NEWARK, the most populous town in the state, is situated on a fine, level tract of ground, on the west side of Passaic river, nine miles west from New York, and forty-nine northeast from Trenton. Vessels of one hundred tons come up to the wharves; the New Jersey railroad passes through the town, on the way from New York to Philadelphia; and here is the commencement of the Morris and Essex railroad. The Morris canal passes through the place, which opens a channel of transportation between New York and the Delaware river. able for manufacturing by water-power. The town contains two banks, a philosophical society, with a library, an academy, fourteen churches, and twenty two thousand inhabitants. It was chosen for the site of a great cotton manuThe principal streets are wide, well facturing place by Alexander Hamilton, built, and shaded with trees. Two large who, with his associates, were incorporasquares, in the middle of the town, add ted, in 1791, with a capital of a million much to its beauty. It contains three of dollars. The early period at which banks, a courthouse, twenty-five church- their design was formed testifies to their es, an apprentices' and a circulating li- intelligence and foresight, as the invenbrary, a mechanics' association, and, in tions of Arkwright were almost un1850, 38,885 inhabitants. The coast-known in the United States. A board ing-trade is considerable, and a whaling of directors was appointed, consisting and sealing company was incorporated in 1833. Manufactures of several kinds are carried on to a great extent, especially in leather, carriages, &c. of William Duer, John Dewhurst, Benjamin Walker, Nicholas Low, Royal Flint, Elisha Boudinot, John Bayard, John Neilson, Archibald Mercer, ThomNewark was first settled by a colony as Lowring, George Lewis, More Furfrom Connecticut, in May, 1666, in com- man, and Archibald M'Comb; and Wilpliance with the "concessions" sent to liam Duer was made the principal officer. New England by Lord Carteret. Cap- In 1792, when this spot was selected, tain Robert Treat, John Curtis, Jasper there were not more than ten houses in Crane, and John Treat, having been sent the place, which was named in honor from Guilford, Branford, and Milton, in of Governor William Paterson. Major that state, and made a favorable report, L'Enfan was appointed engineer, and especially in favor of this place, they began to cut the race on a scale unnewere sent again, and laid out the town, cessary large and expensive, and resignwith the main streets and squares. Thired in a short time. He was succeeded ty families, from those towns and New by Mr. Colt, who adopted a more ecoHaven, at length arrived; but the Hack-nomical plan; and the first factory was ensack Indians refused to let them land, completed in 1794. It was ninety by until they had satisfied their demands. They soon made a purchase, to the satisfaction of the wild men, giving them one hundred and thirty pounds New England currency, twelve Indian blankets, and twelve guns, for a tract of land now including the townships of Springfield, Livingston, Orange, Caldwell, and Bloomfield. PATERSON. This town, thirteen miles north of Newark, and seventeen northwest of New York, is situated at the falls of the Passaic, at a spot abounding in romantic scenes, and peculiarly favor forty feet, and four stories high; and yarn was spun in it that year by water. The year preceding, the operation had been performed by ox-power. In 1794, calico-printing was done, on unbleached muslins purchased in New York. The society at the same time directed the superintendent to plant mulberry-trees; and, at the proposal of Mr. Colt, a teacher was employed to instruct the workchildren gratuitously on the sabbath. This was, no doubt, the first sabbathschool in the state, if not in the Union. It differed, however, from our common sabbath-schools, in being taught by a Washington once visited the Rev. Dr. hired teacher. In 1796, in consequence of losses of money sent to England for machinery, the misconduct and ignorance of foreign workmen, and the novelty of the undertaking, the company failed; and the building was leased, and used for spinning candlewick and yarn, until it was burnt, in 1807. In 1814, Mr. Roswell L. Colt, son of the gentleman above-named, purchased the shares and revived the company; and the place has long been one of the most flourishing manufacturing towns in this country, though it suffered a great and unavoidable interruption after the war of 1812. The supply of water is very valuable, and has been enlarged by a dam, four and a half feet high, erected on the top of the fall; and the water is distributed by three short canals, at different elevations. The Passaic is navigable for sloops; and it not only has good common roads, but the Morris canal, and a railroad to Jersey city. MORRISTOWN.-This is the capital of Morris county, and stands on a fine, elevated plain, in the midst of a varied and picturesque region. It is distant fifty miles from Trenton, nineteen from Newark, and twenty-six from New York. The streets are wide, straight, and laid out at right-angles; and in the centre of the town is a large square, surrounded by neat dwellings, and several churches and other public buildings. A large and splendid hotel here, erected by Mr. Givens, was accidentally burnt in 1846. An aqueduct, about a mile in length, supplies the village with water; and there are several manufactories at Speedwell, on a small stream. The Morris and Essex railroad, extending hence to Newark, was finished in 1838, and affords important advantages to the town. Washington retreated to this spot, in 1777, after the battle of Princeton. His headquarters are still pointed out, as well as different points connected with interesting associations of that important period. Several important events, and many interesting incidents, occurred in the two seasons when Morristown was the residence of Washington. Hosack, in his "Life of Clinton," mentions that Jones, pastor of the presbyterian charch in that place, to inquire whether Christians of other denominations might be admitted to partake of the communion at the semi-annual celebration of it by his people, which he had understood was approaching. The reply was: "Most certainly; ours is not the presbyterian's table, general, but the Lord's." The general replied: “I am glad of it; that is as it ought to be. I propose to join with you on that occasion, though a member of the church of England." The Source of the Passaic.-The picturesque scene represented in the accompanying engraving, is at the head of the principal stream of New Jersey, on whose banks are situated some of the most important towns mentioned in the preceding pages, and whose waters form the picturesque cascade, and turn the busy wheels of Paterson. The Passaic rises in Somerset and Morris counties, and makes a remarkable bend round the county of Essex, so as to form almost its entire western, northern, and eastern boundaries. It has several tributaries, the principal of which are the Pompton and the Rockaway. The former is formed by the confluence of the Pequannock and the Ramapo, which rise in New York. Most of the regions watered by the Passaic and its branches are rough and wild, abounding in mines, and in forests, which supply fuel for reducing them. The failure of the latter, however, has been the chief cause of the abandonment of some of the mines. Standing at the source of the Passaic, amid the romantic and solitary scenery which surrounds him, a spectator may reflect with interest on the peculiarities of the country through which it flows, and the various useful ends to which its waters are applied, during its short but varied course. It is not in vain that it has its head at so considerable an elevation above the ocean. In its short, but busy career, it performs an immense amount of labor, in turning wheels which move a variety of machinery, whose products are so valuable as to add materially to the wealth of the state. THIS state, one of the largest of the original thirteen, lies between New York and Virginia, two of the other most extensive of that number, with Ohio on the west, the most populous and flourishing of the younger members of the Union; while its eastern boundary divides it from New Jersey, and it adjoins Maryland for a short distance on the southeast. Lake Erie touches it on the northwest. The Allegany ranges divide it into two parts: forming three distinct, though unequal sections, counting the mountainous part as the central one. These mountains deviate considerably from their general line in the interior of Pennsylvania. They cross the boundary of Virginia with a course nearly northeast, soon incline northeasterly, and at length run for some distance eastwardly; then stretching again more northwardly, cross the New York line in the usual course, northeast. The most easterly ridge enters the state in York county, and is cut through by the Susquehannah, a river which, instead of conforming its direction to that of the mountains, crosses the entire range nearly at right-angles. The Delaware river, which forms the whole eastern boundary, rises in the state of New York. A system of cauals forms an important line of navigation for boats and arks from the Lehigh river to Philadelphia, by which the productive coal-mines at Mauch-Chunk send thousands of tons to that city. The Delaware communicates, also, at different points, with the Delaware and Hudson canal, the Morris canal, and the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, and, through the Schuylkill, by the improved navigation of that river, and the great Western canal line, to the Ohio. At the same time, the numerous and long lines of railroads, crossing the country in different directions, meet the Delaware at Philadelphia; while |