burg, up the valley of the Thaya, and thence up that of the Zwittava, passing Brusau and Zwittau, to Tribitz. The conjoined line then runs nearly direct W❘ to Prague. By these lines B. is 25 German m. from Leipnick; 9 from Lundenburg; 26 from Olmutz; 23 from Prerau; 21 from Stockerau; and 20 from Vienna.

BRUNN, a village of Saxe-Meiningen, NE of Hildburghausen, on a stream of the same name. Pop. 270.

BRUNNADERN, or BRUNADEREN, a parish of Switzerland, in the cant. and 14 m. SW of St. Gall. Pop. (Protestant) 930. It has manufactories of calico and muslin, and cotton spinning-mills.

BRUNN-AM-GEBIRGE, a town of Austria, in the prov. of Lower Austria, circle of the Weinerwald, 9 m. SW of Vienna. Pop. 1,400. Its environs are celebrated for their wine.

BRUNNEN, a village and port of Switzerland, in the cant. and 3 m. SW of Schwyz, on the E side of the Waldstatter-see, near the mouth of the Muotta, at an alt. of 1,430 ft. above sea-level. Pop. about 350. It possesses a powder-mill, and several silk spinningmills; and has an active transit commerce, chiefly with Italy. The treaty of alliance entered into by the three cantons of Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden, on the 6th January, 1308, was negotiated here.

BRUNNERSDORF, a village of Bohemia, in the circle and 16 m. WNW of Saatz. It contains a castle; and in the environs are extensive coal-pits.

BRUNNSBUTTEL, or BRUNSBYTTEL, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, in the territory of Sudir-Dithmarschen, on the r. bank of the estuary of the Elbe, 16 m. WNW of Gluckstadt, and 45 m. ENE of Hamburg, in N lat. 53° 53′ 46′′. Pop. 1.200. It is well-built. It possesses a considerable trade in horses and grain; and has 2 annual fairs. During the recent struggle between the Germans and Danes, a project for uniting the Baltic and the North sea, so as to render the navigation independent of the Sound and the two Belts, was entertained by the German diet; and it was proposed that the line of communication should be by a canal, without locks, from Kiel to B., on the N bank of the Elbe, and, on the other side, to Cuxhaven.

BRUNOY, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Seine-et-Oise, cant. of Boissy-Saint-Leger, on the Yère, 3 m. N of Corbeil. Pop. 961. The beautiful valley of Yère or Yeres, is here crossed by the Paris and Lyons railroad on a viaduct of 9 arches; and opposite the honse of Talma on another viaduct of 28 arches. BRUNSHAUSEN, a village of Hanover, in the duchy of Bremen, 2 m. NNE of Stade, on the r. bank of the Elbe.

BRUNSTATT, a commune of France, in the dep. of Haut-Rhin, cant. of Mulhausen. Pop. 1,478. BRUNSTEIN, a village of Hanover, cap. of a bailiwick of the same name, in the principality and 22 m. NNE of Gottingen. Pop. of bail. 3,348. BRUNSTOCK, a township in the p. of Crosbyupon - Eden, Cumberland, 3 m. NNE of Carlisle. Pop. in 1841, 75.

BRUNSWICK, a duchy in Germany, the 12th state in the German confederation, consisting of five isolated portions of territory, of which the three larger portions, though isolated from each other, are all comprised between 51° 32′ and 52° 32′ N lat.: and 9° 20′ and 11° 30′ E long. The most southern of these portions lies to the S of the Harz, between the territories of Hanover, Prussian Saxony, and Anhalt-Bernburg; the second, lying to the N and E of the Harz, and stretching to the Weser, is surrounded by the territories of Hanover, Prussian Saxony, and the principality of Waldeck; the third, lying to the N of the two former, and stretching between

the Fuse and the Aller, is enclosed by the Hanoverian territory and Prussian Saxony. Besides these three districts, the bailiwick of Fedinghausen, on the Weser, which is wholly surrounded by the Hanoverian territory of Hoya, and the bailiwick of Calvorde, on the Ohre, which is surrounded by the territories of Prussian Saxony, belong to this duchy; and the duke of B. holds the mediatized principality of Oels, the lordship of Medzibor, and the territory of Plomnitz, in the gov. of Breslau, and the lordship of Gutentag in the gov. of Oppeln, in Prussian Silesia. The duchy of B. is divided into the following circles:

Its superficial area thus appears to amount to 1,730 English sq. m., and it contains 15 towns, 12 markettowns, and 418 villages. Its pop. in 1830 was returned at 245,783, of whom 2,500 were Catholics, and 1,500 Jews; the great body of the people being Lutherans.-The two southern portions of the duchy, being to a considerable extent covered with ramifications of the Harz mountains, may be generally characterized as mountainous. The loftiest mountain is the Wormberg, in the circle of Blankenburg, alt. 3,328 ft. [Guibert], 2,880 German ft. or 2,976 English ft. [Stein.] Among the other summits of the Harz within this duchy are the Radauerberg, 2,317; the Förstertränke, 2,298; the Rammelsberg, 1,914; and the Blankenstein, 1,038 German ft. in alt. The declination of the surface from the Harz range is towards the N and the E. The greater portion of the surface belongs to the basin of the Weser; and is watered by that river and its affluents the Leine, the Innerste, the Fuse, the Ocker, and the Aller. The circle of Blankenburg, or that portion which lies to the E and S of the Harz, and the bailiwick of Calvorde, belongs to the basin of the Elbe, and is watered by the Bode and the Ohre.

Soil and Minerals.] The soil in the N districts is productive, except where it runs into the great Luneburg heath; in the S high lands it is shallow and stony. Several stretches of marshy ground still exist; though many tracts of this character have been reclaimed of late years. A large proportion of the surface is still forest-land. About 623,000 morgens of land are under arable cultivation; 362,000 are in pasture-land and commons; and 358,000 under wood. The agricultural productions are wheat, beans and pease, potatoes, tobacco, hops, rape-seed, flax, and chicory. The grazing stock amounts to 51,000 horses, 90,000 horned cattle, 260,000 sheep, and 47,000 pigs. The Harz territory is valuable on account of its minerals. The entire mineral produce of the duchy amounts annually to about 1,420 quintals of copper, 2,320 of lead, 2,560 of litharge, 65,000 of iron, 40 of zinc, 105,000 of salt, 3,750 of vitriol, 790 of sulphur, and 50,000 of coals. The produce, exclusive of salt, of the Rammelsberg mines, which are situated in that district of the Upper Harz known as the Communion-Harz, because it pertains in common to Hanover and Brunswick, was in 1836, 64 marks of gold, 4.007 marks of silver, 615,340 Hanoverian pounds of litharge, 616,922 pounds of lead, 13.608 of zinc, 492,933 of copper, 173,910 of sulphur, 734,333 of vitriol, and 47,076 of alum. The produce of this district is divided between the two states, in the proportion of five-sevenths to Hanover, and threesevenths to Brunswick. The most frequented mineral springs are those of Helmstadt and Sessen.

present royal family of England. The former is the German family, now in possession of the duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. Charles William married Augusta, sister of George III. of England; and his descendants are presumptive heirs to the throne of Great Britain in case of a failure of the direct line. Er

nest Augustus, of the Brunswick-Hanover house, was created elector of Hanover in 1692. He married Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I. of England. George Louis, son of Ernest Augustus and Sophia, succeeded his father, as elec tor of Hanover, in 1698, and was called to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, by act of parliament passed in the reign of Queen I. Napoleon, after the battle of Jena, incorporated the duchy of B. with the kingdom of Westphalia; but Frederick William, who had become by the death of his eldest brother, in Sept. 1806, hereHe fell in the affair of Quatre Bras in 1815, leaving his son, Charles ditary prince, was restored to the dukedom in December 1813. Frederic, a minor, under the tutelage of George IV., then Prince

Anne, which vested the succession in the Protestant line of James

Manufactures and Commerce.] The most important article of manufacture is that of linens and linen yarn; a small quantity of woollen cloth is produced. Wooden wares and iron wares are extensively manufactured in some districts; and the preparation of vegetable oils, and of a species of beer called mamme, employs a number of hands. Tanneries, paper works, pottery and porcelain works, glass works, and chemical works, exist within the duchy.-The transit trade of B. is active, and is much facilitated by the great line of railroad which unites Brunswick with Hanover on the one hand, and Magdeburg on the other; and by its branch line to Goslar. In 1831, the governments of Hanover and B. entered into a commercial convention, and in 1834 completed tariffs which be-regent of Great Britain, who instituted a regency under his own came common law to both countries. In 1836-7 the Hanover-Brunswick league was joined by the duchy of Oldenburg and the principality of SchauenburgLippe, and a general system was established of the same export, import, and transit duties, abolishing all internal custom-houses, and dividing the receipts in proportion to the pop. of the respective states. In 1841, B. entered the Zollverein or German commercial league.

Constitution, &c.] The gov. or B. is that of an hereditary constitutional monarchy and a chamberof-representatives composed of 48 members, 10 of whom are chosen by the nobility, 12 by the towns, 10 by the rural districts, and the remaining 16 by the other three classes of representatives. During the prorogation of the landtag, or diet, a permanent committee called the standische-ausschuss, composed of 7 members, exercises its functions. The constitutional representatives are chosen every three years; and are convoked by the sovereign; but under certain circumstances can assemble without being so convoked. The staats-ministerium, or supreme administrative college, is composed of a certain number of privy-councillors named by the sovereign, and under the presidency of the minister-of-state. "The supreme tribunal of the duchy-which is also the supreme court for the principalities of Waldeck, Lippe-Detmold, and Lippe-Schauenburg-is the ober-appellations-gericht, or high-court of appeal of Wolfenbuttel. -Military affairs are under the direction of the kriegskollegium, or college of war. The effective force consists of 3,251 men. The federal contingent is 2,096 men. The revenue for the triennial financial period from 1837 to 1839, was 3,287,664 thalers; for that from 1846 to 1848, 3,768,822 thalers. The debt on 1st September 1845 was 6,444,349 thalers. A separate fund amounting to an annual sum of 383,784 thalers is set apart for the support of the Lutheran consistory at Wolfenbuttel, and for educational purposes. The educational establishments of B. are numerous and well-organized. The national university is that of Göttingen in Hanover; the leading establishment within the territory of the duchy itself is the Collegium Carolinum at Brunswick. The ducal library at Wolfenbuttel is one of the finest in Europe.

inspection, and in 1820 bestowed a representative constitution on of his authority in October 1823; but quitted his post on the 7th Sept. 1830, and was subsequently declared incapable of reigning by a decree of the German diet. The reigning duke, William, brother of the dismissed duke, assumed the government with the consent of his eldest brother, and of William IV. of Great Britain, on the 25th April 1831.

the B. territories. Duke Charles Frederic entered on the exercise

BRUNSWICK, a city of Germany, cap. of the above duchy, is situated in a plain on the banks of the Ocker, which is navigable above the city as far as Wolfenbüttel, in N lat. 52° 16′ 6′′; E long. 10° 31′ 16′′; 35 m. ESE of Hanover; and 47 m. WNW of Magdeburg. Alt. above sea-level 311 ft. It was formerly an imperial city, and one of the richest and most powerful of the Hanse-towns. The town, which has nearly the form of a square, and was strongly fortified, extends about 2 m. in circumf. The fortifications have been levelled since the general peace. The houses are in general old, but the streets are clean and good. The principal public buildings are the Schloss or duke's palace, a Grecian structure, erected after the destruction of the old palace in the riots of 1830; the Domkirche or cathedral, which contains the tombs of Duke Henry the Lion, and of several emperors and princes of the house of Guelph; the churches of St. Nicholas, St. Catherine, and St. Andrew; the museum; the academy for martial exercises, where the students are instructed in every branch of science connected with military tactics; the arsenal; the council-house; and the Caroline college, erected by Duke Charles in 1745, and remodelled in 1835. There are also an orphan-house, a deaf and dumb asylum, a large lazaretto, and an hospital, in the city. The pop. of B. in 1833 was 35,340. After B. ceased to be a free, and became a fortified city, its commerce began to decline, and its pop. to diminish: the interruptions of trade, occasioned by frequent wars, and the insolence of its garrison, drove many of its tradesmen to settle in the other free cities of Germany. About the middle of the last cent., however, a number of Protestant French refugees, driven from their country by intolerance, sought in B. the freedom of religious worship; and encouraged by the reigning duke, who granted them considerable privileges and immunities, they here established many valuable manufactures. B. History] The ruling family of B. is one of the most ancient in has manufactures of woollens, silk, linen, steel, iron, Europe. Its true founder was Azo II., marquis of Tuscany, who, paper, snuff, earthen-ware, lacquered goods, and varin the 11th cent., married Cunigunda, heiress of the counts of Al-nish, also bleaching-yards for linen, and extensive torf, and thus united the two houses of Este and Guelph. The previous history of the Este family is uncertain. Guelph, son of Azo, was created duke of Bavaria in 1071. He married Judith of Flanders, who was descended from Alfred the Great of England His posterity acquired Brunswick and Luneburg; and William, or his son Otho, was the first who bore [1235] the title of duke of B. John, eldest son of Otho, founded the house of Luneburg. Albert the Great, a younger son of Otho, conquered Wolfenbuttel, and, on his death [1278], his three sons divided his dominions. Henry founded the house of Grubenhagen; Albert became duke of Brunswick; and William duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. Henry Julius, of this last branch, inherited Grubenhagen. Ernest of Zell, of the second branch, who succeeded, conquered the territories of Wolfenbuttel, and left two sons, by whom the family was divided into the two branches of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Brunswick-Hanover; from the latter of which comes the

breweries. Its manufacture of printed calicoes is one of the most flourishing, and was the first of the kind sal ammoniac, are of a very superior quality. The in Germany; and its preparations of red alum, and commerce of B. is very considerable, both in natural and artificial productions, as well as in foreign merchandise. Its fairs are crowded with strangers from all the principal cities of Germany, who bring from Hamburg the manufactures of England, calicoes, velvets, ribbons, and colonial wares; from Bremen and Lubec various kinds of tanned leather, tallow, oil, wine, and foreign merchandise; linens from Silesia;

from Leipsic and Saxony the productions of Italy, occasionally rolls at high water. Switzerland and France; and from Berlin, Nurem-covered with wood, occur near the shore of the berg, Augsburg, &c., the manufactures of their resouthern peninsula. Timber of large size, and a vaspective cities. There is always a great traffic here riety of plants peculiar to the locality, abound in the for yarn and flax; and immense quantities of green interior. The kangaroo, eagles, falcons, parrots, and thread are exported every year. The two great fairs crows are extremely common; and the island geneof B. continue 18 days each; and begin, the one on rally is infested with serpents, scorpions, musquithe Sunday after Candlemas, and the other on the toes, and a peculiar species of spider and ant. Sunday after St. Laurence-day. They are frequently coasts abound with fish and aquatic birds. The inattended by upwards of 20,000 strangers. habitants, who are few in number, resemble in habits those of Van Diemen's Land. They subsist chiefly on fish and the flesh of the kangaroo; and a skin of the latter animal thrown across the shoulders forms their only dress. This island is included in the dist. of Hobart Town. At its SW extremity, in S lat. 42° 44', E long. 147° 15', is a cape of the same

July,

August,

September,

October,

November,

December,

75.17

70-17

62-67

57.5
40.17

Grisons, on the 1. bank of the outlet of Lake Peschiavo, and 6 m. SE of the town of that name.

BRUSQUE, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of Aveyron, cant. of Camaris, on the Dour. don, 15 m. S of Saint-Affrique. Pop. 1,151. It contains some cloth manufactories.

BRUSSELS [FRENCH, Bruxelles; GERM. Brüssel; DUTCH, Brussel], a large and handsome city, the capital of the kingdom of Belgium, situated in South Brabant, partly in a plain, and partly on a hill at the B. is famed for its hot and cold mineral waters and foot of which flows the river Senne or Sienne, a its magnificent baths. The temp. of its hot springs branch of the Dyle, which enters the city on the NW varies from 107° to 184°; some are chalybeate, side, and forms within the walls four islands. It others sulphureous. The baths are greatly resorted is about 50 m. E by S from the sea; 154 m. NNE of to by the Turks, and the town forms "a sort of Paris; 23 m. S of Antwerp; 26 m. SE of Ghent; Carlsbad to the beau-monde of the Turkish capital and 47 m. S of Amsterdam. By railway it is 87 m. during the summer months." [Spencer.] From B. from Ostend; and 814 m. from Aix-la-Chapelle. to the summit of mount Olympus is a journey of 10 Its geographical position is in N lat. 50° 51′ 11′′; E hours. [Addison.] Melons of exquisite quality, and long. 4° 21' 46" [Quetelet.] Alt. of observatory fruits of all kinds, are cultivated in the environs of above sea-level, 190 ft. Its general outline is that B. Between B. and Smyrna a great part of the of a pear; and its greatest extent, from NNE to country is wild and uninhabited; but the vicinity is SSW, or from the Laeken gate to the Halle gate, is fertile to exuberance. The olive, the mulberry, the about 1 m. Its greatest breadth, from ESE to vine, and the chestnut adorn the plains; while the WNW, or from the Louvain gate to the Flanders gate, oak, the valona, and the beech embellish the sides is about 1 m. It was formerly surrounded by a douof the hills. Between B. and Mudania, its little port ble wall and ditch, but these were destroyed by order on the sea of Marmora, 10 m. to the W of the mouth of the emperor Joseph II.; and the ramparts having of the Nilufer, and 5 hours' journey from B., the been planted with trees, now form beautiful walks country is picturesque and beautiful, but ill-culti-around two-thirds of the city. Like most cities in vated in consequence of the scantiness of the population.-B. was the ancient Brusa ad Olympum, founded by Prusias, and long the cap. of the kings of Bithynia. It was one of the most considerable cities of the Greek empire, until stormed and sacked in 947. Retaken by the Greeks, it was held by them till 1356, when, after a long siege, it surrendered to Orkhan, the son of Othman, by whose labours it "assumed the aspect of a Mahommedan capital." Timor seized it after the battle of Angora; and Mahommed II. having restored it to its former splen-gular, and partly on the plain at the foot; and is dour, it became the seat of the first princes of the house of Othman, until Amurath removed the seat of government to Adrianople. In 1801 a dreadful fire destroyed one-half of the city.-Browne's Journal, in 2d vol. of Walpole's collection.-Kinneir's Journey through Asia Minor. 8vo. Lond. 1818.-Dr. Yates in Athenæum. 1834, p. 13.—The present state of the Turkish empire. By Marshal Marmont. 8vo. Lond. 1839.-Researches in Asia Minor, By W. J. Hamilton. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1842.

BRUSASCO, a village of Piedmont, cap. of a mandemento of the same name, in the prov. and 20 m. NE of Turin, on the r. bank of the Po. Pop. 1,000, BRUSAU. See BRISAU.

BRUSCAS (LAKE), a lake of Buenos Ayres, in the prov. of Buenos Ayres, 50 m. W of Cape San Antonio.

the Netherlands, B. partook in its early architecture of a mixture of Gothic and Moresco, -a taste introduced by the Spaniards, and calculated to excite attention more by its boldness and lightness than by its proportion or beauty. The number of streets is about 300; of houses, 15,000. In 1789 the houses numbered 10,669. The greater part of the houses are of brick, covered with plaster of a light green hue. The ancient portion of the town is built partly on the side of a hill, the surface of which is very irrechiefly peopled by Flemings, who speak the Flemish language. The modern part occupies a flat surface at the top of the rising ground. The upper part of the town contains the palace and the government offices, the park, and the finest squares and mansions. The lower part of the town is irregular and somewhat unhealthy; but presents some fine old mansions. The more modern streets, which are in the vicinity of the park, are straight and wide; and the private houses in this quarter are lofty and elegant, while the public structures display both taste and magnificence. "No contrast in style and effect can be more perfect than that between the upper and lower towns. The former is airy, gay, brilliant, and entirely modern; the latter close, dark, sombre, and venerable." [Trollope.]

Of the eight public squares the most remarkable are BRUSH CREEK, a township of Highland co., in the Grande Place or great market-place, and the Place the state of Ohio, U. S., drained by a creek of the Royale. The former, situated nearly in the centre same name. Pop. in 1840, 1,502.-Also a township of B., is a regular parallelogram of considerable exof Jefferson co., in the state of Ohio. Pop. 757.- tent, and has on each side a succession of buildings, Also a flourishing township of Muskingum co., in which are different both in size and manner of conthe state of Ohio. Pop. 1,606.-Also a township of struction, but have on the whole an elegant apSciola co., in the state of Ohio. Pop. 401.-Also a pearance. The town-hall occupies nearly the whole township of Washington co., in the state of Arkan-length of one side of this square. The Place Royale sas. Pop. 298. is remarkable for the regularity and beauty of its arBRUSHFIELD, a township in the p. of Bake-chitecture. St. Michael's square is an extensive obwell, Derbyshire, 42 m. WNW of Bakewell. Pop. in 1841, 53.

BRUSHFORD, a parish of Somerset, 13 m. S of Dulverton. Area 4,030 acres. Pop. in 1841, 340. BRUSIN, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria, sanjak and 50 m. NW of Sophia, on the r. bank of the Isker.

BRUSIO, a town of Switzerland, in the cant. of

long, formed of elegant buildings of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars of the Doric order, and surrounded by a double row of linden trees. The chief ornaments of B., however, are its public walks,-no city in Europe possessing one superior to that called the Allée Verte or Green Alley, on the N side of the town, along the side of the canal to Mechlin, or to the great square called the Park, adjoining the

charitable institutions of B. are very numerous. Among the hospitals there is one for foundlings, another for reclaimed women of the town, and a third in which strangers were maintained gratis for three days.

Place Royale. The buildings surrounding the Park, on its four sides, are very handsome; the Park itself is a kind of public garden, 540 yards in length, and 380 in breadth, intersected by beautiful alleys bordered with trees, and ornamented with a number of statues in white marble. On each side of the princi- The manufactures of B. are celebrated throughout pal walk are two small valleys, or rather hollows, of Europe, particularly its far-famed lace, which has sufficient depth to afford, with the aid of shrubs and been produced of such fineness as to be valued at trees, an effectual shelter against the sun. The King's £10 per ounce weight; and a single veil of handsome palace is situated at the S end of the Park. The palace pattern is worth about £40. The writer of the artibuilt for the Prince of Orange in 1828, now called the cle on B. in Murray's Handbook asserts that the raw Palais du Prince Royal, is a magnificent building, and material used alone for the finest lace costs from 3,000 fitted up with exquisite taste. The Senate-house, at to 4.000 francs per pound! This fabric employs nearly the N end of the Park, is a noble edifice. The Hotel 10,000 individuals. B. is also celebrated for its manude Ville, in the great market-place, an old but hand- facture of carriages, which, for combined elegance some edifice in the Gothic style, consisting of several and solidity, surpass even those of London and Paris. stories, richly adorned with fretted work, and pre- The other articles made here are ticking, various senting a remarkably light and elegant appearance, kinds of cotton and woollen stuffs, silk stockings, was begun in 1380, but not finished till 1442. Its hats, porcelain, earthenware, glass, soap, starch, vittower is 364 ft. in height, and surmounted by a gigan-riol, leather, and printing-types. In 1838, the numtic figure of St Michael, in copper, 17 ft. high. The ber of printing-presses within the city was 215. church of St. Gudule, the principal church in B., | Books of all kinds, particularly French and English, near the Sablon square, is a magnificent Gothic struc- are carefully reprinted here. B. was once famous ture, containing no less than 16 chapels, and adorned for its tapestry, but this manufacture has been with beautiful paintings. Its exquisitely carved pul- discontinued. It carries on considerable trade, not pit by Quesney is much admired. The chapel of only with the interior of the Netherlands, but with Notre Dame is likewise an elegant building; and the foreign countries, by means of railroads, and the church of the Capuchins was one of the finest that canals which bring it into communication with the that order possessed in Europe. Most of the ancient Scheldt. The principal canal runs from the Senne burial-grounds have been converted into open spaces; to the Rupel, a branch of the Scheldt. It was and the three principal cemeteries are now beyond constructed between 1560 and 1561 by the celethe walls. The palace, which was formerly occupied brated Rinaldi, and is said to have cost £170,000 by the governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, sterling. It is 45 ft. in width; 110 ft. above the level and which had been the residence of the dukes of of the sea; and has a descent of 40 ft. on a course of Burgundy, was consumed by fire in 1731. The royal 17 m.-The Charleroi canal, opened in 1830, compalace of Laeken is a few miles out of town, on the municates with the canal to Antwerp, and connects left side of the road to Mechlin. There are, besides, B. with Charleroi, on the Sambre, and by a branch within the walls, several elegant mansions, which with the coal-districts of Mons. This latter canal contain valuable galleries of paintings, and museums. has a fall of 432 ft. in a course of 45 m. to Brussels. The opera-house is a stately edifice, in the Italian style, "The bank of B.," says Mr. MacGregor, in his built in the year 1700. An arcade called Les Galeries view of the Commercial tariff of Belgium, de St. Hubert, recently erected in the street called established on modern principles, during the union St. Hubert, in grandeur and elegance of proportions of Belgium with Holland. Since the separation of is the finest structure of the kind in Europe.-The these countries, the bank has been reinstituted as a eity is abundantly supplied with spring-water. The joint-stock bank in 1835, and conducted much after public fountains are 20 in number, and are all em- the same plan as formerly; but without any other bellished with sculptures. Among these the most connexion with the government than that the direccelebrated is the Manneken-Pis,-"objet peu decent tor and four administrators are appointed or displacd'une grotesque veneration." The water for the sup-ed at the pleasure of the king. It is also compelled ply of these fountains is raised, by means of machinery, from a lake about half-a-mile to the E of the city. B. is the residence of the sovereign, and the place of assembly of the legislative chambers of the kingdom. It is likewise the seat of the central-administrations, the court-of-cassation, and the high military court of Belgium. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1834, and numbering 353 pupils in 1840; of a military school, an athenæum, a polytechnic school, a primary normal school, an academy of the fine arts, and a musical conservatory. Before the French revolution B. contained no less than 33 cloisters. It possesses a city-library containing nearly 100,000 vols., mostly saved from suppressed convents; a royal library with 70,000 vols., and 25,000 manuscripts, founded in 1837; a rich museum; an extensive and valuable collection of paintings; a cabinet of natural history, small but select; a geographical institute and library; a botanical garden; and an observatory. As a seat of science and literature, B. holds a respectable rank, and offers many opportunities to the man of literature or of science of passing his time both profitably and agreeably. The royal academy of medicine was founded in 1840. The academy of sciences, established in 1769, and reorganized in 1816, holds its meetings once a-month in the old palace. The

"was

to receive such state-funds as the minister of finance may think proper to deposit in the bank, and to pay at least 1 per cent. interest for the same. Its capital is 20,000,000 of francs, divided into 20,000 shares of 1,000 f. each. The interest paid is 5 per cent. annually upon the actual sums invested: any overplus of profit, after deducting one-tenth for a reserve-fund, forms the dividend paid to the shareholders. This bank is allowed to issue bank-notes of 40 francs, 100 f., 500 f., and 1,000 f., to an amount not exceeding the capital, in real value, represented in the coffers of the bank. It is a bank-of-deposit, circulation, and discount; lends money upon approved securities; purchases bills of exchange; receives in deposit the monies of individuals or of companies, without paying any interest for the same; and has a coffer for the special purposes of a savings' bank. This bank suspended payment in 1838, having at the time 7,000,000 of notes payable to bearer in circulation; 1,400,000 francs due to depositaires, who lodged their money in its savings'-coffer; 6,000,000 due on accounts current; 2,000,000 due on its obligations for money borrowed; and 20,000,000 in shares due to the bearers of its coupons. This bank failure-the first which occurred in the kingdom-would have been ruinous to comrrerce and manufactures, and to the industrious