teen pounds per square inch. The surface of the liquid thus relieved from pressure boils at about one hundred and thirty degrees Fahrenheit. Thus a large grain and fair sugars are obtained."

series of large fine-duck bags, neatly by the barometer, from thirteen to fourfolded up, and placed in a cylindrical small case of the same material; they are suspended by the neck on metal rings, and hang down in a square wooden box, where the juice drips through, leaving dirt, sediment, &c., inside the bags. This is rather an old-fashioned process. A new plan will shortly take its place, upon a hydrostatical principle-the pure liquid passing through compressed sponge.

NEW ORLEANS.-This city is situated on the left bank of Mississippi river, which has here a singular curve, that places the city on its northwest side, and facing to the southeast. It is one hundred and five miles from its mouth, "The next process through which by the course of the river, but only syrups pass is that of the vacuum-pan, ninety in a direct line. It is about of which there is a great variety. The eleven hundred miles from St. Louis, original and perhaps the best one is fourteen hundred from New York, and known as the Howard vacuum-pan-twelve hundred from Washington. New Mr. Howard being the inventor and pat- Orleans is the fourth city, in point of entee. In fact, all others are mere modi- population, and the third in commerce, fications. Another, called De Rosne's, is both simple and good, and very much used; it is this which I will describe, although there are several others daily coming into use, viz.: the Bevan pan, Morgan pan, and Rillieux pan. This last stands rather high-sugar made by it having received awards and premiums from the Louisiana Agriculturists' and Mechanics' association more than once. Yet the pans of De Rosne and Howard, simple and cheap as they are, have produced the best sugar ever made in Louisiana.

in the United States. Its rapid increase in population has not been equalled, probably, by that of any other city in the Union. In 1810, it was 17,242; in 1820, 27,176; in 1830, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193; in 1850, 119,285.

The old city proper is in form a parallelogram. Above the city are the suburbs of St. Mary and Annunciation, and below are the suburbs of Marigny, Franklin, and Washington. These are called fauxbourgs. Between the city and the bayou St. John's are the villages of St. Claude and St. Johnsburg. The old city proper was laid out by the French, and now forms not more than one eighth of the city limits, and not more than one fourth of its thickly-settled parts. The coup d'oeil of the city when seen from the river is extremely beautiful, Many of the principal streets making a curve, from the shape of the city, New Orleans has been called the "Crescent city."

"The De Rosne pan is a cylinder of cast-iron, with a wrought-iron steamjacket, for the purpose of admitting steam for boiling the charge. It has also copper pipes passing up and down its inside for the same purpose-that is, to accelerate evaporation. This pan being air-tight and filled with syrup, steam is turned on for the purpose of boiling. At the same time the steam- The public buildings are the United engine is started to work the airpumps, States branch mint, which is an edifice the vacuum being formed and main- of the Ionic order of architecture, mertained in the following manner; a pipe chants' exchange, commercial exchange, attached to the dome of the pan, of sufficient capacity to carry off all the vapor given off by ebullition, leads into a large, tight iron vessel, constantly supplied with cold water. This is the condenser. The air-pumps remove all the vapor cold-water, and draw in fresh to renew and carry on condensation, and thus is the vacuum kept up as indicated

city exchange, city-hall, courthouse, the statehouse, formerly the charity hospital, sixteen churches, some of them elegant buildings, four orphan asylums, three theatres, and several large and splendid hotels.

The situation of New Orleans for commerce is very commanding. The length of the Mississippi river, and its

connected waters, which are navigated complete squares: each square having by steam, is not less than 20,000 miles, a front of three hundred and nineteen and the country which they drain is not feet in length. Few of the streets, exsurpassed in fertility by any on the globe. cepting Canal street, are more than forty Its advantages for communication with feet wide. Many of the seats in the the country in its immediate vicinity are suburbs are surrounded with spacious also great. By a canal four and a half gardens, splendidly ornamented with miles long, it communicates with Lake orange, lemon, magnolia, and other Pontchartrain, and its connected ports. trees. No city in the United States has This canal cost $1,000,000. There is also so great a variety of inhabitants, with a canal, one and one fourth miles long, such an astonishing contrast of manners, which communicates with Lake Pont- language, and complexion. The French chartrain through bayou St. John. A population probably still predominates railroad, four and a half miles long, con-over the American, though the latter is nects it with Carrollton. A railroad, continually gaining ground. four and one fourth miles long, connects the city with Lake Pontchartrain one mile east of bayou St. John. The Mexican gulf railroad extends twenty-four miles, to Lake Borgne, and is to be continued to the gulf, at the South pass. The Mississippi, opposite to the city, is half a mile wide, and from one hundred to one hundred and sixty feet deep, and continues of this depth to near its entrance into the ocean, where are bars, with from thirteen and a half to sixteen feet of water.

An embankment, called the Levee, is raised on the river's border, to protect the city. The Levee is from twenty to forty feet broad, but in front of the secoud municipality is extended to five or six hundred feet broad. This forms a splendid promenade, and a very convenient place for depositing the cotton and other produce from the upper country, which can be rolled directly from the decks of the steamers to the bank of

the river.

A mistaken impression prevails in some sections of the Union, in relation to the moral character, and healthfulness of the climate, of the Crescent city. But while not free from those evils incident to all large and crowded populations, still, in proportion to its size, New Orleans is as free from vice as any other city of the Union. The yellow fever is but little more to be dreaded than those pulmonary complaints which yearly sweep away so many thousands of victims at the north. And as to the dampness of the land, that is yearly becoming of less account as the cultivation and second soil more and more dwindle away its evil effects. For personal safety, men, women, and children, are as secure from insult or injury there, at all times, and under all circumstances, as in any city in the world.

THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS.-This city has been rendered memorable as being the scene of the last battle in the war of 1812-'14, with Great Britain, The harbor presents an area of many a brief detail of which will close our acres, covered with flat-boats and keel-notice of New Orleans.-In the month boats in its upper parts. Sloops, schooners, and brigs, are arranged along its wharves, and present a forest of masts; and steamboats are continually arriving or departing. The amount of domestic articles exported exceeds $12,000,000 annually, being greater than those of any other city in the Union, excepting New York. The houses of the city proper have a French and Spanish aspect, are generally stuccoed, and are of a white or yellow color.

The city proper contains sixty-six

of December, 1814, fifteen thousand British troops, under Sir Edward Packenham, were landed for the attack of New Orleans. The defence of this place was intrusted to Gen. Andrew Jackson. whose force was about six thousand men, chiefly raw militia. Several slight skirmishes occurred before the enemy arrived before the city: during this time, Gen. Jackson was employed in making preparation for his defence. His front was a straight line of about one thousand yards, defended by upward of

At

by raw militia, upon an intrenched camp of British regulars. The defence of New Orleans was the object; nothing was to be hazarded which would jeopard the city. The British were suffered to retire behind their works without molestation. The result was such as might have been expected from the different positions of the two armies. Before eight o'clock, the three generals were carried off the field, two in the agonies of death, and the third entirely disabled; leaving upward of two thousand of their men dead, dying, and wounded, on the field of battle.

three thousand infantry and artillerists. | fire of the American artillery and musThe ditch contained five feet of water, ketry, which lay in perfect security beand his front, from having been flooded hind their breastworks of cotton bales, by opening the levees, and by frequent which no balls could penetrate. rains, was rendered slippery and muddy. eight o'clock, the British columns drew Eight distinct batteries were judiciously off in confusion, and retreated behind disposed, mounting in all twelve guns their works. Flushed with success, the of different calibres. On the opposite militia were eager to pursue the British side of the river was a strong battery of troops to their intrenchments, and drive fifteen guns. them immediately from the island. A At daylight, on the morning of the less prudent and accomplished general 8th of January, the main body of the might have been induced to yield to the British, under their commander-in-chief, indiscreet ardor of his troops; but GenGeneral Packenham, were seen advan-eral Jackson understood too well the cing from their encampment to storm nature of his own and his enemy's force, the American lines. On the preceding to hazard such an attempt. Defeat must evening they had erected a battery inevitably have attended an assault made within eight hundred yards, which now opened a brisk fire to protect their advance. They were suffered to approach in silence, and unmolested, until within three hundred yards of the lines, when the whole artillery at once opened upon them a most deadly fire. Forty pieces of cannon, deeply charged with grape, canister, and musket balls, mowed them down by hundreds, at the same time the batteries on the west bank opened their fire, while the riflemen, in perfect security behind their works, as the British advanced, took deliberate aim, and nearly every shot took effect. Through this destructive fire, the British left columu, under the immediate orders of the commander-in-chief, rushed on with their fascines and scaling ladders, to the advance bastion on the American right, and succeeded in mounting the parapet; here, after a close conflict with the bayo net, they succeeded in obtaining possession of the bastion; when the battery, planted in the rear for its protection, opened its fire, and drove the British from the ground. On the American left, the British attempted to pass the swamp, and gain the rear, but the works had been extended as far into the swamp as the ground would permit. Some who attempted it, sunk in the mire and disappeared; those behind, seeing the fate of their companions, seasonably retreated, and gained the hard ground. The assault con inued an hour and a quarter; during the whole time, the British were exposed the deliberate and destructive

On the 9th, General Lambert and Admiral Cochrane, with the surviving officers of the army, held a council of war, and determined to abandon the expedition. To withdraw the troops in the face of a victorious enemy, would have been difficult and hazardous. To withdraw in safety, every appearance of a renewal of the assault was kept up, till the night of the 18th, when the whole army moved off in one body, over a road which had been previously constructed through a miry slough, in which a number of the troops perished by sinking into the mire. On the 27th, the whole land and naval forces which remained of this disastrous expedition, found themselves on board of their ships, with their ranks thinned, their chiefs and many of their companions slain, their bodies emaciated by hunger, fatigue, and sickness.

BATON ROUGE.-This town, the capital of the state, is one hundred and forty