Hon. J. G. Ruttan SUPREME COURT Chief Justice: Hon. N. T. Nimetz Puisne Judges: Hon. G. Gould THE TERRITORIES OF CANADA The areas over which the Hudson's Bay Company had trading rights, known as Rupert's Land and the North Western Territory, were transferred by Britain to the Dominion of Canada with effect from 15th July 1870 and were administered by the Federal Government. To this was added on 1st September 1880 all the remaining British territories to the north, including the polar islands. As set out on page 143, several Provinces were formed from this vast area, and other parts of it were transferred to existing Provinces. However, one third of the area of Canada still lies outside the Provinces, and is divided into two Territories, each administered directly by the Canadian Government. YUKON TERRITORY SITUATION AND POPULATION The Yukon Territory covers 207,076 square miles. The population of the Territory having remained almost static for some years past increased from 14,382 on 1st June 1966 to an estimated 19,000 on 1st June 1972. The capital city is Whitehorse which contains roughly half the population. ADMINISTRATION The Yukon was created a separate Territory in June 1898 as the result of development in the mining industry, the Klondike gold strike and the consequent influx of population. The local Government consists of a Federal Government Commissioner and an elected Council of twelve members with a three-year tenure of Office. The Council elects its own Speaker. The Commissioner administers the government of the Territory under instructions from the GovernorGeneral in Council or the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The Commissioner in Council has power to make ordinances dealing with the imposition of local taxes, sale of liquor, preservation of game, establishment of territorial Offices, maintenance of municipal institutions, education, issue of licences, incorporation of companies, solemnisation of marriage, property and civil rights, administration of justice, and generally dealing with matters of a local and private nature in the Territory. One member represents the interests of the Yukon in the Federal House of Commons. The Northern Administration Branch, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, has the responsibility for the general administration of the natural resources of the Yukon Territory, except game. The Department maintains lands and mining offices at four points in the Territory. Other depart ments and agencies of the Federal Government, including the Department of Justice, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Departments of National Defence, Energy, Mines and Resources, National Revenue, Transport, Post Office, Agriculture, Fisheries, Public Works, and the Unemployment Insurance Commission also maintain offices in the Yukon Territory. Commissioner: J. Smith Assistant Commissioner: (Executive) P. Gilespie; (Administrative) M. Miller EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Local Government: J. K. McKinnon Health, Welfare & Rehabilitation: Mrs H. P. Watson Speaker: Don Taylor COUNCILLORS A. Berger; R. Fleming; Dr J. Hibberd; D. Lang; Mrs E. Millard; S. McCall; W. Phelps; Mrs F. Whyard TERRITORIAL COURT Judge: H. C. B. Maddison COURT OF APPEAL Chief Justice of British Columbia Justices of Appeal of British Columbia Judges of the Territorial Courts of the Northwest Territories and the Yukon Territory NORTHWEST TERRITORIES SITUATION AND POPULATION The Northwest Territories comprise those parts of former Rupert's Land and the North-West Territories which remained after the formation of the Yukon Territory, and the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan and the expansion of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. It consists of the greater part of Canada which lies to the north of 60°N. latitude and includes the principal islands in Hudson and James Bays, the Canadian Archipelago and the Queen Elizabeth Islands, which stretch to 83°N latitude. The total area is about 1,304,903 square miles, one third that of all Canada. The population, according to a 1972 estimate was estimated to be 37,000, of which some one-third are Eskimo and one-fifth Indian. Yellowknife is the capital city, with a population of just under seven thousand. ADMINISTRATION By an Order in Council which became effective on 1st January 1920, the Northwest Territories was subdivided into the Districts of Mackenzie (the western mainland), Keewatin (the central and eastern mainland) and Franklin (the northern islands). Under the Canadian Northwest Territories Act (RSC 1952, c.331 as amended in 1966 and 1970) the Government of the Northwest Territories is administered by a Commissioner, appointed by the Governor-General in Council, aided by a Council of fifteen elected members as at 10th March 1975. Prior to the autumn of 1967, the seat of Government was in Ottawa, but in September of that year the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and the nucleus of what is now the Northwest Territories administration moved to Yellowknife. At that time, the administration was responsible for all those provincial-type services except education, welfare, engineering, legal services, health services and natural resources. By a process of transfer of responsibility from the federal to territorial jurisdictions the Government of the Northwest Territories assumed responsibility for the western (Mackenzie area) region of the Territories in 1967 and for the whole (central and eastern Arctic regions) on 1st April 1970. During this transitional period, the Territorial Administration gradually assumed control of the major provincial-type programmes and services with the exception of some services to indigenous native persons which are federal responsibility; all natural resources and certain renewable resources. Management of resources and of certain programmes for indigenous people and a variety of other programmes remain under the control of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, who maintain administrative Offices at various locations throughout the Territories. COUNCIL OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (As at March 1975 Session) Commissioner: Stuart M. Hodgson Deputy Commissioner: John H. Parker Members of the Council Bill Lyall (Central Arctic); Ipeelee Killabuck (Central Baffin); Mark Evaluarjuk (Foxe Baisen); James Wah-shee (Great Slave Lake); Donald M. Stewart (Hay_River); Lucky Pudluk (High Arctic); Tom Butters (Inuvic); Peter Ernerk (Keewatin); George Barnaby (MackenzieGreat Bear); William Lafferty (Mackenzie-Liard); Arnold McCallum (Slave River); Brian Pearson (South Baffin); John Steen (Western Arctic); David Nickerson (Yellowknife North); David Searle (Yellowknife South). Officers of the Council Clerk: W. H. Remnant Legal Adviser: F. G. Smith SUPREME COURT of the NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Judge: Hon. W. G. Morrow COURT OF APPEAL Chief Justice of Alberta Justices of Appeal of Alberta Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory T REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS HE island of Cyprus, latitude 35° N., longitude 33° 30′ E., lies in the eastern Mediterranean and has an area of 3,572 square miles. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean, stretching 140 miles at its greatest length (south-west to north-east) and 60 miles at its greatest breadth (north to south). There are two mountain systems: the 100-mile Kyrenia range along the northern coast, rising to 3,343 feet at its highest point, and the Troodos Massif in the south-west of the island. Mount Olympus at 6,403 feet above sea level is the highest peak situated in the Troodos Massif. Cyprus has an intense Mediterranean climate with a hot dry summer and a variable winter. July and August are the hottest months with a maximum temperature of 44.5°C (112°F) while December and February are the coldest with a minimum temperature of-5.5°C (22°F). The annual rainfall varies between 27.1 inches maximum and 9.7 inches minimum. A census was last taken in 1960 and showed a total population of 577,615 consisting of the two major racial communities: the Greek Cypriots 441,656 and the Turkish Cypriots 104,942: Armenians 3,378, Maronites 2,752 and other nationalities 23,887. In mid-1973 the de jure population was estimated to be 634,000. The birth rate in 1973 was estimated to be 18.2 and the death rate 9.5 per thousand. The official languages are Greek and Turkish. The main religious groups are Greek Orthodox, Muslim, Armenian, Gregorian, Roman Catholic and Maronite, their population size being in proportion to their respective ethnic composition. Primary education is free and universal and the extent of secondary education is 70 per cent. More than 80 per cent of the population aged seven and over is literate. The territory of the Republic of Cyprus comprises the whole of the island with the exception of the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in the south, retained under British sovereignty, which have a combined area of 99 square miles. Since August 1974 (see under "Events of July and August 1974" below) approximately 40% of the territory of the Republic has been under Turkish military occupation. Prior to the Turkish invasion the Republic was divided for administrative purposes into six districts which, with approximate population in mid-1974 were: Nicosia (233,500); Kyrenia (32,700); Famagusta (124,300); Larnaca (60,900); Limassol (125,300); Paphos (57,300). Nicosia (population including suburbs 116,100) is the largest town in Cyprus and is the capital of the Republic. It is situated in the central plain of the Mesaoria. Other principal towns are (with population at mid-1974) Limassol (including suburbs) (79,900); Famagusta (39,100); Larnaca (19,700); Paphos (9,000) and Kyrenia (3,900). Since the events of July and August 1974, described below, there have been significant changes in population distribution which affect these figures. Famagusta, Limassol and Larnaca, with gross tonnage of cargo handled in 1973 1,523,089, 465,582 and 795,208 respectively, are all ports of call for ocean-going shipping. In all the above ports ships of moderate size can call alongside, with a draft not exceeding 30ft. for Famagusta, 36ft. for Limassol and 31ft. for Larnaca. Nicosia International Airport, situated five miles from the town centre with runway lengths of 9,700 and 6,000 feet, is closed at present and airfields at Larnaca and Tymbou are being used. There are no public railways in Cyprus and the road mileage consists of 2,612 miles of asphalt and 3,204 miles of gravel. Road development is continuous. The Island's broadcasting and television facilities are supplied by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation. Cyprus is predominantly an agricultural country; agriculture and mining account for about 75 per cent of exports. Receipts from the supply of goods and services to the Sovereign Base Areas are important to the Republic's economy. The principal agricultural products are wheat and barley, carobs, citrus, grapes and other soft fruits, potatoes, carrots, cauliflowers and other vegetables, olives, almonds, tobacco, hides and skins. Mining is carried on in various parts of the island, the most valuable minerals being pyrites and copper concentrates. Other minerals extracted are asbestos, chrome, gypsum and pigment earths. There is no heavy industry in Cyprus other than electricity generating, cement production, and a new oil refinery intended to make the island self-sufficient in most petroleum products. There are many small and medium sized industries which manufacture a wide range of foodstuffs and consumer goods. The tourist industry, which had been expanding steadily, suffered considerably as a result of the events of July and August 1974. In 1973 there were 257,000 visitors. The Government Revenue and Expenditure Estimates for 1973 and 1974 were as follows:-Revenue (1973) £49,700,000; (1974) £60,000,000; expenditure (1973) £43,500,000 ordinary and £20,700,000 development; (1974) £62,000,000 ordinary and £13,000,000 development. The crude trade deficit continues to be a striking feature of the Cyprus economic scene, but it is comfortably bridged by foreign military expenditure, earnings from tourism, official and private transfer payments and inflow of investment capital. By the end of 1974 Cyprus' foreign exchange reserves stood at about £100,000,000 representing ten months' value of imports. Britain continues to be Cyprus' leading trading partner since independence. Britain's share of the island's import trade in 1974 stood at 21% with British exports in 1974 reaching an estimated total of £31,000,000 compared with £39,000,000 in 1973. Over the past four years, the values of imports and exports were as follows: Extensive archaeological finds going back to the fifth millenium B.C. testify to the existence of cultures in Cyprus in the earliest times. By the beginning of the first millenium, Greek-speaking Achaean colonies had been established, and in the 8th century B.C. the island appears to have been divided into a series of independent Greek and Phoenician kingdoms, tributaries of the Assyrian Empire. From the Assyrians, Cyprus passed successively to the Egyptians and the Persians. In 391 B.C. Evagoras of Salamis, having made himself master of almost the whole of Cyprus, raised the island to a position of virtual independence, but was unable long to sustain his position. On the division of the Empire of Alexander the Great, Cyprus passed to the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. It became a Roman province in 58 B.C., was early converted to Christianity and, |