Outside the White Tower is an interesting collection of old cannon, some of very heavy calibre, chiefly of the time of Henry VIII., but one going back to the reign of Henry VI. (1422-61). The large modern buildings to the N. of the White Tower are the Wellington or Waterloo Barracks, erected in 1845 on the site of the Grand Storehouse and Small Armoury, which had been destroyed by fire in 1841. The armoury at the time of the confiagration contained 150,000 stand of arms. The CROWN JEWELS, or Regalia, formerly kept in the building erected in 1842 at the N.E. corner of the fortress, are now in the Record or Wakefield Tower (see below). During the confusion that prevailed after the execution of Charles I. the royal ornaments and part of the Regalia, including the ancient crown of King Edward, were sold. The crowns and jewels made to replace these after the Restoration retain the ancient names. The Regalia now consist of the following articles, which are preserved in a glass-case, protected by a strong iron cage: St. Edward's Crown, executed for the coronation of Charles II., and used at all subsequent coronations. This was the crown stolen in 1671 by Col. Blood and his accomplices, who overpowered and gagged the keeper. The bold robbers, however, did not succeed in escaping with their booty. Queen Victoria's Crown, made in 1838, a masterpiece of the modern goldsmith's art. It is adorned with no fewer than 2783 diamonds; the large ruby in front, said to have been given to the Black Prince in 1367 by Don Pedro of Castile, was worn by Henry V. on his helmet at the battle of Agincourt. It also contains a magnificent sapphire. The Prince of Wales's Crown, of pure gold, without precious stones. The Queen Consort's Crown, of gold, set with jewels. The Queen's Crown, a golden circlet, embellished with diamonds and pearls, made for Queen Maria d'Este, wife of James II. St. Edward's Staff, made of gold, 41/2 ft. long and about 90lbs. in weight. The orb at the top is said to contain a piece of the true cross. The Royal Sceptre with the Cross, 2 ft. 9in. long, richly adorned with precious stones. The Sceptre of the Dove, or Rod of Equity. Above the orb is a dove with outspread wings. Queen Victoria's Sceptre, with richly gemmed cross. The Ivory Sceptre of Queen Maria d'Este, surmounted by a dove of white onyx. The Sceptre of Queen Mary, wife of William III. The Orbs of the King and Queen. Model of the Koh-i-Noor (Mountain of Light), one of the largest diamonds known, weighing 162 carats. The original, now at Windsor Castle, was formerly in the possession of Runjeet Singh, Rajah of Lahore, and came into the hands of the English in 1849, on their conquest of the Punjab. The Curtana, or pointless Sword of Mercy. The Swords of Justice. The Coronation Bracelets. The Royal Spurs. The Coronation Oil Vessel or Ampulla, in the form of an eagle. The Spoon belonging to the ampulla, thought to be the only relic of the ancient regalia. The Salt Cellar of State, in the form of a model of the White Tower. The silver Baptismal Font for the royal children. A silver Wine Fountain given by the Corporation of Plymouth to Charles II. Gold Basin used in the distribution of the Queen's alms on Maundy Thursday (see p. 182). The cases at the side contain the insignia of the Orders of the Bath, Garter, Thistle, St. Michael and St. George, and Star of India; also the Victoria Cross. The total value of the Regalia is estimated at 3,000,0001. The twelve ToWERS of the Inner Ward, at one time all used as prisons, were afterwards employed in part for the custody of the state archives. The names of several of them are indissolubly associated with many dark and painful memories. In the Bloody Tower (Pl. 7) the sons of Edward IV. are said to have been murdered, by order of Richard III. (comp. pp 120, 210); in the Bell Tower (Pl. 4) the Princess Elizabeth was confined by her sister Queen Mary; Lady Jane Grey is said to have been imprisoned in Brick Tower (Pl. 12); Lord Guildford Dudley, husband of Lady Jane Grey, was confined, with his father and brothers, in Beauchamp Tower (Pl. 8); in the Bowyer Tower (Pl. 11), the Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV., is popularly supposed to have been drowned in a butt of malmsey; and Henry VI. was commonly believed to have been murdered in Record (Wakefield) Tower (Pl. 16). The Salt Tower (Pl. 15) contains a curious drawing of the zodiac, by Hugh Draper of Bristol, who was confined here in 1561 on a charge of sorcery. - The Beauchamp Tower, built in 1199-1216, consists of two stories, which are reached by a narrow winding staircase. The walls of the room on the first floor are covered with inscriptions by former prisoners, including those of the Dudley family. That of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, eldest brother of Lord Guildford Dudley, is on the right side of the fire-place, and is a well executed family coat-of-arms with the following lines: 'Yow that these beasts do wel behold and se, 4 brothers' names who list to serche the grovnd'. Near the recess in the N.W. corner is the word IANE (repeated in the window), supposed to represent the signature of Lady Jane Grey as queen, but not inscribed by herself. Above the fire-place is a Latin inscription left by Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk who was beheaded in 1572 for aspiring to the hand of Mary, Queen of Scots. The inscriptions in the upper chamber are less interesting. At the N. W. corner of the fortress rises the chapel of ST. PETER AD VINCULA (Pl. 17; interior not shown), erected by Edward I. on the site of a still older church, re-erected by Edward III., altered by Henry VIII., and restored in 1877. Adjoining it is a small burial-ground. 'In truth, there is no sadder spot on earth than this little cemetery. Death is there associated, not, as in Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's, with genius and virtue, with public veneration and with imperishable renown; not, as in our humblest churches and churchyards, with everything that is most endearing in social and domestic charities; but with whatever is darkest in human nature and in human destiny, with the savage triumph of implacable enemies, with the inconstancy, the ingratitude, the cowardice of friends, with all the miseries of fallen greatness and of blighted fame'. - Macaulay. The following celebrated persons are buried in this chapel: Sir Thomas More, beheaded 1535; Queen Anne Boleyn, beheaded 1536; Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, beheaded 1540; Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, beheaded 1541; Queen Catharine Howard, beheaded 1542; Lord Admiral Seymour of Sudeley, beheaded 1549; Lord Somerset, the Protector, beheaded 1552; John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland, beheaded 1553; Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, beheaded 1554; Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, beheaded 1601; Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned in the Tower in 1613; Sir John Eliot, died as a prisoner in the Tower 1632; James Fitzroy, Duke of Monmouth, beheaded 1685; Simon, Lord Fraser of Lovat, beheaded 1747. The executions took place in the Tower itself only in the cases of Anne Boleyn, Catharine Howard, Lady Jane Grey, and Devereux, Earl of Essex; in all the other instances the prisoners were beheaded at the public place of execution on Tower Hill (see below). The list of those who were confined for a longer or shorter period in the Tower comprises a great number of other celebrated persons: John Baliol, King of Scotland, 1296; William Wallace, the Scottish patriot, 1305; David Bruce, King of Scotland, 1347; King John of France (taken prisoner at Poitiers, 1357); Duke of Orleans, father of Louis XII. of France, 1415; Lord Cobham, the most distinguished of the Lollards (burned as a heretic at St. Giles in the Fields, 1416); King Henry VI. (who is said to have been murdered in the Wakefield Tower by the Duke of Gloucester, 1471); Anne Askew (tortured in the Tower, and burned in Smithfield as a heretic, 1546); Archbishop Cranmer, 1553; Sir Thomas Wyatt (beheaded on Tower Hill in 1554); Earl of Southampton, Shakspeare's patron, 1562; Sir Walter Raleigh (see p. 120; beheaded at Westminster in 1618); Earl of Strafford (beheaded 1641); Archbishop Laud (beheaded 1643); Viscount Stafford (beheaded 1680); Lord William Russell (beheaded 1683); Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, 1688; Duke of Marlborough, 1692, etc. On Tower Hill, N. W. of the Tower, formerly stood the scaffold for the execution of traitors (see above). William Penn (baptised 23rd Oct., 1644, in All Hallows, Great Tower Street) was born, and Otway, the poet, died on Tower Hill, and here too Sir Walter Raleigh's wife lodged while her unfortunate husband languished in the Tower. On the N. side rises Trinity House, a plain building, erected in 1793 from designs by Wyatt, the façade of which is embellished with the arms of the corporation, medallion portraits of George III. and Queen Charlotte, and several emblems of navigation. This building is the property of 'The Master, Wardens, and Assistants of the Guild, Fraternity, or Brotherhood, of the most glorious and undividable Trinity', a company founded by Sir Thomas Spert in 1515, and incorporated by Henry VIII. in 1529. The society consists of a Master, Deputy Master, 31 Elder Brethren, and an unrestricted number of Younger Brethren, and was founded with a view to the promotion and encouragement of English navigation. Its rights and duties, which have been defined by various acts of parliament, comprise the regulation and management of lighthouses and buoys round the British coast, and the appointment and licensing of a body of efficient pilots. Two elder brethren of Trinity House assist the Admiralty in deciding all cases relating to collisions at sea. Its surplus funds are devoted to charitable objects connected with sailors. The interior of Trinity House contains busts of Admirals St. Vincent, Howe, Duncan, and Nelson; and portraits of James I. and his consort Anne of Denmark, James II., and Sir Francis Drake. There is also a large picture of several Elder Brethren, by Gainsborough. Many visitors will be interested in the model-chamber, containing a collection of models and designs of lighthouses and life-boats. The Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, is the present Master of Trinity House, while the Prince of Wales is a 'Younger Brother'. Mr. W. E. Gladstone is an 'Elder Brother'. The annual income of Trinity House is said to be above 300,0001. At the end of Great Tower Street, to the W. of the Tower, is the church of All Hallows, Barking, founded by the nuns of Barking Abbey, and containing some fine brasses. Archbishop Laud was buried in the graveyard after his execution on Tower Hall (1643), but his body was afterwards removed to the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford, of which he was an alumnus. The parish register records the baptism of William Penn (Oct. 23rd, 1644). The Czar's Head, opposite the church, is said to occupy the site of a tavern frequented by Peter the Great (see p. 141). On the E. side of Tower Hill stands the Royal Mint, erected in 1811, from designs by Johnson and Smirke, on the site of the old Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary of the Graces, and so extensively enlarged in 1881-82 as to be practically a new building. The Mastership of the Mint (an office abolished in 1869) was once held by Sir Isaac Newton (1699-1727) and Sir John F. W. Herschel (1850-55). Permission to visit the Mint is given for a fixed day by the Deputy-Master of the Mint, on a written application stating the number and addresses of the intending visitors. The various processes of coining are extremely interesting, and the machinery used is of a most ingenious character. In 1882 fourteen improved presses were introduced, each of which can stamp and mill 120 coins per minute. The cases in the waiting-room contain coins and commemorative medals, including specimens of Maundy money, and gold pieces of 21. and 5l., which were never brought into circulation. Among the other objects of interest is a skeleton cube, each side of which is 333/8 in. in length, showing the size of a mass of standard gold worth 1,000,0001. In 1888 the value of the money coined at the Mint was 3,363,5241., including 2,277,424 sovereigns; 1,428,787 half-crowns, value 178,5981.; 1,547,540 florins, value 154,7541.; 4,526,840 shillings, value 226,9421; 4,597,680 sixpences, value 104,9421.; 522,640 threepennies, value 6,5331; 5,124,960 pence, value 21.3541; 6,814,080 half-pence, value 14,1961.; and 1,886,400 farthings, value 19651. In the ten years 1879-88 there were coined here 9,217,671 sovereigns, 10,347,228 half-sovereigns, 15,280,848 half-crowns, 16,915,140 florins, 40,621,680 shillings, etc. Of copper or bronze coins, most of which were made by contract at Birmingham, about 164,000,000 were issued in the same decade. The total value of the coins issued by the Mint between 1817 and 1880 was 246,000,0001. On the S. side of Tower Hill is the Tower Subway, a tunnel con structed by Barlow in 1870, passing under the Thames, and leading to Tooley Street (corrupted from St. Olave Street) on the right (Southwark) bank. This gloomy and unpleasant passage consists of an iron tube 400 yds. long and 7 ft. in diameter, originally traversed by a tramway-car, but now used by pedestrians only. A winding staircase of 96 steps descends to it on each side (1/2d.). The subway was made in less than a year, at a cost of 20,0001. The City of London and Southwark Subway, now in progress a little higher up the river, between a point near the Monument Station and Stockwell, is practically an Underground Electric Railway, consisting of two separate tunnels for the 'up' and 'down' traffic. It is expected to be finished in the course of 1889. The tunnel extends underground to King William Street on the N. bank and to the 'Swan' at Stockwell on the S., with intermediate stations at Kennington Oval, New Street, the Elephant and Castle, and Great Dover Street. At each station powerful hydraulic lifts will convey the passengers between the streets and the platforms. The total cost of this subway is estimated at 700,0001. 9. The Port and Docks. St. Katherine's Docks. London Docks. Thames Tunnel. Commercial Docks. Regent's Canal. West and East India Docks. Millwall Docks. Victoria and Albert Docks. One of the most interesting sights of London is the Port, with its immense warehouses, the centre from which the commerce of England radiates all over the globe. The Port of London, in the wider sense, extends from London Bridge to a point 61/2 miles down the river, but as actually occupied by shipping may be said to terminate at Deptford, 4 miles from London Bridge. Ships bearing the produce of every nation under the sun here discharge their cargoes, which, previous to their sale, are stored, free of customs, in large bonded warehouses mostly in the Docks. Below these warehouses, which form small towns of themselves, and extend in long rows along the banks of the Thames, are extensive cellars for wine, oil, etc., while above ground are huge magazines, landingstages, packing-yards, cranes, and every kind of apparatus necessary for the loading, unloading, and custody of goods. To the E. of the Tower, and separated from it by a single street, called Little Tower Hill, are St. Katherine's Docks (Pl. R, 46; III), opened in 1828, and covering an area of 24 acres, on which 1250 houses with 11,300 inhab. formerly stood. The engineer was Telford, and the architect Hardwick. The docks admit vessels of 700 tons. The warehouses can hold 110,000 tons of goods. St. Katherine's Docks are now under the same management as the London Docks. St. Katherine's Steamboat Wharf, adjoining the Docks, is mainly used as a landing-stage for steamers from the continent. London Docks (Pl. R, 50), lying to the E. of St. Katherine's Docks, were constructed in 1805 at a cost of 4,000,000l., and cover an area of 120 acres. They have four gates on the Thames, and contain water-room for 300 large vessels, exclusive of lighters. Their |