the diplomatist and antiquary, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and another by Allan (1775); Lord Clive (d. 1774), by Dance; Lord Chancellor Thurlow (1732-1806), by Phillips; William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (d. 1778), by Brompton; *Charles James Fox (1794-1806), by Hickel; Queen (Charlotte, wife of George III., by Allan Ramsay; Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790), by Baricolo; George Whitefield (d. 1770), by Woolaston; Robert Burns (d. 1796), by Nasmyth, well known from engravings; Captain Cooke (d. 1779), by Webber; two portraits of John Wesley (1703-1791), one by Hone representing him at the age of 63, the other by Hamilton at the age of 85; John Wilkes (d. 1797), drawing by Earlom; R. B. Sheridan (d. 1816), by Russell.

PORTRAITS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Warren Hastings (1733-1818), by Sir Thomas Lawrence; Francis Horner (1778-1817), the politician and essayist, one of the founders of the 'Edinburgh Review', by Sir Henry Raeburn; *James Watt (1736-1819), by C. J. de Breda; Sir Walter Scott (d. 1832), by Graham Gilbert; Scott, in his study at Abbotsford, with his deerhound Maida, by Sir Wm. Allan, the last portrait he sat for; another by Landseer; Lord Byron (d. 1824), in Greek costume, by T. Phillips; Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), by Abbott; J. Flaxman (d. 1826), by Romney; W. Wilberforce, the philanthropist (d. 1833), by Sir T. Lawrence (unfinished); John Keats (d. 1821), by Hilton, and another by Severn; John Philip Kemble (1757-1826), the tragedian, as Hamlet, by Sir Thos. Lawrence; S. T. Coleridge (d. 1834), by Allston; Emma, Lady Hamilton (d. 1815), by Romney; Sir Philip Francis (d. 1818; supposed author of the 'Letters of Junius'), by Lonsdale; Sir James Mackintosh (d. 1832), by Lawrence; Wm. Blake (d. 1827), the poet and painter, by Phillips. Dr. Jenner (d. 1823), the discoverer of the protective properties of vaccination, by Northcote; in front lies his work, 'On the Origin of Vaccine Inoculation' (1801), with a cow's hoof as letter-weight. Lord Nelson (d. 1805), by L. J. Abbott and H. Füger of Vienna (two portraits); *Jeremy Bentham, the economist and political writer (d. 1832), by T. Frye and H. W. Pickersgill; George Stephenson (1781-1848), the first to apply the locomotive engine to railway trains, and constructor of the first railway (from Manchester to Liverpool), opened in 1830; Rev. Ed. Irving (1792-1834), founder of the Irvingite or Catholic Apostolic Church, drawing by Slater; Chas. Lamb (d. 1834), by Hazlitt; Thos. Campbell (d. 1844), by Lawrence; Mrs. Siddons (d. 1831), by Lawrence, and another by Beechey; James Hogg, the 'Ettrick Shepherd' (d. 1833), by Denning; Sir David Wilkie (d. 1841), by himself; Benjamin West (d. 1820), by Stuart; Leigh Hunt (d. 1859), by Haydon; Admiral Sir John Ross (1777-1856), the arctic navigator, by J. Green; William Wordsworth (1770-1850), by H. W. Pickersgill; Samuel Rogers, the poet (1762-1855), charcoal drawing by Sir T. Lawrence; Queen Victoria, after Angeli; the late Prince Consort (d. 1861), by Winterhalter; Professor Wilson (Christopher North; d. 1854), by Gordon; Rev. F. D. Maurice (d. 1872), by Hayward; *Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859), by Sir John Watson Gordon; Cobden (d. 1867), by Dickinson; John Gibson, the sculptor (1791-1861), by Mrs. Carpenter; M. Faraday (d. 1867), by Phillips; Charles Dickens (d. 1870), by Ary Scheffer; Lord Macaulay (d. 1859), sketch by Grant; W. S. Landor (d. 1864), by Fisher; Douglas Jerrold (d. 1857), by Macnee; W. M. Thackeray (d. 1863), by Lawrence; Daniel Maclise (d. 1870), by Ward; E. B. Browning, the poetess (d. 1861), a chalk drawing by Talfourd; Geo. Grote, the historian of Greece (1794-1871), by Stewardson; George Eliot (Mrs. Cross; d. 1880), by Sir F. Burton; Sarah Austin, the novelist; Daniel O'Connell (d. 1847), by Mulrennin; Sir Fr. Chantrey (d. 1841), by himself; Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (17881880), by G. F. Watts; Adelaide Procter (1825-1864), by Mrs. Gaggiotti Richards; Robert Owen, the socialist (d. 1858).

At the E. end of the N. Gallery are the following large pictures: The First House of Commons after the Reform Bill of 1832, with 320 portraits, by Hayter (key below); Convention of the AntiSlavery Society in 1840, by Haydon, with portraits of Clarkson, Fowell Buxton, Gurney, Lady Byron, etc. In the S. gallery is a photograph of the House of Commons in 1793, from the original picture by Anton Hickel, now in the National Gallery (p. 149).

Among the most interesting of the busts and statues interspersed among the pictures are the following. Sitting figure of Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (1561-1626); bronze busts of Charles 1. and Oliver Cromwell; terracotta *Bust of Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), by Boehm; a small marble bust of Thackeray (181163), by Barnard; an electrotype mask of Keats, from a mould taken during life; sitting statuette of the Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881), by Lord Ronald Gower; busts of W. Hogarth (1697-1764), by Roubiliac; Thackeray, by Durham; Charles James Fox (1749-1806), by Nollekens; John Hampden (1594-1643); Garrick (1716-1779); William Pitt (1759-1806), by Nollekens; Lord George Bentinck (1802-1848), by Campbell; Thomas Moore (d. 1852), by C. Moore; Lord Jeffrey (d. 1850), by Park; Porson (1759-1808), by Gangarelli; Dr. Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), by Behnes; John Wesley (1703-1791); Lord Chancellor Eldon (1751-1838), by Tatham; Sir Thos. Lawrence (d. 1830), by Baily; Wm. Etty (d. 1849), by Noble; Benjamin West (d. 1820), by Chantrey; Sam. Lover (d. 1868), by Foley; George Stephenson (d. 1848), by Pitts; John Rennie (d. 1821), the engineer, by Chantrey; Chas. Knight (d. 1873), by Durham; Sir Robert Peel (d. 1850), by Noble; Cobden (d. 1865), by Woolner; and Lord John Russell (d. 1878), by Francis. The glass-cases contain interesting Autographs, Miniatures, Medals, etc.

To the N.E. of Bethnal Green lies Victoria Park (Pl. B, 55, 58, 59), covering 290 acres of ground, laid out at a cost of

130,000l., and forming a place of recreation for the poorer (E.) quarters of London. The eastern and larger portion is unplanted, and is used for cricket and other games. The W. side is prettily laid out with walks, beds of flowers, and two sheets of water, on which swans may be seen disporting themselves, and pleasure boats hired. Near the centre of the park is the Victoria Fountain, in the form of a Gothic temple, erected by Baroness Burdett Coutts (comp. p. 27) in 1862. The park also contains open air gymnasiums. The most characteristic times to see Victoria Park are on Sat. or Sun. evenings or on a public holiday. On the N. side of the park is the large and handsome Hospice for the Descendants of French Protestants. Victoria Park is most easily reached by the North London Railway; trains start from Broad Street Station, City (p. 34), every 1/4 hr., and reach Victoria Park Station, at the N.E. extremity of the park, in 19 min. (fares 6d., 4d., 3d.; returntickets 9d., 6d., 5d.); stations Shoreditch, Haggerston, Dalston, Hackney, Homerton, Victoria Park. Beyond Victoria Park the train proceeds to Old Ford, Bow, Poplar, and Blackwall (p. 128).

11. Fleet Street. The Temple. Chancery Lane. Royal Courts of Justice.

St. Bride's. Church of St. Dunstan in the West. New Record Office. Temple Church. Lincoln's Inn. Gray's Inn. Temple Bar.

Fleet Street (Pl. R, 35; II), one of the busiest streets in London, leads from Ludgate Hill to the Strand and the West End. It derives its name from the Fleet Brook, which, now in the form of a main sewer, flows through Holborn Valley (p. 93) and under Farringdon Street, reaching the Thames at Blackfriars Bridge. On the E. side of the brook formerly stood the notorious Fleet Prison for debtors, which was removed in 1844. Prisoners condemned by the Star Chamber were once confined here, and within its precincts were formerly celebrated the clandestine 'Fleet marriages' (see 'The Fleet: its River, Prison, and Marriages', by John Ashton; 1888). Its site (in Farringdon Street, on the right) is now occupied by the handsome Gothic Congregational Memorial Hall, begun in 1862, and so named in memory of the 2000 ministers ejected from the Church of England by Charles II.'s Act of Uniformity, 1667. The site of the Hall cost nearly 30,0001., and the total amount expended on land and building has been 93,4501.

Fleet Street itself contains few objects of external interest, though many literary associations cluster round its courts and byways. It is still celebrated for its newspaper and other printing and publishing offices. To the left, but not visible from the street (entrance in St. Bride's Passage, adjoining the office of Punch) is St. Bride's, a church built by Wren in 1703, with a handsome tower 223 ft. in height. In the central aisle is the grave of Richardson, the author of 'Clarissa Harlowe' (d. 1761), who lived in Salisbury Square in the neighbourhood. The old church of St. Bride, destroyed in the Fire, was the burial-place of Sackville (1608), Lovelace (1658), and the printer Wynkin de Worde. In a house in the adjacent churchyard Milton once lived for several years. Shoe Lane, nearly opposite the church, leads to Holborn; while a little farther on, on the same side, are Bolt Court, where Dr. Johnson spent the last years of his life (1776-84), and where Cobbett afterwards toiled and fumed; Wine Office Court, in which is still the famous old hostelry of the Cheshire Cheese, where Johnson and Goldsmith so often dined, and Boswell so often listened and took notes; Gough Square, at the top of the Court, where Johnson laboured over his Dictionary and other works; and Crane Court, once the home of the Royal Society, its president being Sir Isaac Newton, and until very recently the seat of the Scottish Corporation, whose ancient Hall was burnt down in 1877. On the other side is Bouverie Street, leading to what was once the lawless Alsatia, immortalised by Scott in the 'Fortunes of Nigel'. In the beginning of 1883 a part of the ancient monastery of Whitefriars was discovered in this street, including a fragment of a stone tower of great thickness and strength. Fetter Lane and Chancery Lane, farther to the W., on the N. side, also lead to Holborn. At the corner of Chancery Lane, Isaac Walton, the famous angler, once occupied a shop as a hosier (1624-43). Close to it is a quaint old house with bow windows (No. 184), once occupied by Drayton, the poet (d. 1631). Between Fetter Lane and Chancery Lane rises the church of St. Dunstan in the West, erected by Shaw in 1833, with a fine Gothic tower. Over the E. door is a statue of Queen Elizabeth from the old Lud-Gate, once a city-gate at the foot of Ludgate Hill. The old clock of St. Dunstan had two wooden giants to strike the hours, which still perform that office at St. Dunstan's Villa, Regent's Park (p. 228). Near St. Dunstan's Church, at No. 183 Fleet Street, was Cobbett's book-shop and publishing office, where he issued his 'Political Register'; and on the opposite side, now No. 56, was the house of William Hone, the free-thinking publisher of the 'Everyday Book'. Opposite Fetter Lane is Mitre Court, with the tavern once frequented by Johnson, Goldsmith, and Boswell.

The New Record Office (Pl. R, 35; 11), for the custody of legal records and state papers, in Fetter Lane, is a fire-proof edifice in the Tudor style, erected in 1851-66 by Sir J. Pennethorne.

The interior contains 142 rooms, between the rows of which on each floor run narrow passages paved with brick. Each room or compartment is about 25 ft. long, 17 ft. broad, and 153/4 ft. high. The floor, door-posts, window-frames, and ceilings are of iron, and the shelves of slate. Since the completion of the structure, the state papers, formerly kept in the State Paper Office, the Tower, the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, the Rolls Chapel in Chancery Lane, at Carlton House, and in the State Paper Office in St. James's Park, have been deposited here. Here, too, are preserved the Domesday Book, in two parchment volumes of different sizes, containing the results of a statistical survey of England made in 1086 by order of William the Conqueror; the deed of resignation of the Scottish throne by David Bruce in favour of Edward II.; a charter granted by Alphonso of Castile on the marriage of Edward I. with Eleanor of Castile; the treaty of peace between Henry VIII. and Francis I., with a gold seal said to be the work of Benvenuto Cellini; various deeds of surrender of monasteries in England and Wales in favour of Henry VIII.; and an innumerable quantity of other records. The business hours are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. (on Sat. 2 p.m.), during which the Search Rooms are open to the public. Documents down to 1760 may be inspected gratis; the charge for copying is 6d.-1s. (according to date) per folio of 72 words, the minimum charge being 2s.

Chancery Lane (Pl. R, 32, 31, 35; II) leads through the quarter chiefly occupied by barristers and solicitors. On the right is Serjeants' Inn (p. 139). Farther up are the Rolls Buildings, consisting of the court of the Master of the Rolls, the Master's residence, and a chapel, containing a remarkably fine monument to Dr. John Young, Master of the Rolls, by Torregiano (1516). To the barristers belong the four great Inns of Court, viz. the Temple (Inner and Middle) on the S. of Fleet Street, Lincoln's Inn in Chancery Lane, and Gray's Inn in Holborn. These Inns are colleges for the study of law, and possess the privilege of calling to the Bar. Each is governed by its older members, who are termed Benchers.

The Temple (Pl. R, 35; II), on the S. side of Fleet Street, formerly a lodge of the Knights Templar, a religious and military order founded at Jerusalem, in the 12th century, under Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, to protect the Holy Sepulchre, and pilgrims resorting thither, and called Templars from their original designation as 'poor soldiers of the Temple of Solomon' became crown-property on the dissolution of the order in 1313, and was presented by Edward II. to Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. After Pembroke's death the Temple came into the possession of the Knights of St. John, who, in 1346, leased it to the students of common law. From that time to the present day the building, or rather group of buildings, which extends down to the Thames, has continued to be a school of law. Down to the reign of James I. it had to pay a tax to the Crown, but in 1609 it was declared by royal decree the free, hereditary property of the corporations of the Inner and the Middle Temple. The revenue of the Inner Temple amounts to 25,6761.; that of the Middle Temple to 12,240l.

The Inner Temple is so called from its position within the precincts of the City; the Middle Temple derives its name from its situation between the Inner and the Outer Temple, the last of which was afterwards replaced by Exeter Buildings. Middle Temple Lane separates the Inner Temple on the east from the Middle Temple on the west. The Inner and the Middle Temple possess in common the *Temple Church, or St. Mary's Church, situated within the bounds of the Inner Temple.

This church is divided into two sections, the Round Church and the Choir. The Round Church, about 58 ft. in diameter, a Norman