tried on sundry charges, but was only cember, 1825, to "provide for the public deprived of the government-Sir Ed-instruction of youth in primary schools ward Andross being apointed governor throughout the state." This act defines in his place. He was, however, permitted to enjoy his proprietary estate. In 1716 the representative of the Calvert family renounced the Roman catholic religion, and was restored to such rights as he claimed.

The revolutionary period of the history of Maryland contains too many interesting events to be given in a limited space. Several leading men early took a decided part in favor of American resistance, and prosecuted with zeal and faithfulness the great measures which finally established independence. The state adopted the constitution August 14, 1776, and the federal constitution in 1788. In 1790 the territory now forming the federal district, or district of Columbia, was ceded by Maryland to the general government.

the duties of the superintendent of schools, namely, to digest and prepare plans of instruction; to improve such system as may be adopted, and such revenues as may from time to time be assigned to this object; to prepare and report estimates and expenditures; and to superintend the collection of the revenues appropriated to education. It requires of the justices of the levy court in each of the counties to appoint nine commissioners of primary schools for the county, and a number of other suitable men, not exceeding eighteen, who, together with the commissioners, shall be inspectors of said schools. The act also defines the duties of the commissioners as to dividing the county into school districts; provides for the election of trustees in each district, the erection of schoolhouses, and a semi-annual report of the trustees to the commissioners, &c.

The Roman catholic college at Georgetown was founded in 1784. The medical college in Baltimore was founded in 1807, and in 1812 connected with the faculties of law, divinity, and general science, and formed a body corporate, under the title of the "University of Maryland." Two other institutionsBaltimore and St. Mary's colleges—have funds of their own, by which, with students' fees, they are supported.

Academies, which afford many advan

GOVERNMENT.-The senate consists of twenty-two members, one being chosen from each county and one from the city of Baltimore, for a term of four years, one half of them biennially. The house of delegates are elected once in two years; and, till the apportionment under the census of 1860, are seventy-two in number. The executive power is vested in a governor who is chosen for four years. The state is divided into three districts, and the governor is taken from each of the three districts alternately. The judicial power is vested in a court of appeals, circuit courts, courts for the city of Baltimore, and in justices of the peace.tages of education to both sexes, exist The right of suffrage is allowed to each in most of the principal towns. free white male citizen, twenty-one years MANUFACTURES.-The manufactures old who has been one year a resident of this state are numerous, various, and in the state, and six months in the county. | valuable. Woollen, cotton, iron, copEDUCATION. The colonial legislature per, and flour, are among the principal; in 1696 appropriated money for educa- and most of these are seated on the tion in a college and free-schools, which banks of the streams where the descent was absorbed by the college. Wash- of the land affords water-power appliington college was founded in 1782 in cable to machinery. In Baltimore and Chestertown, Kent county, on the east-its vicinity a large amount of manufacern shore; St. John's college in 1784, turing is done. in Annapolis, on the western shore; and these two were afterward connected and formed the university.

An act was passed by the legislature of this state during the session of De

PRODUCTIONS.-Flour and tobacco are the staple productions of Maryland; but the former more valuable article vastly exceeds the latter in quantity. Iron is abundant in many of the coun

ties of the western shore, and is manu--which will comprehend all the interfactured in many places. Bituminous mediate points." coal exists in Allegany county in inex- BALTIMORE.- This is the principal haustible mines, and is one of the most city and port of Maryland, and also one valuable natural productions of the state. of the largest and finest in the United THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. States. It is advantageously situated This great work was designed to extend near the head of Chesapeake bay, fourfrom the city of Baltimore to Wheeling teen miles distant, on the river Patapsco, (Virginia), but was delayed in its com- which affords it a commodious harbor, pletion. It was chartered in 1827, and well protected by high land. It occuthe work commenced in 1828. The state pies a position commanding, by natural has subscribed three millions and Balti- and artificial channels of communicamore three millions. The first portion, tion, extensive and fertile regions in to the Point of Rocks, sixty-nine miles Maryland and adjacent states, and even in length, has been in operation several with the valley of the Mississippi. It years. It has since been finished to is in latitude 39° 17′ 23′′, and longitude Cumberland, a distance of one hundred 76° 37′ 30′′ west from Greenwich, beand seventy-eight miles. It winds along ing forty miles from Washington, ninestreams, hill-sides, &c., in various places, ty-seven from Philadelphia, one hundred often among wild scenery. The bridges and eighty-six from New York, and and viaducts are many, and very expen- two hundred and ninety from Pittsburg. sive. It is proposed to extend it to Pitts- The population in 1850 was 169,000. burgh, to compete with Philadelphia in measures to secure the trade of the Ohio valley. We select the following statement, in relation to this enterprise, from recent publications:

The entrance to the harbor of Baltimore is between Fort M'Henry and the Lazaretto, six hundred yards wide, with twenty-two feet in depth; the second harbor, which is above Fell's point, has fifteen feet water, and the third, or inner, opposite the city, ten or twelve.

"There seems now to be a prospect that this great work of improvement will be pushed forward to completion The city is about two miles in extent within a reasonable time. For a long from east to west, and one and a half period it has been at a stand-looking, from north to south, and most of the as it were, from the summit of the Alle- streets are straight and at right angles. ganies for the most advantageous point The favorite promenade is in Baltimore to intersect the Ohio river, which was street, the principal avenue, which is the limit originally prescribed for the two miles long; and the west part is the stupendous undertaking. But, should favorite residence of the wealthier citithe work take the course indicated, a zens. The principal public buildings short time only will elapse before the are the city-hall in Holliday street, the road will penetrate the interior of Ohio, courthouse at the corner of Washington connecting itself with the richest agri- and Monument streets, the state penicultural region between the river and tentiary, above one hundred churches, the lakes, and drawing from both a large eleven banks, seven markets, eight inamount of their transit business. It surance offices, two theatres, the circus, will soon connect itself with the river the museum, and the savings bank. again at Cincinnati, thus securing to itself all the advantages and benefits of a junction at a point advantageous for its interests in seasons of low water; while at the same time it will be reaching its long arm through the fertile valleys and broad prairies of our western neighbors, toward the Mississippi. The word will then be-not Baltimore and Wheeling,' but 'Baltimore and St. Louis,'

The Merchants' Exchange.-The erection of this building was commenced in the year 1815. It is two hundred and twenty-five feet in length and one hundred and forty-four in depth, the ground plan being in the form of the letter H. It is four stories, including the basement, which is vaulted. The grand hall is eighty-six feet long, and lighted by a dome, ninety feet from the floor.

which a small stream, crossing the city, has cut a deep channel through the rocks. That part of the town in the vicinity of the bridge which crosses the stream, has sometimes suffered from sudden inundations in violent storms. Several of the upper streets, lying along the high ground, and being broad, straight, and well built, and in some places adorned with trees and gardens, make a very handsome appearance, and are among the most attractive residences in the United States.

The north parts of the city are the most elevated, and occupy several roundish hills, eighty or a hundred feet above the level of the harbor. The natural surface has here been modified to suit the convenience of the inhabitants, and to render the streets more uniform, so that the ascent from the water, although in some places steep, is nowhere difficult. The lower parts of the city are on the alluvion which borders the bay or basin, and there the streets are more closely built and crowded: still their straightness and regularity render them more convenient and clean than the business parts of many other commercial towns of equal size.

On the south side of the city, at the entrance of the outer or first harbor-on a point of land which rises by a gradual ascent to an eminence-is situated Fort M'Henry, the principal defence of the city by water. This fort endured a bombardment by a British squadron in the war of 1812, through an entire night, and held out successfully. The point is connected with the mainland by a long, low, and sandy neck, over which, as well as the neighboring water, the guns of the fort have an advantageous command.

square miles. It may be divided into two sections-the valley of Gunpowder creek, which is hilly, and that of the Patapsco. The great primitive ledge, which extends all along the Atlantic border from the southern to the eastern states, crosses this county, and the seasand alluvion, between the bays of the Patapsco and the Gunpowder, lie at its base. All the county is uneven; but above the head of tidewater it becomes more rough and more elevated; and at Reigerstown, seventeen miles northwest from Baltimore, the surface is five hundred feet above the level of tidewater. The elevation is still greater at the southeast foot of the dividing ridge between Baltimore and Frederick counties-the farms are eight hundred feet above the harbor: so that there is a difference of a week or ten days in the seasons. This variety of surface and climate renders the variety of vegetation very great.

The great western railroad from Baltimore, to be extended to the Ohio, skirts along the southwest border of this county; while the Susquehanna and the Washington railroads bring their numerous trains across it to the city, though the latter is connected, as a branch, with the western railroad.

Early History of Baltimore.-The first settlement of Maryland, under the patent of Lord Baltimore, was made on i the north bank of the Potomac, at St. Mary's, which was intended to become the capital of the new colony, but is a place of no distinction.

The first settler within the limits of Baltimore was a man named Gorsuch, who took a patent of lands, twenty-eight (' years later, on Whetstone point. This is now included in the review-ground of the Baltimore militia. Among those The country around Baltimore is who settled soon after him in this vicinmarked by some peculiar features. Bal-ity was Charles Carroll, whose estate, timore county extends to Chesapeake on the high ground behind Baltimore, bay on the southeast, to Patapsco river still bears his name. A descendant of on the southwest, to Frederick county his-Charles Carroll, of Carrolltonon the west, to York county (Pa.) on the was one of the signers of the Declaranorth, and to Hartford county on the tion of Independence. The original northeast; having an extreme length, purchase of Carroll included some of from southeast to northwest, of thirty- the most eligible parts of the present six miles, a mean breadth of twenty-city of Baltimore, which, at an early five miles, and an area of nine hundred day, were sold by Charles and Daniel