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m.; and the extreme breadth from E to W, is very | agricultural produce for local consumption as food, nearly 1 m. The cathedral crowns a slight rising 15,000 tons of agricultural produce for the use of ground. It is a plain, massive, oblong pile, totally breweries and distilleries, 1,200 tons of exciseable destitute of what is usually regarded as cathedral and shop articles not received by direct importation, character. The chapel, which is regarded as the and 82,500 tons of stone, lime, turf, &c.; and in carcathedral of the Roman Catholic dio., is situated on riage from the town, to 72,000 tons of imports, 12,600 elevated ground. The interior has three altars, is tons of the produce of breweries and distilleries, and highly ornamented, and displays great magnificence. 55,000 tons of coals, manure, &c. The exports in The Bishop's chapel, on the lower Glanmire road, is 1849, were estimated in value at £2,030,145; and the a chaste building. Father Matthews' chapel, Char- imports at £2,301,145. The number of registered lotte Quay, is an imposing edifice. The island on vessels belonging, in 1849, to the port of C., includwhich the central division of the city stands commu- ing Youghal, Kinsale, and intermediate places, was nicates across the N branch of the Lee by three 408 of aggregately 46,985 tons. The number of vesbridges, and across the S branch by six.-The Roman sels in C. harbour, in that year, was outward to Catholic schoolhouse at the W verge of the central foreign ports 66 of 10,169 tons, inward from foreign division of the town, erected in 1767, formerly the ports 522 of 95,321 tons, outward coastwise 2,057 of mansion house, is a plain substantial structure. 221,890 tons, inward coastwise 2,218 of 259,812 tons. A large butter weighhouse, recently remodelled | Steam-vessels constantly ply between C. harbour and and extended, is a fine building. The Commer- Dublin, and other places, and between the city of cial Buildings are situated in the South Mall; they C. and Cove, now Queenstown. The cargoes of large belong to a numerous body of proprietors. The merchant-vessels may be unloaded at Passage, and custom-house is situated on the E point of the island, taken up to the city by railway.-The Cork and Pasand extends across that point between the two chan- sage railway, in length, construction, traffic, and renels of the river. The new corn market consists of turns, greatly resembles the Dublin and Kingstown a very commodious suite of edifices, and of a large railway. See PASSAGE.-C. is a very ancient coradjacent open area. The City and County court-porate town, and may be regarded as probably a house, situated at the W verge of the insular divi- | borough by prescription. Under the new arrangesion of the town, was till 1846 the most ornamental ment, the municipal territory includes little more and imposing of C.'s public buildings. It was com- than the de facto city of C., and is divided into 8 pleted in 1835, at the expense of £22,000. It exhi-wards, each of which returns 2 aldermen and 6 counbits a magnificent Corinthian octostyle portico, with cillors, who elect a mayor from their number. The two intercolumniations at each return. The county annual income of the corporation amounts to between gaol, situated on the S bank of the S branch of the £6,000 and £7,000. The city sends two members to river, consists of a sheriff's prison, and a separate the imperial parliament. Constituency in 1841, 4,364. house-of-correction, with a common governor, and is The Diocese.] St. Barr, Barroc, or Finbarr, but at once one of the most extensive and best conducted called by his parents Lochan, is usually regarded as establishments in Ireland. The C. lunatic asylum, the founder of the bishopric of C. In 1430, the see a new and splendid edifice on the S side of the river, became united to that of Cloyne; and now, in terms above Sunday well, is a magnificent erection, and of the Church reform bill, C., Cloyne, and Ross, are contains 207 cells and 18 sleeping rooms.-The C. in-permanently united. The dio., in a general view, stitution, founded in 1803, and incorporated by char-extends W from C. harbour to Bantry bay, and S ter in 1807, has a proprietary of about 200 members, and is supported by voluntary subscriptions and by the proprietary contributions of members. The new college, an extensive and splendid building close to the county gaol, is reckoned with justice one of the greatest ornaments of the city, and has recently been opened under the auspices of government. The barracks at Cork on the N side of the river are situated on a hill, commanding a magnificent view, under which the railway tunnel passes. They are extensive, and possess a spacious square for exercise; a military prison has recently been attached to them. The Dyke walk is a convenient and unique public promenade, about an English mile in length, with trees on each side. It runs between Sunday well near the new Lunatic Asylum, and that part of the western road on which are the county gaol and new college buildings. Cork possesses a school of design, a museum, two infirmaries-north and south, and various public charitable institutions. The manufacture of woollens and worsted stuffs as well as of leather, was, at one time, very extensive, but has seriously decreased. Several very extensive tilleries and breweries exist here; other manufactures are metal castings, iron work, flour, malt, gloves, paper, cloth, and Blackpool ginghams, and the numerous productions of the various departments of artisanship. About 56 per cent. of all the families constituting the pop. are employed in manufacture, handicraft, or trade; 10 per cent. in agriculture; and 34 per cent. are not included in either of these categories of the working-classes.-The estimated inland traffic of C. amounts, in carriage to the town, of 80,000 tons for exportation, 82,500 tons of

from the river Lee to the Atlantic. Its length from E to W, is 58 Irish, or 74 English m.; its breadth is about 13 Irish, or 16 English m.; and its area is 600,991 acres. Pop. in 1831, 314,100. The gross amount of the episcopal revenue, apart from that of either Ross or Cloyne, is £2,630 1s. 04d.; and the nett amount, £2,313 4s. 84d. The total of parishes in the dio. is 90; of benefices, 62.-The Roman Catholic dio. of C. is still unannexed to any other diocese. Its parishes are 33; its parish-clergy are 33; and its coadjutor-clergy, including 3 chaplains, are 42. The bishop's parish is Cork.

History.] In 1172, the town-then walled, and regarded as a place of considerable strength-was surrendered by Dermod MacCarthy, Prince of Desmond, to the English; in a brief period, it returned to the possession of the Irish. The English soon reacquired possession; and for generations held the place against the united forces of MacCarthy, O'Loughlin, and other Irish leaders; but they almost literally lived in a state of perpetual artillery, C. ceased to have the power of making any prolonged siege. After the invention of gunpowder and the introduction of resistance; its whole site being so thoroughly commanded by adjacent rising grounds, that no efforts of fortification could render it capable of long sustaining the assault of cannon. The city was

dis-early in declaring for the restoration of Charles II.; and it is a

singular fact that the king was proclaimed there eleven days before the proclamation was made in London. In the revolution of 1688 it supported the cause of James, and sustained a siege of three days' duration; remarkable chiefly as having laid the foundation of the future fame and fortune of the hero of Blenheim.Sir Richard Boyle, who had been made Baron Boyle of Youghal in 1616, was created Earl of C. and Viscount Dungarvon in 1620, CORK HARBOUR, a celebrated capacious and ramified estuary and bay in the co. of Cork. The outer bay opens between Poor-head and Cork-head; looks to the SSE; has a width of 64 m. at the entrance; penetrates the land 24 m. to the commencement of the entrance to the inner harbour, and its shore describes nearly the segment of a circle; and, but for the middle of its W side being intersected by the tiny estuary of the Ringabella river, the whole outer bay is an open road, with a somewhat uniform

and comparatively bold coast. The passage from the outer to the inner harbour commences at Roche's tower-point on the E, in N lat. 51° 47' 33", E long. 8° 15' 14"; extends in the direction of N by W; is about 2 m. long and m. broad; and has on both sides, but particularly on the W, somewhat bold shores. Its N termination is overhung on the E side by Carlisle fort, and on the W side by Camden fort. It considerably contracts where commanded by these frowning military works; and it instantly afterwards sends off the hidden bay of the Carrigaline or Annabuoy estuary to the W, and begins at the Dog's nose promontory to lose itself in the expansion of the inner harbour. The distance due N from the termination of the narrows to Cushkinny bay, a little E of Queenstown, is 3 m.; and the inner harbour, or the Cove, varies over this distance from 2 to 64 m. in width, and is beautifully and rather intricately varied by the projection of peninsula from its shores, and the studding of Spike, Rocky, and Hawlbowline islands on the left side of its bosom. Spike island, with its enormously expensive modern fortifications and barracks, lies 1 m. NNW of Carlisle fort or Dog's Nose point; Rocky island, with its small loop-holed turret, and its two powder magazines excavated in the solid rock, lies a m. WNW of Spike island; and Hawlbowline island, with its naval and ordnance stores and warehouses, lies 3 furlongs NNW of Rocky island. Great island, with the romantically situated Queenstown on its S shore, extends almost quite across the head or nearly widest part of the inner harbour, so as practically to terminate it, and to reduce the further marine navigation to two narrow sounds along its ends. The E sound is overlooked at the commencement of its E shore by the v. of East Passage; it expands at the NE corner of Great island into a lagune of 1 m. or upwards in width, which receives the Middleton river; it then deflects at a right angle, and proceeds 3 m. W to Foaty island; and it finally becomes lost in a chain of very narrow sounds, which zone Foaty island, Little island, and two or three intermediate islands. The W sound, or main chan nel of the Lee, proceeds 24 m. nearly due N; it is overlooked on the W shore by the bustling and pretty little town of Passage, or West Passage; and it terminates right in front of the S extremity of Little island. The continuation of this sound over 24 m. bears NW; has a mean breadth of at least 1 m.; it then debouches round the point of Black Rock castle, becomes contracted in breadth, and proceeds W, more as the effluxion of the tide upon a river than as properly an estuary, to the city of C.-From the

Land's End to the entrance of Cork harbour, is N by W3 W463 leagues. The best place for large ships to anchor is off the garrison, in from 8 to 5 fath. Merchant-ships may ride off Queenstown in smoother water and less tide; they may go also further up the harbour of Passage, and ride any where between the first house and Ronan's point. Vessels drawing 16 or 17 ft. may, with spring-tides, go up to Black Rock or to the town of Cork.

thermal and mineral springs, and for the magnificent views which it commands.

CORMANTINE, or AMSTERDAM, a fort of Upper Guinea, on the Gold coast, in the kingdom of Fantee, 10 m. ENE of Cape Coast Castle, and 90 m. ENE of Cape Three Points, on a rocky hill near Great Cormantine. It was built by the English, and continued in their power until 1663, when it was taken by the Dutch. In 1807 it was pillaged by the Ashantees, and soon after by the inhabitants of Anamaboe. It has since been suffered to fall into ruins.-Also a large native town, on the Gold coast of Africa, near the mouth of the small river Etsin, The and about 1 m. from the deserted fort of C. country in the vicinity is diversified with hill and dale. A group of 5 hills, varying from 440 to 610 ft. in height, on this part of the coast, and known as the C. hills, forms a conspicuous object.

CORMATIN, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Saône-et-Loire, cant. of Saint-Gengoux-le-Royal, 14 m. SW of Chalons. Pop. 766. It has a papermill and some manufactories of tiles and bricks.

CORME, or CORINO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, in the prov. and 30 m. W of Corunna, on the E coast of the gulf Ria-de-Lage-y-Corme.

CORME ROYALE, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Charente-Inférieure, cant. of Saujon, 8 m. W of Saintes. Pop. 1,217.

CORMEILLE - EN - PARISIS, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Seine-et-Oise, cant. of Argenteuil, 10 m. NW of Paris. Pop. 1,194. It contains quarries of gypsum.

CORMEILLES, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Eure, arrond. of PontAudemer. The cant. comprises 15 com. Pop. in 1831, 10,164; in 1841, 9,659. The town is 8 m. SW of Pont-Audemer, and 34 m. WNW of Evreux. Pop. 1,331. It has extensive manufactories of leather, parchment, paper, linen, hosiery, &c., cotton, CORKBEG, a parish in co. Cork, 5 m. SW of and wool spinning-mills, and in the environs are Cloyne. Area 2,661 acres. Pop. 1,603.

CORLAY, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Côtes-du-Nord, arrond. of Loudéac. The cant. comprises 5 com. Pop. in 1831, 7,771; in 1841, 7,405. The town is 16 m. SW of St. Brieuc. Pop. 1,202. It has a considerable trade in pigs, honey, fruit, and legumes. Fairs are held monthly.

CORLAY (LE-HAUT), a commune of France, in the dep. of the Côtes-du-Nord, cant. and a little to the N of Corlay, 15 m. NW of Loudéac. Pop. 1,608. CORLEONE, a town of Sicily, 18 m. S of Palermo, near one source of the Belici. Pop. 16,000. It is large and well-built, and contains several churches and convents, a college, and some other public buildings. Agriculture forms the chief occupation of the inhabitants. In the environs is a mineral spring. | The district comprises 4 cant., viz. Bisacquino, Chiusa, C., and Prizzi.

CORLETO-PERTICARA, a town of Naples, in the prov. of Basilicata, district and 18 m. SSE of Potenza, on the brow of a hill, near the r. bank of the Sauro. Pop. 3,900. The environs afford excellent fruit and wine.

CORMACHITI CAPE-the Crommyon promontorium of the ancients--a promontory of the island of Cyprus, on the N coast, opposite Cape Anamur in Asia Minor, in N lat. 35° 24′ 40′′, and E long. 32° 55′ 45′′: 61 m. to the SSE of the cape is a small village of the same name.

CORMAJOR, or CORMAYEUR, a village of Piedmont, in the prov. and 15 m. WNW of Aosta, on the 1. bank of the Dora-Baltea, at the foot of Mont Cormet, and 5 m. SE of Mont Blanc, at an alt. of 3,996 ft. above sea-level. It is celebrated for its

several oil-mills. Grain, leather, and linen form its chief articles of commerce.

CORMEILLES-LE-CROC-the ancient Curmiliaca-a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Oise, cant. of Crèvecœur, 21 m. NNW of Clermont. Pop. 1,349. It has some manufactures of woollen fabrics, and a considerable trade in grain.

CORMERY, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Indre-et-Loire, cant. of Montbazon, 10 m. SE of Tours, on the 1. bank of the Indre. Pop. 1,045. It has an active trade in grain.

CORMICY, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Marne, cant. of Bourgogne, 8 m. NW of Reims. Pop. 1,482. It contains quarries of freestone and extensive tile-works.

CORMOLAIN, a commune of France, in the dep. of Calvados, cant. of Caumont, 10 m. SSW of Bayeux. Pop. 1,002.

CORMONSO, a town of Illyria, in the gov. of Trieste, circle and 7 m. W of Gorizia, in a mountainous locality, near the 1. bank of the Indrio. Pop. 3,600. It is surrounded by an old wall, and is defended by a fortress. Silk is extensively cultivated in the environs.

CORMOR, a river of Venetian Lombardy, in the delegation of Udine, which takes its rise 2 m. N of Tricesimo; runs S; and after a total course of 30 m., unites with the Stella at Palazzolo.

CORMOZ, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Ain, cant. of Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes, 16 m. N of Bourg-en-Bresse, on the 1. bank of the Sevron. Pop. 1,061.

CORNAC, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Lot, cant. of Brétenoux, 19 m. NNW of Figeac, and 27 m. NNE of Cahors. Pop. 1,506.

CORNAGO, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, in the prov. and 35 m. SE of Logrono, partido and 8 m. W of Cervera, on the Linares, which is here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1,409. It contains an ancient castle, a parish-church, a custom-house, and a convent. Agriculture and the manufacture of sackcloth form the chief employments of the inhabitants of the town and its environs.

CORNAMUCKLAGH, a village in the p. of Kilcroan, co. Galway. Pop. 128.

CORNARD (GREAT), a parish of Suffolk, 14 m. SE of Sudbury, bounded on the W by the Stour. Area 1,610 acres. Pop. 938.

CORNARD (LITTLE), a parish of Suffolk, 23 m. SE of Sudbury. Area 1,480 acres. Pop. 396.

CORNAREDO, a town of Venetian Lombardy, in the delegation and 9 m. WNW of Milan. Pop. 1,300. It was sacked by Barbarossa in 1167.

CORNAS, a commune of France, in the dep. of Ardeche, cant. of Saint-Peray, near the r. bank of the Rhone. Pop. 1,000. It is noted for its wine. CORNAU, a town of Hanover, in the county and 5 m. NE of Diepholz, on an affluent of the Hunte. Pop. 296.

CORNBROUGH, a township in the p. of SheriffHutton, N. R. of Yorkshire, 11 m. N of York. Area 920 acres. Pop. 63.

CORNCAIRN, a village in the p. of Ordiquhill, Banffshire. Pop. 94.

CORNE', a village of France, in the dep. of the Maine-et-Loire, cant. of Beaufort, 14 m. WSW of Baugé. Pop. 1,900. In the vicinity are quarries of fine slate.

CORNEAS, a town of Spain, in Galicia, in the prov. and 26 m. SE of Lugo, partido of Santa-Mariade-Fuensagrada, near the 1. bank of the Sarria.

CORNEDO, a village of Venetian Lombardy, in the prov. and 11 m. NW of Vicenza, district and 3 m. SE of Valdagno. Pop. 1,870.

CORNEGLIANO, a town of Piedmont, cap. of a mandamento, in the prov. and 5 m. NW of Alba, and 24 m. SSE of Turin. Pop. 1,816. Silk is extensively cultivated in the environs.-Also a town of the Sardinian dominions, in the prov. and 3 m. W of Genoa, on the gulf of Genoa. Pop. 2,035. It has some manufactories of white-lead and soap.

CORNEILLA - EN - CONFLENT, a village of France, in the dep. of the Pyrenees-Orientales, cant. and 5 m. SW of Prades. Pop. 357. It has ferruginous springs.

CORNEILLA-LA-RIVIERE, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Pyrenees - Orientales, cant. of Millas. Pop. 1,131. It affords excellent wine.

CORNEJO POINT, a headland of Bolivia, in the dep. and 55 m. ESE of Arequipa, on the N side of Porto Ilay.

ning-mill, 2 manufactories of cloth, some iron-works, and quarries of freestone.

CORNET. See SAINT-PIERRE.

CORNETO, a town of the Papal states, in the deleg. and 11 m. N of Civita-Vecchia, near the 1. bank of the Marta, 3 m. NE of the entrance of that river into the Mediterranean. Pop. 2,000. It has an ancient cathedral, and several convents, and gives its name to the united bishopric of Monte-Fiascone and Corneto. It possesses a considerable trade in corn and oil; and in the vicinity are the alummines of the Tolfa,-the richest in Italy,-and saltworks, the annual produce of which is 4,000 quintals. Near this town are the ruins of the ancient Tarquinii of the Romans.

CORNEY, a parish of Cumberland, 4 m. SE of Ravenglass. Area 3,890 acres. Pop. 273.

CORNFORTH, a township in the p. of Bishop's Middleham, 64 m. SSE of Durham, intersected by the Hartlepool Junction railway. Area 1,570 acres. Pop. 700.

CORNHILL, a chapelry in the p. of Norham, co. of Durham, 2 m. E of Coldstream, bounded on the W by the Tweed. Area 4,430 acres. Pop. 823.

CORNIA, a river of Tuscany, which takes its rise on the W side of Monte-Cerboli; runs SSW; and after a total course of 29 m., falls into a lake communicating with the Mediterranean 4 m. E of Piombino. The basin of this river is remarkable for the volcanic phenomena, lagunes, and mineral springs, which are to be found in it.

CORNIER-DES-LANDES (SAINT), a cominune of France, in the dep. of the Orne, cant. of Tinchebray. Pop. 2,132.

CORNIGLIO, a town of Parma, in the prov. and 25 m. SW of Parma, and on the river of the same

name.

CORNIL, a commune of France, in the dep. of Correze, cant. and 6 m. SW of Tulle, on the 1. bank of the Correze. Pop. 1,203.

CORNIMONT, or HORNENBERG, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of the Vosges, cant. of Saulxures, 13 m. E of Remiremont. Pop. 2,740. It is noted for its cheese; and has a cotton spinning-mill.

CORNING, a village of Painted Post township, Steuben co., in the state of New York, U. S., 213 m. WSW of Albany, on the S side of Chemung river, intersected by the New York and Erie railroad, and connected by a canal and Seneca lake with the Erie

canal. It has also railway communication with the coal district of the state of Pennsylvania, by means of which it carries on an extensive trade in lumber, coal, &c.

CORNISH, a township of York co, in the state of Maine, U. S., 76 m. SW of Augusta, bounded on the N by Great Ossipee and Saco rivers. Its soil is highly productive. Pop. in 1840, 1,263.-Also a CORNELLANA, a town of Spain, in Asturias, in township of Sullivan co., in the state of New Hampthe prov. and 17 m. WNW of Oviedo, partido of Bel-shire, 58 m. WNW of Concord, separated from Vermonte, on the 1. bank of the Narcea.

CORNELLY, a parish of Cornwall, 14 m. W of Tregony. Area 1,480 acres. Pop. 119.

CORNER. See GORNOU.

CORNER INLET, an extensive shoal bay of the SE coast of Australia, on the NE side of Wilson's promontory, in S lat. 38° 45', E long. 146° 30'. The entrance, 1 m. across, is open to the E.

CORNERSBURG, a village of Trumbull co., in the state of Ohio, U. S., consisting in 1840 of about 30 dwellings.

CORNERSVILLE, a village of Giles co., in the state of Tennessee, U. S., 61 m. S of Nashville. Pop. in 1840, about 60.

CORNESSE, a commune of Belgium, in the prov. of Liege, 4 m. E of Verviers. It has a woollen spin

mont on the W by the Connecticut. Pop. 1,726.

CORNO, a river of Venetian Lombardy, in the delegation of Udine, which takes its rise 5 m. SW of Palmanova, passes S Giorgio, where it becomes navigable; and after a total course in a S direction of 11 m., unites with the Ausa in the marsh of SantoGiuliano.

CORNO-GIOVINE, a village of Venetian Lombardy, in the prov. of Lodi-e'-Crema, district and 3 m. SE of Codogno, and 19 m. SE of Lodi. Pop 1,373.

CORNO (MONTE), the summit of the Gran-Sassod'Italia, the highest point in the whole chain of the Apennines, ENE of Aquila, in Abruzzo-Ultra, in N lat. 42° 27', E long. 13° 36'. It has an alt. of 9,521 ft. above sea-level.

CORNOL, a parish and village of Switzerland, in the cant. of Berne, 6 m. ESE of Porentruy, at the foot of the Reptach, or Mont Terrible. Pop. (Cath.) 789. It is noted for its pottery manufactures, and has considerable gypsum quarries.

CORNON, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Puy-de-Dôme, cant. of Pont-du-Château. Pop. in 1841, 2,607. It produces good wine.

CORN-PLANTER, a township of Venango co., in the state of Pennsylvania, U. S., 217 m. WNW of Harrisburg. Pop. in 1840, 427.

CORNSAY, a township of the p. of Lanchester, co. and 8 m. WNW of Durham. Area 2,370 acres. Pop. 201.

CORNUAILLE (LA), a commune of France, in the dep. of the Maine-et-Loire, cant. of Le LorouxBéconnais. Pop. 1,363.

CORNUDILLA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, in the prov. and 28 m. NE of Burgos, partido and 10 m. N of Bribiesca, near the r. bank of the Oca.Also an ancient town of Catalonia, in the prov. and 25 m. NW of Tarragona, partido and 5 m. NNE of Falcet, in a mountainous locality. Pop. 1,657. It has a parish-church, and a custom-house; and possesses several flour-mills, and distilleries of brandy. CORNUS, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, cant. of Sainte-Affrique. The cant. comprises 4 com. Pop. in 1831, 7,157; in 1841, 6,634. The town is 18 m. ESE of Sainte-Affrique, on the Borac. Pop. 1,813. It has manufactories of paper-makers' felts.

CORNVILLE, a township of Somerset co., in the state of Maine, U. S., 42 m. NE of Augusta, watered by Wessaransett river, an affluent of the Kennebec river. Pop. in 1840, 1,140.

CORNWALL, a county of England, forming the SW extremity of the island of Great Britain, and bounded on all sides by the sea, except on the E, where it borders on the co. of Devon, from which it is separated by the river Tamar. From this boundary to the westward, the land continually decreases in breadth, and assumes a cornuted form, whence its name is supposed to have been derived. It is bounded by the Bristol channel on the N; by the British channel on the S; and by the Irish or Atlantic sea on the W. Four-fifths of its outline are washed by the sea. Its length from NE to SW at the Land's end,' has been calculated at 78 m.; its breadth from N to S at 43 m.; its circumf. at 250 m.; and its square contents at 866,474 acres, of which about 650,000 are arable, pasture, and meadow land; the remainder may almost be denominated waste lands. William of Worcester states, that between Mount's bay and the Scilly islands there had been woods, meadows, and arable lands, and 140 parishchurches, which before his time were submerged by the ocean. Uninterrupted tradition leaves no doubt that a vast tract of land which stretched anciently from the E shore of Mount's bay to the NW rock of Scilly has, since the age of Strabo and Solinus, been overwhelmed by the sea. Borlase remarks, that the submarine forests in this vicinity show a subsidence of 12 ft. on these shores; and that the ground which has sunk must have been a marshy plain, like the lower lands of Gulval and Ludgvan, and adjoining parishes.

Physical features.] C. is intersected from E to W by a ridge of rugged and bleak hills, some of which are of considerable height. Brown-willey, the highest, rises 1,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Carraton-hill has an alt. of 1,208 ft.; Kit-hill, of 1,067 ft.; Henborough or Hensbarrow-down, of 1,034 ft.; and Codenborough or Cadonburrow, of 1,011 ft. On the N coast a considerable extent of surface has been inundated by sands, constituting hills several hundred

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feet in height. So completely have these vast mounds shifted their whole bulk from spot to spot, that the ruins of ancient buildings originally overwhelmed by them, have again been laid bare in the rear of their line of progress. Though some of the Cornish valleys are very fertile, and the landscape in some quarters exceedingly romantic, still the general aspect of the surface is dreary and barren.

Rivers.] Owing to the constant moisture of the atmosphere in this co., and to the extent and considerable height of its mountain-districts and the numerous springs to which they give birth, the rivers and streams of C. are more numerous, and, in proportion to the shortness of their course, larger perhaps than in any other quarters of the island. Of these, the principal are the Tamar, Lynher, Fowey, Camel or Alan, and Fal. The Tamar is one of the largest in the W of England. It rises in a moor near Moorwinstow, in the NE corner of the county, and, receiving numerous accessions in its way, flows SSE, passing Launceston, to which it is navigable, and Calstock, Saltash, and Davenport, till it falls into Plymouth sound, after a course of 54 m.—The Lynher rises from the Alternon hills, W of Launceston, and, flowing SSE by Callington, becomes navigable in the Lynher creek, a kind of lake which it forms between Trematon - castle and Anthony. It then empties itself into the Tamar, about 1 m. below Saltash, after a course of 22 m.-The Fowey rises in an elevated tract between Bodmin and Launceston. It becomes navigable a little below Lostwithiel, and afterwards expands into a wide and deep haven, which opens into the sea about 1 m. below the town of Fowey. It is 30 m. in length. The Camel or Alan, has its source about 2 m. to the N of Camelford, in the NW part of the county. After being reinforced by various tributaries, it becomes navigable for barges near Egloshel; and at Padstow, forms a harbour, which opens into the Bristol channel. It has a total course of 28 m., 7 of which are navigable. A bar of sand, thrown up by the winds and tides across its mouth, renders the entrance impracticable for vessels of any considerable burden, and dangerous even for small vessels except in fair weather and at full tide.-The Fal is the most considerable river in the central part of C. It rises to the W of Roche rocks, and flowing by Grampound, is reinforced by tributaries which swell into a large basin near Truro. It afterwards, with other tributaries, and after the reunion of its own erratic branches, forms Carrigroads, and then flows onwards to the sea at Falmouth, where it forms a spacious harbour, now accessible for the largest steamers, at all times of the tide, up to the inner harbour.-The Tidi, a tributary of the Lynher, which flows past St. Germains; the Looe or Trelawney, which flows past the towns of East and West Looe into the British channel; the Hel, which falls into the gulf in which the Fal opens; and the Heyl, which forms the broad estuary opening into the bay of St. Ives; are also all considerable rivers in this co.

Harbours and fisheries.] The chief harbours or trading ports of C. are Padstow, Boscastle, Porbreath, St. Ives, Penzance, Truro, Looe, Fowey, Hayle, and Falmouth; and the exports, amounting to nearly £1,000,000, chiefly consist in fish, tin, and copper; the imports in timber, coal, iron, hemp, and such other necessaries as fishing and mining require.--Having such a number of rivers entering the sea by deep creeks and broad estuaries, the fisheries of C. might be expected to be extensive and profitable; but are less so than they might easily become. The coasts abound with oysters, turbot, inackarel, whitings, and a great variety of other fish; one species of which, the pilchard, is taken in suffi

cient numbers to constitute a considerable and pro- | The stock of sheep is estimated at about 200,000, ductive branch of commerce. The pilchard - fish-producing 5,900 wool-packs a-year. Goats are exery is exclusively carried on along the coasts of tensively reared; and red deer were plentiful between C. and Devon, particularly Cornwall. Its chief Launceston and Stratton when Borlase wrote, in stations are at St. Ives, on the N coast; but prin- 1758. Leland also mentions that they were found cipally on the S coast, at Looc, Polperro, Fal-in his time near St. Neot's. Two or three are still mouth, Mount's bay, and Mevagissey. Dr. Borlase occasionally seen, says De la Beche; but they are states the average of 10 years' pilchard-fishing, end- now very rare. There is nothing peculiar to this ing with 1756, at 29,795 hhds. The Lysons state county, either in its plants or animals, unless it be that from 1807 to 1811 this trade almost wholly de- the pyrrhocorax, a red-billed red-legged crow, termed clined, but revived in 1811, and that afterwards great the Cornish chough. But though more common quantities were sold for manure. The average ex- here than elsewhere, it is said to be getting rare port of 3 years, ending with 1832, was 26,641 hhds.: even here. but in 1832 it amounted to 31,618 hhds. The average produce is 60,000,000 of fish, or 21,000 hhds. In 1847 the take amounted to 100,000,000. The price averages from 1s. to 1s. 6d. for 126. They are largely cured for exportation, chiefly to Italy. The total capital employed in this fishery is estimated at £200,000 to £250,000.

Climate.] From its vicinity to the Atlantic, the climate of C. is extremely damp; but except to persons of consumptive habits, it is highly salubrious; and the inhabitants are in general healthy, and remarkable for longevity. While the average of deaths at the age of 70 and upwards for all England and Wales, in 1816, was 145 in every 1,000, the average for C. was 188. It is, however, still higher in some of the other counties of England, as in Northumberland, excluding the mining-districts, and in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and the N of Lancashire, where it has been 198; and in the N. and W. Riding of Yorkshire, it has been as high as 210. The mean annual temp. at Penzance for 21 years was 54° 5', being nearly 4° above that of London. The winters are more mild here than in any other part of the island; and severe winters do not occur more frequently than in cycles of 6 or 8 years. Myrtles, if only sheltered from the sea-breezes, will flourish in the open air all the year round; but trees tered, especially on the coast, can seldom withstand the violence of the winds. The spring shows itself very early in buds and blossoms, but its progress is less rapid than in counties where it is later in appearance. The bat is seen fluttering about in every week of an ordinary year. The air is tempered by the sea breezes both in summer and winter; but grapes rarely ripen in the open air, and even hazel-nuts and walnuts seldom arrive at maturity.

Minerals.] Cornwall is distinguished beyond all other counties of England, and indeed beyond most districts of the same extent and otherwise barren mountains. The tin mines of this co. have in any quarter of the globe, by the mineral richness of its bleak for centuries furnished employment to thousands of its inhabitants. The Phoenicians-if we may credit Herodotus, Strabo, and other ancient historians and geographers--considered their commerce with C. for tin to be of such importance that they anxiously concealed the situation whence that metal was obtained. Diodorus Siculus describes the locality where this trade was conducted, and which, in the Augustine era, was named Iktas, now generally admitted to be St. Michael's mount. Copper also was known at an early age to be a produce of this co. It was then obtained from mines more especially worked for tin; though now it constitutes a source of wealth far more valuable phuret of copper, and the peroxide of tin, crystalline or otherand important than that of tin. Copper pyrites, or the bisulwise, and more or less pure, are the chief ores. The cupreous sulphuret of tin, or tin pyrites, however, has been found, though all the tin is procured from the peroxide; but the sulphuret of copper, and the black ore, are found in sufficient quantity to be of practical importance. The great metalliferous district extends from Dartmoor in Devonshire, on the E, to the Land's end, on the W; but the various veins containing these ores are not distributed equally over this district: they are, in a great measure, arranged in groups, in still minor districts. Manganese has been obtained near Calstock on the S, and near Linkinghorn on the E. The neighbourhood of Callington is both stanniferous and cupriferous; and as true silver-lodes are found in it, it may also be termed argentiferous. The St. Austell district is principally stanniterous, the copper-lodes being chiefly confined to its SE side, including the present very productive mine of Fowey-Consols,

and the Crinnis lodes, from which much valuable copper ore has been extracted. The St. Agnes district is for the most part stanunshel-niferous, particularly near the town and beacon, the principal exception being the Great St. George and Wheal-Leisure mines near Piran Porth to the E, and Wheal-Towan and some other mines on the SW. The great mining district of Gwennap, Redruth, and Camborne, is chiefly cupriferous, tin ore being comparatively rare, except near the latter place. Silver ores were once raised in sufficient quantities in Dolcoath mine to be profitable, and cobalt at Wheal-Sparnon near Redruth. The Breague, Ma razion, and Guinnear district, is of a mixed stanniferous and cupriferous character, the Gwinnear subdivision being argentiferous as far as regards Wheal-Herland, from which muriate of silver and other silver ores were obtained in profitable quantities. The St. Just and St. Ives district is principally stanniferous. In

Soil, produce, &c.] The soil of C. is generally light, and largely intermixed with gravel. It is various, however, but may be comprehended under three heads: the gritty and black,-the shelvy and slaty, and the reddish stiff soil approximating to clay. The hills and higher grounds are entirely covered with the first. Considering the nature of the soil and its remote situation, with the otherwise diverted pursuits of its population, agriculture is considerably advanced in this co. Rather less than onesixth of the wheat required for the consumption of the co. is supplied from other sources. Besides the usual grain produce, and potatoes, a few acres of hops are grown in the parishes of Gorran, Ruan, St. Keverne, Manaccan, &c., the average produce of which, however, for 7 years previous to 1835, was only 1,345 lbs. Lime is largely employed as manure, as are weeds, pilchards, and sea-sand, of the last of which there are many distinct sorts, the sand of almost every different cove being different.-The cattle are of various breeds. The indigenous variety is small, coarse, and hardy; generally black, shorthorned, and thick-boned; but the prevailing breed is a cross between this and that of Devonshire. The number of cattle exported from the co. considerably exceeds that imported. Cornish butter is celebrated. |

dependently of the principal groups, lead occurs N of Truro, at

Garras; and at Wheal-Rose, near Newlyn, considerable quantities of the same ore have been obtained. In the latter vicinity ing thence towards Penhale-point and New-quay. Lead-mines

there are also other lead-mines, as well as in the country extend

have also been worked at St. Merryn, St. Issey, Pentire N of St.
Minver, and near St. Teath. Antimony is found at St. Merryn,
Endellion, and between the latter place and St. Teath, on the N;
and near Mevagissy, and between St. Germains and Landrake,
on the S. There are mines within the co. in which copper and
tin, cobalt and tin, &c., are simultaneously worked, and nickel,
bismuth, arsenic, zinc, and antimony, are procured in more or
less abundance. There are also several fine lodes of rich hema-
tite iron ore, and mines or quarries of soap-stone and China-stone.
About 7,000 tons of the latter, and 5,000 of the former, are annu-
ally shipped from Charlestown and Pantewan, principally for the
potteries. Argillaceous schistus forms the principal substratum
of the soil; but at Land's end, and some other parts, it consists
of granite, and elsewhere of serpentine; there is also some green-
stone or trap. Slates of excellent quality are abundant. In the
rock of St. Michael's mount the white topaz is found; and some
mines afford abestos. Manganese is the metal next to copper in
importance at present in this district, but it is chiefly obtained
beyond the limits of the county in Devonshire, where there are
numerous manganese mines. Gold is found particularly in the
the ore; but it is not abundant.
tin stream-works in the valleys, where the soil is washed from

We return to tin and copper, the staple commodities in the
wealth of C. Tin is almost exclusively found in this co. only
In 1750, 18,698 blocks of
and in Devon; but principaliy in C.
tin, each weighing from 334 to 3 35 cwts, were produced from
Cornish ore. In 1800, 16,397 blocks; average price £5 Is. per
cwt.; and in 1838, 29,321, worth £4 28. per cwt. After being

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