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CYMMER, a township in the p. of Llangar, Me-
rionethshire. Pop. 81.
CYMMO, a township in the p. of Llandysilio,
Denbighshire. Pop. 228.

CYMRYD, a township in the p. of Gyffin, Carnarvonshire. Pop. 150.

CYNFALFACH, a township in the p. of Towyn, Merionethshire. Pop. 79.

CYNFALFAWN, a township in the p. of Towyn, Merionethshire. Pop. 303.

common to all the S coast of C.; and travellers, ignorant of the excessive heats, frequently suffer from a coup de soleil. The narrow but long level belt to the N of the mountains, and opposite the snow-mantled heights of Caramania, is free from malaria and the excessive heats. But, on the other hand, in winter the cold is here intense, owing to the winds that blow from the snow-covered mountains in the interior, and from the still loftier ranges of the Caramanian coast. The only streams, with the exception of the Pedia, which flows E and has its embouchure on the SE coast, are mere mountain-torrents, which are

CYNLLWYD, a township in the p. of Llannwychyllyn, Merionethshire. Pop. 395. CYNNILL-MAWR, a township in the p. of Llan-dried up during the summer months. fihangel-Geneur-Glynn, Cardiganshire, 5 m. NE of Aberystwyth. Pop. 641.

CYNNİLLFAWR, a hamlet in the p. of Landdarog, Carmarthenshire. Pop. 277.

CYNTHIANA, a township of Selby co., in the state of Ohio, U. S. Pop. in 1840, 1,022.-Also a village of Harrison co., in the state of Kentucky, 37 m. NE of Frankfort, on the E side of the S fork of Licking river. Pop. 798.

CYPRIAN'S (SAINT), or TRIBULATION BAY, an indentation of the coast of the Sahara, enclosed on the W by Cape Barbas, in N lat. 22° 25'. A river of the same name flows into it from the ESE.

CYPRIEN (SAINT), a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Dordogne, arrond. of Sarlat. The cant. comprises 15 com. Pop. in 1831, 12,017; in 1841, 12,005. The town is situated on the border of a fine plain, at the foot of a rocky hill, and on an affluent of the Dordogne, 9 m. W of Sarlat. Pop. in 1846, 2,324. It has a monthly fair. In the environs are a mineral spring and some remains of antiquity.-Also a commune in the dep. of Aveyron, cant. and 4 m. S of Conques, on the r. bank of the Dourdon. Pop. 2,384. In the vicinity is a mine of copper.

CYPRUS, a large island in the NE angle of the Mediterranean, between the coasts of Anatolia and Syria, the KIPRIS of the Turks, and CIPRO of the Italians. It lies between 34° 34′ and 35° 42′ N lat.; and between 32° 18′ and 34° 37′ E long. It is the third in magnitude of all the islands in the Mediterranean, being 140 m. in length from NE to SW; by 60 m. in greatest breadth, the island gradually tapering to a point towards the NE, where it is only 5 m. in breadth. Its N point, Cape Krommion, is 45 m. S of Cape Anemur, the S point of Asia Minor, the intervening sea being the Aulon Cilicius, or channel of Cilicia. It bore many names among the ancients, as that of Acamis, from its SW promontory,-Amathusia, Paphia, and Salaminia from three of its ancient cities, -Macaria from the fertility of its soil,- Acrosa from its copper-mines,-Collinia from its numerous hills,Sphicia from its ancient inhabitants the Sphices,Cerastes, or the Horned,' from its many promontories,--and last of all Cyprus, which has long been its most general appellation, either from its abounding in copper, or because that metal derived its name from it, copper being called as Cyprium.

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This island has a less hilly surface than that of the other islands of the archipelago, to which indeed it bears no geological resemblance. It is traversed from E to W by two chains of mountains, which are lofty and covered with snow during winter. Their highest summits are the Thrados, 24 m. N of Limasol, alt. 7,000 ft.; and Mount Santa Croce, the ancient Cyprian Olympus, 16 m. N of Larnica. But these, instead of cooling the excessive summer-heats, render them still worse in the level parts to the S, which are thus excluded from the influence of the N and W winds, while they are fully exposed to the burning siroccos which blow from the sandy deserts of Africa and Arabia. The malaria, so pernicious in Italy, is

Productions.] Copper is the chief metallic wealth of C.; but it is said to have produced gold, silver, and emeralds in ancient times. What is called the diamond of Paphos, is a species of rock-crystal found near that place. In the same vicinity occurs the celebrated amianthus, or mineral cloth, famed among the ancients for its incombustibility, flexibility, whiteness, and delicate fibrous structure. Red jasper and amber are also productions of C.-The slopes of the mountains are thickly clad with woods of oak, pine, cypress, beech, and elm, together with groves of olives, and plantations of mulberries. Myrtles, various evergreens, and innumerable sweet - scented flowers, adorn the N sides of the intersecting range, and the narrow belt at its foot. Hyacinths, anemonies, ranunculuses, the single and double-flowered narcissus, grow spontaneously, and deck the hill slopes, valleys, and plains: giving the country the appearance of an immense flower-garden. Vines, olives, cotton, lemons, oranges, apricots, and other fruits congenial to the climate and soil, thrive well; and madder, wool, turpentine, grain, and fruits, particularly the carob or fruit of the locust-tree, are extensively grown; in the vicinity of Larnica great quantities of fine vegetables are raised, and at the foot of Monte Santa Croce opium and a small quantity of cochineal are cultivated; but cotton and silk are the staples of the island. C. has always been famous for its wines, which are of two kinds, red and white. Both are made from grapes superlatively rich and luscious, their juice resembling a concentrated essence: these wines, however, are generally unpalatable to British taste, by their sickly sweetness, which it requires almost a century to remove. In colour, sweetness, and other properties, Cyprian wine strongly resembles Tokay wine. It is supposed to be perfect at 40 years old, if it has been kept in casks covered at the bung-hole with a thin sheet of lead. The more valuable kinds are white; the red is the common wine. Sugar canes were anciently abundantly cultivated in C., but were all burned by order of a Turkish pasha. The silk of C. is of two kinds, yellow and white; the former is preferred. The cotton is the finest in the Levant. The coloquitinda, or colocynth, a species of gourd, of which the dried pulp affords a well-known medicine, is extensively cultivated. Of the cerealia, wheat is the chief, and of superior quality; but there is little or no capital in the hands of the peasantry, and the exportation of wheat is a monopoly, shared between the moutsellim and the Greek archbishop, who export or retail at an advanced price the whole annual produce, which they purchase at an arbitrary valuation. More than once during the war in Spain, the whole of the grain produce of C. was purchased ot the functionaries above-mentioned by the merchants of Malta, and exported, leaving the pop. of C. nearly destitute.-Game, as partridges, quails, woodcocks, and snipes, abounds in C.; but there are no wild animals, except foxes and hares. Serpents of various species, amongst which is the asp, whose bite is said to have caused the death of Cleopatra, are numerous.

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Indeed the Cypriots have lost, along with their liberty, both the means and the power of profiting by the progress of civilization in other countries. Their only manufacture worth mentioning is the preparation of Turkey or Morocco leather. It is carried on chiefly at Nicotia, and in the neighbouring villages. The workmen pretend that they have a particular method of preparing it, which they keep as a secret. It is certainly both better dressed, and the colour is more durable and more brilliant, than that which is made in other parts of Turkey. They also manufacture printed calicoes, cloths of silk and cotton, and excellent carpets.

All kinds of domestic animals and fowls are reared. Under an ordinarily good government C., once considered as a granary, as well as a source of mineral wealth, under the Ptolemies and the Romans, and the richest commercial seat of the Knights-Templars, might again become for its size one of the richest portions of the world; but at present only a part of the arable land is under tillage, and the exactions of the Greek hierarchy keep the people in destitution and misery. In fact, Mahommedan and Greek tyranny has been here carried to such a pitch, that this fair spot, proverbial in olden times for its prosperous condition, and flourishing even under the iron hand of Venice, has been despoiled of its pop. and reduced to waste. Moreover, with the decrease of cultivation, marshes have multiplied, which render the climate peculiarly unwholesome and generate fevers. The island is likewise subject to another dreadful scourge, namely locusts, swarms of which visit it occasionally, destroying every green thing. The tarantula is here of a dark brown tinge and covered with long hair. Its bite, like the sting of the scorpion, seldom proves fatal, but is attended with exquisite pain. The Cypriotes have one superstitious feeling -if to superstition it be attributable-in common with the Egyptians and Indians,-they abstain from beef and the milk of the cow: urging in behalf of their practice, that the animal which draws the plough, and is the companion of man in the labours that procure him sustenance, ought not itself to be made an article of food. Living is unusually cheap. Theism. "The rigours of an oppressive domination," finest fowls that England could produce would here scarcely fetch 1s. apiece: and a fat lamb may be bought for 3s. A quarter-loaf costs about 14d.; and servants' wages vary from £3 to £5 per annum. [Rev. C. B. Elliott.]

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Commerce. The commerce of C. is now very inconsiderable; the only place in the island where trade is carried on with any degree of activity is Larnica. The principal exports at the beginning of the present cent. were: about 3,000 bales of cotton, but of which nearly 30,000 bales were annually exported by the Venetians; 20,000 bales of silk of various colours, besides the floss, which is also exported; the fruit of the carob tree; wine, salt, a considerable quantity of wool, Turkey leather, calicoes; and some cloths. Since the conquest of C. by the Turks, its most valuable productions and riches have vanished, and its inhabitants have gradually fallen from the station which they held when under the Venetians, to the most abject state of apathy and indolence. Every branch of industry and refinement is stamped with a deep impression of Turkish despot

says M. Sonnini, "have shed their baneful influence over fields, arts, and men. Every day we see commerce fail, industry decay, lands dry up, and agriculture become impoverished. Valleys once shaded by useful or agreeable trees, which culture enriched Population, &c.] The pop. of this island, once con- with harvests of every species, or adorned with vertaining nine kingdoms, and more than 1,000,000 of peo- dure and flowers, now remain uncultivated, and overple, and which in the time of the Lusignans contained run with brambles, and other stubborn, meagre, and 12 provinces, 12 cities, and 805 villages, besides cities useless plants. One may travel whole days in plains of inferior note, has, under the pressure of the Turk- deserted and abandoned to that mournful and perni ish yoke, dwindled down to 83,000 souls, by one ac- cious fecundity, which, on lands impatient to procount, and 70,000 by another. The Cypriots are, in duce, is sterility's constant companion; in factitious general, tall and well made, with an open counte- wastes, the gloomy and fatal effects of the power of nance; but they are said to be the most cunning and the evil-minded, where the traveller would think knavish of all the Greeks. "The women of C.," says himself buried in vast solitudes, did he not here and Dr. Clarke, "are handsomer than those of any other there perceive straggling flocks and scattered habitaGrecian island. They have a taller and more stately tions. Every day too we see population, which infigure; and the features, particularly of the women creases and settles only where are to be found abunof Nicotia, are regular and dignified, exhibiting that dance of provisions, activity of trade and of manuelevated cast of countenance so universally admired factures, and justice on the part of government, in the works of Grecian artists." Carne, however, diminish in a perceptible manner; and men quit a says, "the often-boasted beauty of the women of C. desolated country, and for the most part seek spots has long ceased to exist: they are now a plain race: less disturbed, abodes less unhappy." The account the Grecian cast of features in some measure sur- which Dr. Clarke gives us of the state of this island vives, but the form of symmetry, slender and elegant, when he visited it, is equally melancholy. “Instead is looked for in vain." They indeed seem to take of a fertile land," says he, "covered with groves of great pains to disfigure their natural beauty, by an fruit and fine woods, once rendering it the paradise unbecoming dress, and a profusion of ornaments. of the Levant, there is hardly upon earth a more The upper robe of the higher classes is made of crim-wretched spot than it now exhibits. Few words may son, scarlet, or green silk, embroidered with gold; forcibly describe it: Agriculture neglected—inhabiand they wear long scarlet pantaloons, with yellow tants oppressed-population destroyed-pestiferous boots, and slippers of the same colour. Their head-air-contagion - poverty-indolence -- desolation. dress is a kind of calathus, which is worn by all ranks. The hair is dyed of a fine brown colour with henna, and hangs down behind in long strait braids, with a few ringlets near the face; and from the head, and around the neck, are suspended a profusion of coins, chains, and other trinkets.

Manufactures.] The method of grinding corn between two stones, called querns in Scotland, is still in use here, and is also common throughout all Palestine. The prevalence of this ancient custom sufficiently shows the rude state in which the inhabitants are with respect to the arts and refinements of life.

Its antiquities alone render it worthy of resort; and these, if any person had leisure and opportunity to search for them, would amply repay the trouble. In this pursuit, C. may be considered as yet untrodden.” The taxes amount to about 3,000,000 piastres, of which, it is supposed, little more than a fourth reaches the treasury at Constantinople: the moutsellim receives 300,000, and his deputies, the cadis, collectors, and other officers, divide the remainder. When a sum of money is to be raised, the governor intimates to the archb. the amount required from the Greek pop.; and the primate, with his suffragans,

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