water close to the shore. Small quantities of naval stores were always kept in an arsenal here in the time of the Venetians; and, in order to facilitate communication with C., a railway was constructed in the year 1790. The situation is reputed unhealthy, from the neighbourhood of stagnant marshes and salt-pits.--The island is divided into the 7 cantons of C., Liapades, Peretia, Agrafus, Spagus, Strongili, and Milichia. It sends 7 members to the legislative assembly, and 1 to the senate. The total pop. of the island amounted in 1803 to 44,526; in 1833 to 60,007, besides 9,040 strangers, dispersed in the town of C. and in 85 villages containing from 150 to 2.000 each. The number of pupils attending the primary schools in 1848 was 1,359 boys, and 362 girls. The mass of the native pop. receive little instruction, and the education of women, except what is slenderly bestowed in the convents and government schools, is altogether neglected. A university was founded at C. in 1823. The number of students attending it in 1845 was 75. There are also in C. an ecclesiastical seminary for the education of young men dedicated to the priesthood, and a minor college. There is an extensive printing establishment in the cap. It belongs to government, but several important versions of the scriptures in the Albanian, Jewish-Spanish, and Modern Greek, have issued from it. The ecclesiastical establishment is of a mixed nature, partly according to the Greek, and partly according to the Roman Catholic rites. In 1829, the island contained 767 The suffered universal pillage; and under the emperors of the East, made themselves masters of C. towards the latter end of the last IONIAN REPUBLIC. Authorities.] Marmora, Istoria di Corfu.-Quirini Primordia iii.-Scrofani, Voyages tom. i. iii.--Histoire et descrip. des îles 10Corcyra-Spon et Wheeler, Voyage tom. i.-Olivier, Voyage tom. niennes. Paris 1823, 8vo. - Mustoxidi, Notizie per servire alla storia Corcirese. Corfu 1804, 8vo,—Goodisson's Hist, and Topog. Essay. Lond. 1822.-Gifford's Visit to the Morea. 1837.--Mure's Journal. 1842.-Parl. Papers. CORFU, the capital of the above island, and the seat of government of the Ionian republic, is built on an irregular prom. on the E side, in N lat. 39° 37′ 39′′. It is protected on the land-side by a double line of gloomy fortifications-which are now, however, in progress of demolition, it having been determined to restrict the defences-and flanked on the E by a strong citadel built on a steep precipitous rock which forms the apex of the promontory and has its summit split into two lofty peaks, and on the W by New fort situated on another rocky eminence rising about 100 ft. above the level of the sea. Opposite to the town lies the small island of Vido, the ancient Ptycha, which forms and commands the harbour. It is 280 ft. in height, and about 2 m. in circumf., and consists entirely of limestone rock with very little soil. It is nearly destitute of vegetation. C. being the most important of all the Venetian possessions during several centuries, and having since been a subject of keen contest among the belligerent powers of Europe, is fortified with more than ordinary care; and even since 1824 the British government has expended nearly £400,000 upon them, especially upon the islet of Vido, which may now be regarded as nearly impregnable. About 15,000 inhabitants -chiefly Greeks, Venetians, and Jews-dwell in the town, to whom may be added the English troops by which the island is garrisoned. C. contains a naval and military hospital, barracks for a number of men, and powder-magazines. By an accidental explosion of one of the latter, towards the earlier part of the 18th cent., not less than 2,000 persons were killed and wounded; and by a similar catastrophe in 1789, 600 lost their lives, 4 galleys and several barks were sunk in the harbour, and many houses severely damaged. As C. was the seat of government, it contained a palace for accommodating the governor - general when the Venetians held it: this is now occupied by the university founded by Lord Guilford. A noble new palace was erected during the governorship of Sir Thomas Maitland, in front of which is a spacious military esplanade, occupying the flat summit of the promontory between the town and the citadel. There are in the town an archiepiscopal palace, a cathedral, several monasteries, and a theatre; and an excellent racecourse affords amusement to the amateurs of that sport. The houses are in general very diminutive, although consisting of two or three stories high; the streets are narrow, with small arcades on each side. A government steamer from Malta, after touching at Cephalonia, Zante, and Patras, visits C. about the 7th and 20th of every month. The Austrian steamers between Trieste and Athens touch at C.; and there is a sailing-packet to Otranto once a-month. m. SW of its entrance into the gulf of Tarento. Pop. 13,204. Its streets are narrow, tortuous, and dirty, and the houses mean; but it possesses a fine castle, 5 churches, several convents, an alms-house, and a custom-house. It is supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. The environs produce oranges, olives, and citron in great abundance, and afford good wine. This town occupies the site of the ancient Sybaris.— Also a town in the prov. of the Terra-d'Otranto, district and 15 m. SSE of Lecce. Pop. 2,460. CORINALDO, a town of the Papal states, in the delegation and 25 m. W of Ancona, between the Misa and Cesano. It has six annual fairs. CORINGA, a town of Naples, in the prov. of Calabria-Ultra, in the district and 11 m. S of Nicastro, and 17 m. WSW of Catanzaro. Pop. 3,000. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1783. In the environs are mines of alum and of red-ochre. CORINGA, a town and port of Hindostan, in the presidency of Madras, and prov. of the Northern Circars, district and 34 m. ESE of Rajamundri, on a bay of the same name, at the mouth of the principal arm of the Godaveri, in N lat. 16° 40′, and E long. 82° 18'. The port of C. is one of the best on the W side of the bay of Bengal, being defended from the SW monsoon by Point Godaveri, and affording accommodation to vessels of the largest size. A mud bar crosses its entrance, but is penetrated by vessels without much difficulty. Craft of small size are built in considerable numbers at this port,-the wet-dock, constructed here, being the only one between Bombay and Calcutta. The trade, consisting in teak, salt, &c., is extremely active.-C. was originally a French colony. In 1759 it fell into the hands of the English. An inundation, which took place in 1787, destroyed a portion of the town, and a great number of its inhabitants. CORINNA, a township of Penobscot co., in the state of Maine, U. S., 64 m. NNW of Augusta, waintered by a head-branch of Sebasticook river, and very fertile. Pop. in 1840, 1,704. CORGNAC, a commune and village of France, the dep. of Dordogne, cant. of Thiviers, on the r. bank of the Isle. Pop. 1,268. CORGNALE, a town of Austria, in Illyria, in the circle of Pisino, 12 m. E of Trieste. Pop. 800. In the vicinity is the celebrated stalactite grotto of Vileniza. CORGO. See KORGO. CORHAMPTON, a parish of Hants, 4 m. NE of Bishop's Waltham. Area 2,410 acres. Pop. 181. CORHUT, or CHOORHUT, a town of Hindostan, in the prov. of Allahabad, 30 m. ESE of Rewat, on a mountain, near the 1. bank of the Jone. CORIA, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, cap. of a judicial partido, in the prov. and 35 m. N of Caceres, on a rising ground on the 1. bank of the Alagon, which is here crossed by a handsome bridge of 7 arches, but the river has forsaken its ancient channel here. Pop. 1,770. This town, the Caurium of the Romans, is defended by ancient walls, and by a small but strongly built fort erected in the 15th cent. The principal buildings are the cathedral, the churches, of which there are several, and the ducal palaces. There are also several convents. The surrounding scenery is very fine. A road leads N over the Sierra-de-Gata to Ciudad-Rodrigo. Fairs are held twice a-year. The partido comprises 18 pueblos. CORIA-DEL-RIO, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, in the prov. and partido and 8 m. SSW of Seville, on the r. bank of the Guadalquivir. CORIANO, a village of the Papal states, in the legation and 35 m. SE of Forli, and 7 m. SE of Rimini. It has a monthly fair. CORIGLIANO, a town of Naples, in the prov. of Calabria-Citra, district and 7 m. WNW of Rossano, on a hill near a small river of the same name, and 4 CORINTH, or KORINTHOS, a city of Greece, the cap. of a department of the same name, situated on the isthmus of C., between the gulf of Lepanto on the W, and that of Ægina on the E, in N lat. 37° 54′ 15′′, E long. 22° 52′ 45′′; 48 m. W of Athens, on the verge of a plain somewhat elevated, and at a little distance from the S extremity of the gulf bearing its name. "The present town of Corinth," says Mr. Dodwell, describing its appearance in 1805, “though very thinly peopled, is of considerable extent. The houses are placed wide apart, and much space is occupied with gardens. There are some fine fountains in the town, one of which is extremely curious, on account of the fantastic ornaments with which it has been enriched by the singular combinations of Turkish taste." Turner, who visited it a few years later, supposed it to contain 1,000 Greek and 300 Turkish houses. During the late revolutionary struggle it was pillaged and wasted by every party. Of 6 churches which it once contained, the walls of one only were entire in 1829. In 1834, it presented only a waste heap of rubbish, out of which arose from 40 to 50 miserable huts. Lord Nugent found the town, in 1844, "small, but clean and neat, with a prosperous-looking little bazaar." Modern C. stands upon ground which may have been occupied by part of the suburb of Lechaum, the N port. There are but few ruins at C., and of these little is known. Seven majestic Doric columns of its ancient temple, each measuring 18 ft. at the base, and about 25 ft. high, form its most interesting relic. "The chief produce of the territory," says Dodwell, "is corn, cotton, tobacco, and oil, and a better wine than that of Athens, which the Turks quaff freely in spite of their prophet, in order to counteract the bad |
