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one of the six places which first sent deputies to the | management of its petty sovereigns have prevented Assembly of the States. The learned Grotius was born here on the 10th of April, 1583.

DELFT, in old charts ILHA DAS VACCAS, i. e., 'Cows Island,' and in the Tamul NIDOENTIVOE, an island off the NW coast of Ceylon, in 9° 25′ N lat., and 80° 10' E long., 24 m. N by W of the extremity of the peninsula of Manaar. It is about 8 m. long, and 3 m. broad; and is entirely surrounded by a coral reef. During the Dutch domination in C. this island was appropriated to the rearing of horses, and an extensive stud was formed upon it. Cattle have now been introduced with success. Hemp is said to flourish well on this island, and also wheat.

DELFZYL, a town of Holland, in the prov. of Groningen, arrond. of Appingadam, on the Dollart. Pop. 3,100. It is well-fortified, and has a good port protected by a breakwater.

DELGADA (PUNTA), a village on the N coast of Madeira, built on a low and richly cultivated point of land jutting out, at the base of the Penha d'Aguia. -Also a cape on the coast of Upper California, in 39° 56' N lat.-Also a point of land on the S coast of Patagonia, in S lat. 52° 26', W long. 69° 34′ 10′′. DELGADO (CAPE), a low point of land on the E coast of Africa, in S lat. 10° 41', E long. 40° 39′ [Naut. Mag.], 10° 41′ 2′′ S, 40° 34′ 6′′ E [Owen], forming the N point of the bay of Toughy. Immediately to the S of this is the extensive line of the Querimba islands. The jurisdiction of the Portuguese still extends from this cape on the N, to Inhambane on the S, an extent of 13° of coast.

DELGAMMA, a small low islet in the Red sea, off the N coast of Dahalak.

DELGANY, a parish in co. Wicklow, 4 m. S of Area 3,977 acres. Pop. 2,268.

Brav.

DELHI, or D'HILLI, an extensive province of N. Hindostan, lying between the parallels of 28° and 31° N., and bounded by Lahore on the W and N; on the NE by Nepaul; on the E by Oude; on the S by Allahabad, Malwah, and Ajmere; and on the W by Ajmere and Lahore. In the time of Akbar, this prov., according to Abul Fazel, measured 165 cos, or 330 m., in one direction; and 140 cos, or 280 m., in another; and was divided into 8 circars, and 232 pergunnahs. The amount of its revenue was 601,615,555 dams, or about £1,880,000. The circars, and the number of mahalls or pergunnahs in each respectively, were as follows:

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The greatest extent of the modern prov. of D. from N to S, according to the boundaries above traced, is about 200 geog. m.; and it is about 150 m. from E to W, in the widest part, but varies much in breadth. It is traversed by two parallel ranges of hills, running from SSW to NNE, between Jayapura and the Jurna. The first and northernmost of these ranges is inhabited by Gujars; the second by Mewatis. Besides the Ganges and the Jumna, which traverse this prov. in its greatest length, it is watered by several smaller streams, as the Gag'har or Caggur, and the Makandah, which flow into the Seraswatí; and the Chittung, which passing near Hisár-Fírózeh, was lost in the sands about 50 m. to the SW of that town, but cannot now be traced so far. The great sandy desert in which the waters of all the last mentioned streams are absorbed, forms the W boundary of this prov., and has been rapidly encroaching on the cultivable soil of Hurriana since the poverty and mis

the canals from being kept open, and pop. has disappeared with the decreasing productiveness of the country. The Hurriana is free from jungle, but it has no artificial means of cultivation, and water can only be procured from wells dug to a depth of from 120 to 150 ft. Since the re-opening of the canals, the luxuriant districts along the D. and Doab canals now produce a considerable quantity of sugar-cane; and tracts of barren waste and jungle have been replaced by extensive sheets of cultivation. In the central dist., to the N of the city of D., there is much wood; and the whole tract between Son-pat'h J'hind and Kaithal forms one vast forest. Beyond the Caggur the ground rises, the soil is heavy, and produces wheat, barley, and the sugar-cane; and the country becomes more populous. The natives here are Sikhs. In 1820, the British government reopened the noble canal of Ali Merdan Khan, originally formed in the 12th and 13th cents.. by which water was led from the hills at Rair on the Jumna to the city of D, a distance of 185 m. The gov. has also re-opened the canal of Feroz Shah from Rair to Bahaderah, 1514 m. in length; its Rhotak branch, 45 m. in length; and Darbah branch, 32 m. in length; and has executed a canal through the country E of the Jumna, 135 m. in length. The total cost of these works has not fallen short of £150,000. Since this prov. has formed a part of the British dependencies in India, it has been subdivided in the following manner:

I. The assigned territories.

II. Rohil k'hand, or the Rohilla district, embracing 1. Moradabad,

2. Bareilly.

3. Shah Jehanpúr. III. Saharanpur, embracing

1. North Saharanpur.

2. South Saharanpur. IV. Hurriana.

V. Patiala, and other petty Sikh states.

DELHI, the capital of the above prov., and the ancient cap. of the Patan and Mogul empires, is situated in the centre of a sandy plain, upon a rocky ridge, rising to an alt. of 120 ft., on the r. bank of the Jumna, here a deep and broad river at all seasons of the year, in N lat. 28° 41', and E long. 77° 5′; 956 m. from Calcutta by the Birbhum road, and 880 m. from Bombay by Ahmedabad. According to tradition, this city was founded 300 years B. c. by Delu. It formerly stood on the 1. or E bank of the river, and is supposed to have covered a space of 20 sq. m. Bernier, whose account was written in 1663, estimated the circumf. at 3 leagues; but this included only the part within the fortifications. It is known that this city was greatly extended in the course of the reign of Aurenzebe. Major Rennell mentions 2,000,000 as the number of inhabitants which D. was supposed to contain at the end of the 17th cent.; and the extent of the ruins seems to justify in a great degree this estimate. The emperor, Shah Jehan, built a new city in 1631 on the r. bank of the Jumna, and gave to it the name of Shahjehanabad, by which only the Moslem part of the pop. continue to call it, This is the modern D., which is about 5 m. in circumf., and is seated on a range of rocky hills, and surrounded by walls constructed of large blocks of grey granite, and fortified with a good loop-holed parapet. Several gateways and bastions occur in the walls at intervals; and the whole has been strengthened and put in repair by the English government, The gateways are magnificent buildings, and are named after the provinces and cities to which they point. The city has 7 gates, and contains the remains of several fine palaces, the former dwellings of the chief omrahs of the empire. These palaces

are each of considerable extent, and surrounded by high walls, enclosing baths, stabling, and numerous ont-buildings. The modern city contains many good houses, chiefly brick, and of various styles of architecture. The streets are in general narrow, as in other Eastern cities; but the principal ones, Bishop Heber says, are really wide, handsome, and, for an Asiatic city, remarkably cleanly, and the bazars have a good appearance. There are two fine streets, one, called the Chandery-choke, 90 ft. broad and 1,500 yds. long; the other, 120 ft. wide and 1 m. long. Down the middle of the first of these streets runs an aqueduct, which is shaded by fine trees, and supplied with water from Ali Merdan Khan's canal. The other streets are narrow, but contain many good brick houses. The crowd of an Indian city, always picturesque, is here particularly rich in showy figures of men and animals. Elephants, camels, and horses, gaily caparisoned, parade through the streets, jingling their silver ornaments, and the many-coloured tufts and fringes with which they are adorned. The suwarri of a great personage sweeping along the high- | ways, little scrupulous of the damage it may effect in its progress, forms a striking spectacle when it can be viewed from some safe corner or from the back of a tall elephant. The coup d'œil is magnificent; but to enter into details might destroy the illusion; for, mingled with mounted retainers, richly clothed, and armed with glittering helmets, polished spears, and shields knobbed with silver, crowds of wild-looking half-clad wretches on foot are to be seen, increasing the tumult and the dust, but adding nothing to the splendour of the cavalcade. No great man-and D. is full of personages of pretension-ever passes along in state without having his titles shouted out by the stentorian lungs of some of his followers. The cries of the venders of different articles of food, the discordant songs of itinerant musicians, screamed out to the accompaniment of the tom-tom, with an occasional bass volunteered by a cheetah, grumbling out in a sharp roar his annoyance at being hawked about the streets for sale, with the shrill distressful cry of the camel, the trumpetings of the elephants, the neighing of horses, and the rumbling of eart-wheels, are sounds which assail the ear from sunrise to sunset in the streets of D. The multitude of equipages is exceedingly great, and more diversified, perhaps, than those of any other city in the world. English carriages, altered and improved to suit the climate and the peculiar taste of the possessor, are mingled with the palanquins and bullock-carts, open and covered, the chairs, and the cage-like and lanthorn-like conveyances, of native construction [Asiatic Journ.]. There are several fine mosques in D. in good preservation, with high minarets and gilded domes. The largest of these, the Jumna Musjid, was built by Shah Jehan. It is a splendid and enormous edifice, built of white marble and red granite; and is considered the largest and handsomest place of Mussulman worship in India. The principal gate of this mosque is opposite to the palace. The whole edifice has been lately repaired by the British government. The site judiciously chosen for it, is a small rocky eminence which has been scarped on purpose. The ascent to it is by a flight of 35 stone steps, through a handsome gateway of red stone, the doors of which are covered with plates of wrought brass. The terrace on which the mosque is built, is a square of about 1,400 yds., paved with red stone, and surrounded with an arched colonnade of the same materials, with octagon pavilions at convenient distances. In the centre is a large marble reservoir, with some small fountains supplied by machinery from the canal. From this court is obtained a commanding view of the whole city. On its W side,

and rising another flight of steps, is the mosque itself, which is entered by three noble Gothic arches, surmounted with three magnificent domes of white marble, intersected by black stripes and crowned with cullises richly gilt. At the flanks are two minarets, of black marble and red stone alternately, rising to the height of 130 ft. Each of these minarets has three projecting galleries of white marble, and their summits are crowned with light octagon pavilions of the same material. The mosque is of an oblong form, 261 ft. in length. The whole front is coated with large slabs of beautiful white marble; and along the cornice are ten compartments, each 4 ft. long by 23 ft. broad, which are inlaid with Arabie inscriptions in black marble. The interior is paved throughout with large flags of white marble, decorated with a black border, and is wonderfully beautiful and delicate. The walls and roof are also lined with plain white marble. Near the kibla is a handsome niche adorned with a profusion of frieze-work. Close to this is a mimber, or pulpit of marble, having an ascent of four steps. The ascent to the minarets is by a winding staircase of 130 steps of red stone. Bishop Heber thought the ornamental architecture of this mosque less florid, and the general effect less picturesque, than the splendid group of the Imambaurah and its accompaniments at Lucknow; but its situation, he says, is far more commanding, and the size, solidity, and rich materials of the edifice impressed him more than anything of the sort he had seen in India.-The Mogul's palace, built by Shah Jehan, on the W bank of the Jumna, is surrounded on three sides by an embattled wall 30 ft. high, and more than 1 m. in circumf. It is a place of no strength, the walls being adapted only for bows and arrows, or musketry; "but, as a kingly residence," Bishop Heber says, "it is one of the noblest that I have seen. It far surpasses the Kremlin, but I do not think that, except in the durability of its materials, it equals Windsor. Sentries in red coats-sepoys of the Company's regular army-appear at its exterior; but the internal duties, and indeed most of the police duties at Delhi, are performed by the two provincial battalions raised in the emperor's name, and nominally under his orders. These are disciplined very much like Europeans, but have matchlock-guns and the oriental dress; and their commanding-officer is considered as one of the domestics of the Mogul, and has apartments in his palace." The chief hall-ofaudience is an open quadrangular terrace of white marble, richly ornamented with mosaic work and sculptures in relievo; and the chapel of Aurenzebe, also of white marble, although small, is of beautiful workmanship: altogether the building, even in its present neglected state, attests the magnificence of its former occupants. The gardens, which were formed by Shah Jehan, are said to have cost £1,000,000. Their original character has long been completely lost, and they now present the appearance of a small neat park, with some charming groves of orange trees. The cireuit of the walls finishes at the E and W sides of this palace, which forms the river-face in their line.—Among the remarkable edifices of D. are the Ty-kunas or underground houses which are formed under ground, having outlets for light above, and ingress at one place only. They are handsomely arranged and furnished; and, possessing a temp. of 12° or even 14° below that of rooms at the surface, furnish a pleasant retreat in the hot months of April, May, and June.-One of the most generally useful works of the Emperor Shah Jehan in this city is a well, excavated out of the solid rock upon which the Jumna Musjid is built. The water is raised from a great depth by complicated machinery to a succession of reservoirs, and

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