BRUSSELS.

classes generally, if the government had not guaran-
teed, in the first instance, the repayment of the mo-
nies lodged in its coffers as a savings' bank, and then
advanced 2,600,000 f. to enable the bank to take up its
By the aid of this timely
notes payable to bearer.
succour, the bank of Belgium has resumed its pay-
ments, liquidated its obligations; and, in 1839, its
discounts amounted to 26,000,000, and in 1840 about
36,000,000."

The pop, of this city was 74,427 in 1786; in 1802
it was only 66,297. It received considerable acces-
sions after the peace of 1814, by the number of Eng-
lish emigrants and French refugees, who settled here;
and in 1824, it amounted to 84,400. In 1838, it had
reached 104,713, exclusive of the pop. of the suburbs
The poor are
which amounted to nearly 32,000.
numerous, amounting to one-fifth of the pop. French
is the prevailing language; but many of the lower
orders speak only Flemish. B. has always been a
favourite place of resort for the English.-The en-
virons are very fertile, and embellished with beautiful
walks. On the S and SW they are skirted by the long
and gloomy forest of Soignies, covering about 16,000
acres, and through which the road passes for the
greater part of the way to Waterloo, 10 m. S of the city.
The climate of B. is variable and moist, but healthy,
particularly in the higher part of the town. The
dampest and most unhealthy months are February,
March, and April. The rainy season is the autumn.
On an average of several years, there occurred 17 days
of snowy weather, 11 of hail, and 149 of rain at B.
In the 7 years from 1833 to 1839, the mean temp.
was 10° 25' Centig., or 50° 45′ Fahr. The greatest
heat is 96°. In severe winters the therm. has been
known to descend 8° below the freezing-point. The
most prevalent diseases are consumption, and typhoid
and bilious fevers.

History.] This city owed its origin to St. Géry, bishop of Cambray, who, in the commencement of the 7th cent., built a chapel on a small island formed by the Senne, and preached the gospel to the peasantry of the neighbourhood. Attracted by the pleasantness of the situation, and the piety of the bishop, numbers flocked to the spot, and founded a considerable village, which, in

the year 900, had both a market and a castle. During the 10th

cent. it began to share in the prosperity of Bruges and Ghent, as
In 1044 it was en-
an entrepot for the clothiers of these towns
compassed with a wall, and fortified with towers. During the
12th cent. it began to rival Ghent in the manufacture of cloth,
and became famous over Europe for its cuirasses and steel ar-
mour. In 1326 an accidental fire consumed 2,400 houses in B.;
and in 1405, another fire destroyed 1,400 houses. It became, in
process of time, the residence of the dukes of Brabant, and sub-
In 1489, and again in 1587,
sequently of the Austrian governors
it was devastated by the plague. In 1567, the sanguinary duke
of Alva attempted to establish an inquisition here. In 1695 B
was bombarded for the space of 46 hours, by the French under
Marshal Villeroy, when 14 churches and above 4,000 houses be-
came a prey to the flames. After the battle of Ramillies, in 1706,
it was abandoned by the adherents of Philip V., and the keys de-
livered up to the duke of Marlborough. On 22d November 1708
It was attacked by the elector of Bavaria, who, after having been
repulsed at the counterscarp, was compelled to retire on the 27th,
at the approach of the allies. The French, under Marshal Saxe,
took B. in 1746, after a siege of 20 days; but restored it to Charles
of Lorraine at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. In the troubles which
broke out in the Netherlands in 1789, 1790, in consequence of the
premature innovations of Joseph IL, B. took the lead, as it had
done on a former occasion (in 1718), when Aniessens, the vener-
able president of the corporations, perished on the scaffold. This

city was first entered by the troops of revolutionary France on
14th November 1792, about ten days after the battle of Jemappe.
After a temporary evacuation, in consequence of their defeat near
Louvain, they re-entered it on 10th July 1794. Before the French
revolution, B. was the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, and
the seat of the governor-general. During the 20 years, from 1794
to 1814, in which it was in the possession of the French, it was
the chief town in the dep. of the Dyle, the seat of a prefet, and
receiver-general, a court of criminal and special justice, a chamber
and tribunal of commerce, and a court-of-appeal for five depart
ments. After the fall of Napoleon, the Low Countries were formed
into a kingdom under William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who
entered B. as king on the 30th of May 1815. During the exist-
ence of the late kingdom of the United Netherlands, B. was al-
ternately with the Hague, the scat of government. In 1830, B.
was the scene of another revolution which terminated in the dis-
junction of Belgium and Holland. The inhabitants rose against

96

expelling them.-Charles VII., emperor of Germany, was born in the Dutch troops, and after several days fighting succeeded in B. in 1697. The artists Vandenveyden, Vandermeulen, Van Tilburg, and John Breughel, were natives of B.; likewise the physician Van Helmont, and the anatomist André Vesalé.

Authorities.] Histoire de la Ville de B. par l'Abbe Mann. 2 vols. 8vo.-Vander Maelen, Recueil des Documens Statistiques.-Granville's St. Petersburgh. Lond. 1829.-Family Tour through S Holland. Lond. 1831. -Guide de l'Etranger en Belgique. Bruxelles, 1848.

BRUSSOW, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of Brandenburg, regency of Potsdam, circle and 12 m. NE of Prenzlau, and 18 m. WSW of Stettin. Pop. in 1837, 1,185.

BRUSTHEIM, a commune of Belgium, in the prov. of Limburg, 2 m. SE of S Tron, on an affluent of the Great Geete. Pop. 919.

BRUTINEL, a hamlet of France, in the dep. of the Hautes-Alpes, cant. of St. Bonnet, and com. of Laye. Pop. 84.

BRUTO, or PRUTH, a river of Turkey, in Macedonia, in the sanjak of Monastir, which takes its rise to the E of Monastir; runs SE and then NE; and unites with the Tzerna, or Kutchuk-Carasu, 19 m. ESE of Monastir.

9

BRUTON, a parish and market-town in Somerset, m. SSW of Frome, and 109 m. SW of London. Area of p. 3,520 acres. Pop. in 1841, including the chapelry of Wyke-Champflower, hamlet of Redlynch, and part of that of Discove, 2,074. The town of B. is situated in a valley, watered by the Brue, and consists of three streets. Pop. 1,885.

BRUTUS, a township of Ingham co., in the state of Michigan, U. S. Pop. in 1840, 97.-Also a township of Cayuga co., in the state of New York, 7 m. N of Auburn. It is intersected by Branch creek and Cold Spring, tributaries of the Seneca, and by the Erie canal. The surface is hilly; but the soil, which consists of clay and sandy loam, is generally wellcultivated. Pop. 2,044.

BRUTZ, or BRUZ, a village of France, in the dep. of Ille-et-Vilaine, cant. and 8 m. SW of Rennes. At Pont-Pean in the vicinity is a mine of argentiferous lead, which has been unwrought since 1797.

BRUW. See BROYE.

BRUX, or BRIX, a royal town of Bohemia, in the circle and 15 m. NNE of Saaz, and 50 m. NW of Prague, on the Bila, and near the E base of the Erzgebirge, at an alt. of 700 ft. above sea-level. Pop. 2,912. It is surrounded by walls, is generally wellbuilt, and contains 3 churches, 3 convents, a college, a school for the sons of the military, a gymnasium, and an hospital. It possesses manufactories of Sedlitz salts from the celebrated mineral springs of that name in the environs, and of calico; and has a considerable trade also in grain and fruit. Coal is wrought in the environs. The Austrians sustained a defeat by the Russians here in February, 1759. It suffered severely from fire in 1820.

BRUYERES, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Vosges, arrond. of Epinal. The cant. comprises 33 com., and contained in 1831 a pop. of 16,864. The town is 15 m. ENE of Epinal. Pop. 2,328. It possesses manufactories of common cutlery, and contains some mineral springs.

BRÜYERES-LE-CHATEL, a commune of France, in the dep. of the Seine-et-Oise, cant. of Arpajon. Pop. 738.

BRUYERES-SOUS-LAON, a commune and town of France, in the dep. of Aisne, cant. and 4 m. SSE of Laon. Pop. 1,205.

BRUZZANO, a town of Naples, in the prov. of Calabria Ultra, 9 m. ENE of Bova.

BRYAN, a county of the state of Georgia, U. S.; bounded on the NE by the Ogeechee, and on the SE by the Atlantic. It comprises a surface of 480 sq.

m., intersected by the Cannouchee, and is generally | gov. of Mazovia, obwode of Kuiawy, in a marshy marshy. Pop. in 1840, 3,182.

BUCCHIANICO, a town of Naples, cap. of a canton in the prov. of Abruzzo Citra, dist. and 4 m. SE of Chieti. Pop. 1,014. It contains a parish BUBBIO, a village of Piedmont, cap. of a man-church, several convents, and an hospital. It has demento, in the prov. and 6 m. W of Acqui, on the six annual fairs; and the wine of the environs is

BUCHAN, a district of Aberdeenshire, extending along the coast, from the Ythan nearly to the Deveron, a distance of above 40 m. In length from N to S it is about 27 m.; and from W to E about 28 m.; superficial area 450 sq. m. Pop. in 1831, 43,306; in 1848, 48,763. It is divided into 21 parishes, of which 13 are in the district of Buchan Proper, or Deer; and 8 in the Ellon district. The principal elevation is Mormond hill, alt. 810 ft. The prevailing rock is granite. Peterhead and Fraserburgh are the principal towns within the district.-Buchan once formed a county of itself, and an earldom which was vested in the chief of the Cummins, until their forfeiture in 1309.

BUCHAN ISLANDS, a group on the E side of Baffin's bay, in N lat. 73° 30'.

the top with straw or the bark of trees. The gardens are wide, and enclosed with entire trunks of oak set closely together. The streets are paved transversely with planks of wood about ten yards long, and as many inches thick, and appear like one continued bridge throughout the whole extent of the city. This town is said to contain 26 monasteries, and 90 Greek churches, the principal of which is the patriarchal church adjoining the palace of the archbishop. This edifice has four cupolas, and stands on an eminence commanding a pleasant view of the city. The church of St. George, the patron saint of Wallachia, is built in the modern Greek style. Its portico is supported by short spiral columns, with an imitation of Corinthian capitals; and the interior walls are spread over with fresco paintings of saints. The hall of the Wallachian chamber of representatives is in a building connected with this church. The old palace of the hospodar or waivode has a mean appearance. It is low, and built of wood, with slated towers over the gateways; and stands in a court which also contains a church and a range of barracks. A new palace, erected in the environs of the city, was destroyed by fire in 1812. The hotels of the Austrian and Russian ambassadors, and several of the houses of the boyards or nobles, are very handsome. In the centre of the town are the bazaars, which consist of several rows of open shops protected from the mid-day sun by a roof of timber frame.-During the months of January and February, frost continues without interruption at B., and the therm. often falls as much as 8° below zero. In March, April, and May, the temp. fluctuates between 40° and 70°. In June, July, and August, the maximum heat is 83°. As the environs of B. are well-cultivated, and abound in corn and wine, and excellent pasturage, its principal trade consists in the exportation of wine, provisions, and skins and wool to Constantinople; salt and salted provisions to Russia; and cattle and hogs to Ger

BUCHAN-NESS, a headland on the coast of Aberdeenshire, in N lat. 57° 29′ 15", W long 1° 47'; 24 m. NEE of Girdleness. It has a lighthouse upon it, with a flashing light, elevated 130 ft. above sea-level. BUCHANAN, a parish in the W extremity of Stirlingshire; bounded on the N by Perthshire and Loch Katrine; and along the whole of its W side by Loch Lomond. It is 20 m. long, and 6 m. in extreme breadth. Pop. in 1801, 748; in 1841, 734. A head-many. The inhabitants are chiefly Christians; but branch of the Forth has its source in the upper end of this p., in a small burn which runs down Glenguoi into Glendow, and by the addition of several burns in the latter glen, is considerably increased.

BUCHANAN, a small river flowing into the Arctie ocean, in about N lat. 69° 24', W long. 120°.

BUCHANAN, a county in the state of Missouri, U. S., comprising a superficies of 800 sq. m., bounded on the W by the Missouri, and intersected by the Little Platte. Pop. in 1840, 6,237, of whom 6,004 were whites, 227 slaves, and 6 free-coloured. Cap., Sparta. Also a village of Botetourt co., in the state of Virginia, on James river, opposite Pattonsburg, with which it is connected by a handsome bridge.Also a township of Berrien co., in the state of Michigan, on St. Joseph's river. Pop. 264.

their houses, manners, and dress, resemble much those of their Turkish masters. Their numbers are variously estimated at from 60,000 to 100,000. Demidoff, in 1837, estimated the pop. at only 60,788, of whom 2,598 were boyards or nobles; 256 secular priests; 137 monks; 2,583 Jews; 1,795 foreigners. The higher classes speak the modern Greek, "bad Italian, and worse French." Two newspapers are published at B., and there are 3 printing-offices, a public school, and 22 private schools. This town has been subject at different times to the Russians, the Austrians, and the Turks; and was delivered up to the latter power at the peace of Sistova, on the 4th of August, 1791, under whose nominal dominion it has since remained, and to whom it pays an annual tribute of about £26,000. This city was greatly in

BUCHANAN ISLANDS, a group in the S Paci-jured by fire in 1802 and 1812. In 1813 and 1814 it fic, at the S entrance of Apsley strait, which separates Bathurst and Melville islands, in S lat. 11° 18', E long. 130° 40'.

BUCHAREST, BUKOREST, or BUKARESHT, a town of Wallachia, situated in a vast marshy plain on the river Domboritza, 250 m. NNW of Constantinople; 400 m. by road; in N lat. 44° 26'. It is the residence of the waivode, or prince of Wallachia, and the see of a Greek archbishop. It is partly fortified, and shows at a distance numerous gaily painted cupolas and spires, and a vast extent of buildings interspersed amidst luxuriant gardens; but consists merely of a collection of villages without plan or regularity. The houses-which were said to number 10,074 in 1836 -are in general mere huts. The best of them are built of stone, and covered with wooden tiles; when Chissul visited Wallachia, in 1702, the greater number were under ground like cellars, and covered at

was devastated by the plague; and again by the cholera in 1830. In 1838 it was injured by an earthquake. An Itinerary from London to Constantinople, in Philip's Coll. of Voyages, vol. i.-Clarke's Travels, vol. viii.-Demidoff, Voyage dans la Russie Meridionale. Paris, 1841.

BUCHAU, a town of Wurtemberg, in the circle of the Danube, bailiwick and 9 m. SE of Riedlingen, situated on a marshy hill near the S bank of the Feder-see. Pop. 1,983, of whom 598 are Jews, and the remainder Catholics. It contains a fine seignorial castle, belonging to the princes of Tour and Taxis, formerly an abbey of noble ladies, and a synagogue. B. was constituted a free imperial town in 1524.Also a town of Bohemia, in the circle and 16 m. ESE of Elnbogen, and 11 m. ESE of Carlsbad. Pop. 1,235. It contains a castle, and in the environs are some porcelain manufactories.

BUCHBERG, a village of Austria, in the circle and 35 m. SSW of Vienna, and 16 m. W of W Neustadt, at the base of the Schneeberg, in a beautiful valley called the Chamouny of Austria, and at an alt. of 1,863 ft. above sea-level. It has a manufactory of woollen cloths.

BUCHEGGBERG-KRIEGSTETTEN, an administrative district in the cant. of Soleure, in Switzerland, on the r. bank of the Aar. It is generally mountainous, but produces grain and fruit in considerable quantities, and affords good pasturage. It comprises 10 parishes, and contained in 1837 a pop. of 12,657. It takes its name from the village of Kriegstettin and the little plateau of Bucheggberg.

BUCHEIM, a village of Bavaria, in the circle of the Upper Danube, 45 m. SW of Augsberg, and 2 m. NW of Memmingen. Pop. 620. It formerly possessed a convent, which contained one of the most valuable libraries in Germany.

BUCHEN, a town of Baden, cap. of a bailiwick of the same name, in the circle of the Unter-Rhine, on the Morre, 30 m. ENE of Heidelburg. Pop. 2,336. It contains manufactories of cloth and linen, and several tanneries. Pop. of bail. 11,792.-Also a village of Denmark, in the duchy and 9 m. NNE of Lauenburg, on the Stecknitz. It was formerly the place of assembly of the states of the duchy.

BUCHENBERG, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Upper Danube, 5 m. SW of Kempten. Pop. 240. BUCHERA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the prov. of Albania, sanjak and 5 m. SE of Scutari. BUCHERI, a town of Sicily, in the prov. and 29 m. WNW of Syracuse, 20 m. NW of Noto.

BUCHHEIM, a seignorial town of the archduchy of Austria, in the circle of the Inn, on the Oger, 3 m. W of Vocklabruck. It contains a castle.

BUCHHOLZ, a town of Baden, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, SE of Emmendingen. Pop. 594. -Also a town of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, 12 m. E of Grunhain, and 14 m. SSW of Annaberg, on the Sehme. Pop. in 1834, 2,478. It contains a fine Gothic church; and possesses extensive manufactories of silk, ribbons, silk-lace, brocade, lace and cards. Silver and cobalt are wrought in the adjacent mountain of Schottenberg.

BUCHHOLZ (FRANZÖSISCH), a village of Prussia, in the prov. of Brandenburg, regency of Potsdam, and circle of Nieder-Barnim, 5 m. N of Berlin. Pop. 700. It was founded by a colony of French emigrants. BUCHHOLZ (WENDISCH), a village of Prussia, in the prov. of Brandenburg, regency of Potsdam, and circle of Beiskow-Storkow, on the Dahme, 35 m. SSE of Berlin. Pop. in 1837, 886.

BUCHHORN. See FRIEDRICHSHAFEN. BUCHKALGHAT, a position on the Himalaya chain, above the middle valley of the Sutledge, between Rol and Shatul. Alt. 11,800 ft.

BUCHLOE, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Schwaben-Neuburg, on the Gennach, 25 m. SSW of Augsburg. Pop. 800. It contains a castle and a house of correction.-The district of B. comprises 2 towns, 33 villages, and a pop. of 7,214.

BUCHLOWITZ, or BUCHLOWICE, a town of Mo-
ravia, in the circle of Brun, circle and 8 m. W of
Hradisch. Pop. 1,890. It contains a fine seignorial
castle, belonging to the counts of Berchtold; in the
environs are sulphureous springs and baths, and the
fortress of Buchlau, or Buchlow.

BUCHLYVIE, a village in the p. of Kippen, in
Stirlingshire, 5 m. W of Kippen. Pop. 400.

BUCHOLD, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the
Maine-Inferieure, 18 m. NNE of Wurzburg. Pop. 800.
BUCHON, a mountain of Upper or New Califor-
nia, near the coast, in N lat. 35o.

BUCHOW. See Bucкow.

BUCHS, a village of Switzerland, in the cant. and 8 m. NW of Zurich, bailiwick of Regensberg. Pop. 560. It contains numerous Roman remains.

BUCHSEE, a town of Switzerland, in the cant. and 5 m. N of Bern, and 8 m. E of Aarberg. BUCHSWEILER, or BUXWEILER. See Boux

VILLER.

BUCHTARMA, a river of Siberia, a tributary of the Irtish, on the r. bank, which takes its rise on the S flanks of the Kolzun mountains, near the SE confines of the gov. of Tomsk, and runs W to the Irtish. BUCHTARMINSK, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the gov. of Tomsk, at the mouth of the Buchtarma, and on the r. bank of the Irtish, which is here 374 ft. above the level of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Pop. 800. It is about 100 versts from the Chinese outposts near Narym, on the N side of the Saisang lake.

BUCHY, a canton, commune, and town of France, in the dep. of the Seine-Inferieure, arrond. of Rouen. The cant. comprises 22 com., and in 1831 contained a pop. of 8,280. The town is 18 m. NE of Rouen, and contains a saltpetre work. Pop. 564.

BUCINE, a parish and town of Tuscany, 15 m. W of Arezzon, on the 1. bank of the Ambra, 3 m. SSW of the confluence of that river with the Arno. Pop. 590.

BUCK.

See BUK.

BUCK, a township of Lucerne co., in the state of Pennsylvania, U. S. Pop. in 1840, 307.-Also a village in Lancaster co., 50 m. SE of Harrisburg.

BUCK CREEK, a township of Hancock co., in the state of Indiana, U. S. Pop. in 1840, 224.

BUCK ISLANDS, two small islands of the West Indies, in the Virgin group, to the S of St. Thomas, in N lat. 18° 17', and W long. 64° 53'.

BUCKABANK, a township in the p. of Dalston, Cumberland, 53 m. SSW of Carlisle. Pop. in 1841, 636.

BUCKAH, a basaltic island in the Red sea, near the coast of Abyssinia, in Howakil bay, in N lat. 15o, and E long. 40° 30'. It possesses a good port.

BUCKAU, a village of Prussian Saxony, in the circle of Merseburg, SW of Herzburg. Pop. 212. BUCK-BERG, a mountain range on the N confines of Transylvania, running N between the Krasna and Izamos.

BUCKBY LONG, a parish of Northamptonshire, 5 m. NE of Daventry, intersected by the London and Birmingham railway. Area 3,900 acres. Pop. in 1841, 2,145.

BUCKDEN, a parish of Huntingdonshire, 4 m. SW of Huntingdon, on the W bank of the Ouse. Area 3,590 acres. Pop. in 1841, 1,209.-Also a township in the p. of Arncliffe, W. R. of Yorkshire, on the È bank of the Wharfe, 114 m. NE of Settle. Area 15,790 acres. Pop. in 1841, 387.

BUCKEBURG, a town of the Germanic confederation, cap. of the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, 10 m. E of Minden, in N lat. 52° 15′ 45′′. It contains a handsome castle belonging to the prince of S. L., a gymnasium, a normal school, and a public library; and has a manufactory of linen.

BUCKEN, a town of Hanover, in the county and 2 m. SSW of Hoya, on an affluent of the Weser. Pop. 1,083.

BUCKENHAM, or BOKENHAM FERRY, a parish of Norfolkshire, 44 m. SW of Acle, on the Yare, and near the railroad from Norwich to Yarmouth. Area 1,020 acres. Pop. in 1841, 60.

BUCKENHAM-NEAR-TOFT, or PARVA, a parish of Norfolkshire. Area 630 acres. Pop. in 1841, 77. BUCKENHAM (NEW), a parish and markettown of Norfolk, 93 m. NE of London, 15 m. SSW of Norwich, and about 7 m. W of the London and