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younger children.

of the road, known as the friends' or | Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. William Penn's Jourdan's burial-ground. But though no monumental stone attracts attention, and the sunken graves, hidden in the tall grass, escape the passing glance of a stranger, it well deserves to be recorded as the resting-place of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania.

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No. 1. Letitia, daughter of Wm. Penn. 2. Springett, son of William Penn. 3. Margarette Frame and her son Thomas, in the same grave, daughter of William Penn. 4. John Penn, son of William, governor of Pennsylvania. 5. The great William Penn, with his second wife upon his leaden coffin. Prince Butterfield remembers his second wife being buried, and seeing the leaden coffin of William, whose head lies contrary to the rest, with his feet to the north. 6. Giulielma, daughter of Sir William Springett, first wife of William Penn.

7. Isaac Pennington's wife, the wid-
ow of Sir William Springett, of
Darling, in Sussex.

8. Isaac Pennington, an able lawyer,
who married the widow of Sir
William Springett, mother to
William Penn's first wife.
9. Joseph Rule, a man that used to
go about London preaching, in
a white coat and a long white
beard.

Seven graves from the hedge, in a line above William Penn, lies Thomas Elwood, who used to read to Milton, and lived on Hanger hill. On his left hand, nearer the hedges, lies his wife.

Extract from the Register, Sept. 12, called by the friends "eighth month :""Our friend William Penn, of Walthamstow, in the county of Essex, and Giulielma Maria Springett, of Tilerend green, in the parish of Penn, in the county of Bucks, proposed their intentions of marriage at the monthly-meeting at Hanger hill."

Prince Butterfield, the person already mentioned as having seen Penn's leaden coffin at the burial of his second wife, was the man who had the care of the burial-ground, and who died between thirty and forty years ago. Many "friends" have been interred within the enclosure, besides those here mentioned; but about fifteen years since it was found too full to admit any others, and the ground has remained undisturbed. In J. Whyth's supplement to the "History of the Life of Thomas Elwood," published in 1714, is an account of his great services to the society of friends. It is added, that "he departed this life on the 1st of the third month, 1713, and was honorably buried in the friends' buryingplace at New Jourdan." This Elwood was the great friend of the poet Milton, and suggested to him the idea of writing "Paradise Regained."

In concluding this brief description of Pennsylvania, we may appropriately introduce the following summary of some of the improvements and inventions which have distinguished this state and people. It is abridged from the North American newspaper :

The quadrant was here invented by Godfrey; here Franklin taught men how to control the lightnings of heaven; on the Delaware, at Philadelphia, John Fitch first proved the power of his rude steamboat; Fulton, a native of Pennsylvania, immortalized his name by maturing that wonderful invention; the first locomotive was set in motion near the corner of Ninth and Market streets,

by its inventor, Oliver Evans, who, with | great work of the kind attempted in this the foresight so often noticed as a char- country. The first Fairmount bridge, acteristic of great discoverers, declared with its span of 348 feet, outrivalling that the time would come when one the famous bridge of Shauffhausen, and would "breakfast in New York, dine at the wire-bridge, erected in 1817, at the Philadelphia, and sup at Baltimore;" falls of the Schuylkill, which served to here was the first bank established in suggest the idea to European builders, the country, and the first insurance of were an honor to Philadelphia. The fice; here was organized the first sab- bridges in the interior, by their substanbath-school, an honor, surely, to be ap- tial, and even bold character, have done preciated throughout the Union; Phil- honor to the state. adelphia first showed us what might be done in supplying cities with water, by her astonishing Fairmount water-works; in her eastern penitentiary, she furnished a model for institutions of that class, which has been extensively approved and imitated, both in this country and in Europe. The first public hospital in the United States was the Pennsylvania hospital; the first institution for the blind was that established in this city. Here, too, before the Revolution, the great discovery which has given us the magnetic telegraph, led Franklin to give signals by electricity across the Schuylkill.

The merchants of Philadelphia, at an early period, built a frigate and presented it to the United States government, the only instance of the kind on record; and the state of Pennsylvania erected a house in Philadelphia, and offered it as a present to Washington. Here, also, a stand was taken against the exactions of Great Britain, in advance of Boston herself; and the first opposition to the landing of tea was made at a public meeting held in Philadelphia, some weeks before the celebrated tea-party executed its work at Boston; and from Philadelphia came forth the Declaration of Independence.

But the part which Pennsylvania has taken in the great works of internal improvements needs to be better understood. The turnpike from Philadelphia to Lancaster was the first undertaken in the Union, and was completed in 1794, at a cost of $465,000. Subsequently, the whole surface of the state was traversed by these roads.

The Schuylkill "permanent bridge," erected in 1798, at an expense of three hundred thousand dollars, was the first

For the introduction of canals, as well as turnpikes, the country is indebted to Pennsylvania. Even William Penn appears to have meditated on the project of connecting the Susquehannah with the Schuylkill; and, in 1762, David Rittenhouse and Dr. William Smith surveyed a canal-route for the purpose. At that early day, these gentlemen had in view the connecting of the lakes and the Ohio river with the Delaware, by a route of nearly six hundred miles. The survey, under the authority of the legislature of Pennsylvania, was accomplished in 1769. In 1791, a company was incorporated for connecting the Susquehannah and Schuylkill; and in 1792, another was incorporated for connecting the Schuylkill with the Delaware, by the way of Norristown. At the head of the latter was Robert Morris, the celebrated financier. These two companies undertook the work, and proceeded far with it, when, having expended $440,000, they were embarrassed, and suspended operations. These beginnings, however, resulted at length in the completion of the Union canal. The first tunnels excavated in the Union were in Pennsylvania. The first survey for the Chesapeake and Delaware canal was made in 1769, by order of the American Philosophical society, and as early as 1804, one hundred thousand dollars were expended in the execution of the work.

When the period of railroads arrived, Pennsylvania was again the pioneer. The railroad at Mauch Chunk was the first in the Union, excepting only a short tram-road in Massachusetts. From that period to the present, Pennsylvania has been second to no state in the Union, in expenditures for constructing these wonderful annihilators of time and space.

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feeble colonies were founded here in 1627, before any other Europeans had attempted to occupy the soil. The country received the name of New Sweden, and the settlers were Swedes and Finlanders. They settled along the shores of Delaware bay, but were reduced in 1655 by the Dutch, and again in 1664 by the English. Charles II. included the territory in the grant which he made to the duke of York, by whom it was conveyed to William Penn, in 1682. For several particulars in respect to this part of the history of Delaware, the reader is referred to the description of Pennsylvania.

Delaware had a colonial assembly in 1704, which met at Newcastle, although the territory nominally belonged to Pennsylvania until 1775. The people took an early and active part in the revolution; and many of their militia fell in the unfortunate battle of Long Island, in 1776, when the British army obtained possession of New York. She adopted à constitution as a state in that year; and the constitution of the United States was adopted by a convention on the 12th of June, 1792. Although the smallest state in the Union, it has been honorably distinguished by men of ability and high character in the national government. The present constitution was adopted

in 1831.

The governor is elected for four years, but can not be reëlected. The senate consists of three members from each county, chosen for four years. The house of representatives consists of seven members from each county, elected for two years. The sessions of the legislature are biennial, commencing on the first Tuesday in January.

Every male citizen who is twenty-one years of age, and has been a resident in the state one year, and in the county one month, next preceding the day of election, and has paid a tax, is a voter. If he is between twenty-one and twenty-two years of age, the payment of the tax is not necessary.

The courts of Delaware are a court of error and appeals, a superior court, a court of chancery, an orphans' court, a court of oyer and terminer, a court of

general sessions of the peace, and such courts as the general assembly may from time to time establish. There are five judges to compose these several courts, whom the governor appoints. They hold office during good behavior. The superior court consists of the chief-justice and the two associate-justices, who do not reside in the county where the court is held; and the court of sessions is composed in the same manner. The court of oyer and terminer consists of all the judges except the chancellor; and the orphans' court, of the chancellor and the resident judge of the county.

Delaware College, situated at Newark, Newcastle county, is the only higher institution of learning in the state. mencement is held on the 4th Wednesday in September.

There are twenty academies and about one hundred and fifty common schools, with a school-fund of $170,000.

The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was constructed at great expense, and in spite of many discouragements, over one of the most unfavorable tracts of ground ever crossed by a work of that kind. It was intended to open a channel of sloopnavigation between Delaware city, on Delaware river, and the Chesapeake; and the work was successfully accomplished in a few years. It is thirteen miles in length, and lies chiefly in Delaware, but partly in Maryland. It is sixty-six feet wide on the surface of the water, and ten feet deep.

Printing was first introduced into this state in 1761, by James Adams, who then commenced the publication of a newspaper, called "the Wilmington Courant," which ceased in six months. No other newspaper was published in the colony before the revolutionary war.

The Delaware Breakwater.-About twenty years ago, the construction of a breakwater was commenced, by the United States government at the mouth of Delaware bay, at Cape Henlopen, designed to afford protection to vesseis passing that exposed part of the coast in stormy weather. The mouth of the bay is twelve or thirteen miles wide, and exposed to the full force of the waves of the ocean, which, in an east

over a precipice, of such height that it affords many mill sites of great value, which have long been employed to great advantage. Numerous manufactories of large size crowd the banks of the stream, most of which are flourmills; the grind. ing of wheat is also carried on to a great extent, and with such skill that they have long been among the best in the Union, and have done much to render the flour manufactured there highly celebrated.

Sawmills, papermills, cotton and woollen factories, &c., stand also upon the

erly storm, are extremely violent, being unchecked by the neighboring land, which is too low to offer any resistance to the wind, or any protection from the surges, as they sweep in from the open sea. The ice which floats down the river is sometimes not less dangerous to vessels. The breakwater is formed according to the principles of science, and is an immense work, of stone brought from a great distance, and composing a solid wall with sides standing at an angle, best calculated to withstand and destroy the force of the waves on the one hand, and the fields of ice on the other. Wilmington is governed by two burAs the number of vessels employed in gesses and six assistants. It stands upon the navigation of the bay is very great a long and gentle elevation, upon the and annually increasing, and the coast-ridge of which lies the principal street, ers and foreign ships occasionally ex- which is wide and straight. posed to risk of loss on this part of the coast, in easterly storms, are also very numerous, the value of such a work may be appreciated, when it is borne in mind that there is no other place of refuge within a great distance.

Even in moderate weather the breakwater often affords to many vessels the conveniences of a good harbor, when the state of the wind or of the ice for bids the passage from the bay to the ocean, or from the ocean up the bay. Cape Henlopen, which forms the south ern point of Delaware bay, is in latitude 385 45′ and longitude 10° 53′ east from Washington.

same stream.

The principal public buildings are the cityhall, the almshouse, the arsenal, two markethouses, three banks, the public library, sixteen churches, nine academies, and the friends' female boarding-school. The population is at present fourteen thousand.

The Philadelphia and Baltimore railroad lies through this town, and affords communication with both those cities twice a day.

The Brandywine Springs.-This place is much resorted to by visiters, for health and pleasure, in the summer months. It is five miles from Wilmington.

DOVER. This town, the capital of the WILMINGTON. This town is situated state, and county-town of Kent county, one mile above the junction of Brandy- is situated on the right bank of Jones's wine and Christiana creeks, twenty-eight creek, ten miles from its mouth in Delamiles southwest from Philadelphia, for- ware bay. The streets are straight, ty-seven north from Dover, and one broad, and laid out regularly, and a large hundred and eight northeast from Wash-public square is in the middle of the town, ington city. It is built on the dividing where the statehouse and several other line between the primitive region and public buildings are placed to great adthe alluvion, which lie in juxtaposition vantage. There are three churches, one through most of the middle and south- bank, and an academy. A monument ern Atlantic states. Wilmington, in has been erected to the memory of Col. this respect, resembles Philadelphia, John Haslett, who fell at the battle of Baltimore, Georgetown, Richmond, and Princeton, in the revolutionary war. several smaller towns; but owing to the greater depression of the western rocky range in Delaware, Wilmington has less variety of scenery in its neighborhood than most of them.

Brandywine river, however, at a short distance from the town, is precipitated

There is a communication with Wilmington daily by stagecoaches, and with Snowhill (Maryland) three times a week. It is in latitude 39° 09' and longitude 1° 28' east of Washington.

NEWARK stands on Christiana creek, and is twelve miles southwest-by-west

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