the Punjab and Amravati in South India, dating from the 4th cent. A.D., are also exhibited in the hall and on the staircase. On the N. side of the hall the following Lycian sculptures are at present arranged:

To the right: Tomb of the Lycian satrap Piafa, with a pointed roof, surmounted by a ridge; the reliefs represent Bellerophon attacking the Chimæra. To the left is another large Lycian monument, behind which is a model, by Fellows, of the so-called Nereid Monument, to which the other sculptures in the hall belong. Double frieze (zoophorus) of the Nereid Monument: the broader frieze bears the representation of a battle of foot-soldiers, some of whom are clad in Asiatic dress, and a few horsemen; the narrower frieze represents the siege and surrender of a city. Eight Nereids, belonging to this monument, some of them much mutilated. (These sculptures are soon to be removed to the Hellenic Room, p. 243.)

From the Hall we first turn to the right into the Library, and enter the room which contains the collection of 20,240 vols. bequeathed to the Museum by Thomas Grenville.

The two glass-cases on the left contain a collection of 'block-books', i.e. books printed from carved blocks of wood. Among them are several specimens of the Biblia Pauperum; Defensorium inviolatæ Virginitatis beatæ Mariæ Virginis (1470); Ars moriendi; Temptationes Demonis; Mirabilia Romæ; some old German calendars, including that of Regiomontanus printed at Nuremberg in 1474, the earliest known; Planetenbuch, or book of the planets (1470), etc.

We next enter the hall containing the Manuscripts, the cases in which are filled with numerous interesting autographs and treasures of a kindred nature.

CASE I. (on the left, divided into 6 sections) contains autograph writings of celebrated men, English and foreign, including Luther, Calvin, Melanchthon, Erasmus of Rotterdam; Archbishop Cranmer, Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, John Knox, Sir Walter Raleigh, Earl of Essex, Sir Philip Sidney, Lord Burghley, Earl of Leicester; Francis Bacon, Hampden, Prince Rupert of the Palatinate, Montrose, Lord Clarendon, William Penn, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Isaac Newton, Marlborough; Ariosto, Michael Angelo, Albert Dürer, Rubens, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz; Racine, Corneille, Molière, Despréaux, Voltaire, Prior, Swift, Addison, Dryden, Pope: Washington, Napoleon I. CASE II. is occupied with autographs of English Sovereigns: Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., Edward IV., Edward V., Henry VII. Henry VIII., Catharine of Arragon, Anne Boleyn, Edward VI., Jane Grey, Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, James I., Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, Charles II., James II., William III., Queen Anne, George I., George II., George III., George IV., William IV., and Queen Victoria (pencil signature written at the age of four years).

CASE III. (at right angles to the last case) contains autographs of British Statesmen and Commanders: Wolsey, Burghley, Hampden, Marlborough, Bolingbroke, Chatham, Clive, Warren Hastings, Burke, Pitt, Fox, Nelson, Wellington, Peel, Palmerston.

In the small triangular case between the last two is a Commentary on the Decretals of Pope Urban IV. in the state in which it was left after a fire at Ashburnham House, Westminster, in 1731. Beyond Case III. is Case G, containing a volume of the Codex Alexandrinus and the books of Genesis and Exodus according to the Syriac Version. The former, dating from the 5th cent., ranks with the contemporary Codex Sinaiticus at St. Petersburg and the Codex Vaticanus at Rome as one of the three oldest Greek MSS. of the Bible. The Syriac MS., from the Nitrian desert, Egypt, was written at Amid in the year of the Greeks 775, A.D. 464, and is believed to be the oldest dated MS. of any entire books of the Bible now extant.

The series is continued in TABLE-CASE IV., at the S. end of the room, containing historical autographs: Declaration signed by 8 bishops (1538); letter of Perkin Warbeck, the pretended son of Edward IV.; autographs of several English sovereigns, Claverhouse, 'Junius;' etc. - TABLECASE V. contains Literary and Musical Autographs: Camden, Dr. Donne, Jeremy Taylor, Pepys, Wesley, Richardson, Sterne, Goldsmith, Johnson, Boswell, Garrick, Flaxman, Turner, Gray ('Elegy'). Burns, Keats, Shelley, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Lamb, Sydney Smith, Hood, Lytton, Dickens (last letter he wrote), Händel, Beethoven, Haydn, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Goethe, Schiller.

We now retrace our steps to the door by which we entered, and begin our examination of the cases on the right side. The first five frames contain royal documents (charters, grants, etc.) from the 9th to the 14th cent. including an autotype copy of Magna Charta (1215); documents of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, Henry II., Henry I., Edward the Confessor, Canute the Dane, the Saxon King Edgar, etc.

CASE VI. contains autograph writings of Robert Burns (Autobiography), Walter Scott ('Kenilworth'), Torquato Tasso ('Torismondo'), Sterne, Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Pope, Milton, Samuel Johnson, Chatterton, Defoe, Southey, Coleridge, Byron, Ben Jonson, and Lord Macaulay; Milton's copy of the Bible (in the triangular part of the case); some texts of Scripture in the handwriting of Edward VI.; the prayer-book of Lady Jane Grey; a book of prayers copied out by Queen Elizabeth; will of Mary, Queen of Scots; note-book of the Duke of Monmouth; original MSS. of Charles I., James I., and Frederick the Great. In the small adjoining Case is a copy of Wycliffe's Bible (14th cent.), with illuminations. - CASE H, against the opposite pilaster, contains an illuminated copy of the Vulgate (840). Adjacent, on the pilaster, are an autograph of Edmund Spenser; the deed of sale of 'Paradise Lost', with Milton's signature; and an autotype facsimile of Shakspeare's will. CASE K, against the N.E. pilaster, contains a double r 11 of the Pentateuch, on goatskin (14th cent.).

CASES A-F, in the middle of the room, contain European and Oriental MSS., arranged to show the progress of the art of writing. A. Greek MSS., some on papyrus. B.C. Latin MSS., including illuminated Gospels, Psalters, and Hours. D. English MSS.: a unique copy of Beowulf, on vellum (ca. 1000 A.D.); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to 1066; Piers Plowman (before 1400); poem by Occleve, with a portrait of Chaucer on the margin (early 15th cent.). E, F. Sanskrit, Pali, Cingalese, Arabic, Persian, and other Oriental MSS., some of which are of enormous value.

At the entrance to the King's Library are two glass-cases (N and 0) with impressions of the Great Seals of the British sovereigns (left) and of various baronial and ecclesiastical seals (right).

In frames attached to the wainscot are exhibited several Deeds and Papyri, four of the latter, in Coptic, relating to the monastery of St. Phoebammon, near Hermonthis, Egypt.

To the S. E. of the Manuscript Saloon is the MSS. Room for Students. The door to the E. opens on the corridor leading to the Newspaper Reading Room and to the staircase ascending to the Print Department (see p. 253). - On the N. it is adjoined by the King's Library, a collection of 80,000 vols. made by George III. and presented to the nation by George IV., and arranged in a hall built expressly for the purpose, which extends along the whole breadth of the building. The collection is remarkable for the beauty and rarity of the works contained in it. Changes in the arrangements are not infrequent, and temporary exhibitions illustrating special periods are held here from time to time.

The first cases contain specimens of illumination (10-16th cent.), and another series of cases, near the N. end of the gallery, contains early printed books and prints from China and Japan. The first number of the Times (Jan. 1st, 1788) and an Official Duplicate of the Proclamation of the Emancipatlon of the Slaves in the United States (Jan. 1st, 1863), with the signature of Abraham Lincoln, are also shown here.

Sixteen cases arranged on each side of the hall, and numbered III. to XVIII., contain typographical specimens in illustration of the history of printing, in chronological order. CASES III. and IV. on the left, are occupied by the earliest German printed books, including the Mazarin Bible, the first printed Bible, printed by Gutenberg and Fust (Mayence, 1455; a copy of this Bible was sold in 1873 for 34001.); the first psalter, printed on parchment in 1457 by Fust and Schæffer (the first printed book bearing a date); Bible printed by Fust and Schæffer in 1462 (the first printed Bible bearing a date); Cicero de Officiis, of date 1465; Latin Bible, printed at Bamberg in 1460; Steinhæwel's German Chronicle (Ulm, 1473). CASE V. contains early German and Dutch books (Decretum Gratiani, printed at Strassburg by Eggesteyn in 1471).

CASE VI. contains examples of Italian typography: Livy, printed at Rome in 1469 by Schweinheim and Pannartz, on vellum; Petrarch (Fano, 1503); Lactantius, printed at Subiaco by Schweinheim and Pannartz in 1465; Cicero, Tusculanæ Questiones (Rome, 1469); the first printed edition of Dante (Foligno, 1472); Virgil, by Aldus (Venice, 1501); Æsop (Milan, 1480); Tacitus, by Da Spira (Venice, 1469); Cicero, Epistolæ Familiares, on vellum (Venice, 1469); Ovid (Bologna, 1471).

CASE VII. contains Italian and French printing: Valturius de re militari (Verona, 1472); Le Livre du Roy Modus et de la Royne Racio (Chambery, 1486); Barzizius, Liber epistolarum (Paris, 1473), the first book printed in France; L'Art et Science de Rhétorique, copy belonging to Henry VII. (Paris, 1493); Fazio, Dita Mundi (Vicenza, 1474).

In CASE VIII. are specimens of English printing: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, by Le Fevre, printed abroad by Caxton about 1475 (the first book printed in English); the original French of the same work, also printed by Caxton (the first book printed in French); The Game and Playe of the Chesse, printed by Caxton about 1475; The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, printed by Caxton at Westminster in 1477 (the first book printed in England); St. Bonaventura, Speculum vitæ Christi, printed on vellum by Caxton in 1488; Prayer-book, printed by Caxton at Westminster in 1490 (unique); the first printed edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, by Caxton, about 1477; Terence, printed at London by Pynson in 1497 (the first classic printed in England); 'The Book of St. Albans', a book of the chase, printed at the Abbey of St. Albans in 1486.

CASE IX. contains specimens of fine and sumptuous printing: Theuerdank, composed by Melchior Pfinzing on the marriage of the Emperor Maximilian with Mary of Burgundy, and printed at Nuremberg by Schænsperger in 1507; Petrarch, on vellum, printed by Aldus (Venice, 1501), once the property of Isabella Gonzaga, Countess of Mantua; Dante, printed in 1502, also by Aldus at Venice, and the first book which bore the anchor, the distinguishing mark of the Aldine Press; Horace, first edition, from the Aldine press (Venice, 1501); Bourassé, La Touraine (Tours, Mame, 1855; the cost of printing this handsome work was 60001.).

In CASE X. are specimens of illuminations and sumptuous printing: Euclid, printed by Ratdolt (Venice, 1482); Martial, Aldus (Venice, 1501); Boccaccio, Verard (Paris, 1493); Breviaries, missals, and hours; Virgil, printed by Aldus on vellum (1501); Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticæ, on vellum (Florence, 1513).

CASE XI. contains works illustrated with wood-cuts and engravings. Bettini, El Monte Sancto di Dio (Florence, 1477), the first book with copper engravings; Ariosto (London, 1591), with engravings; Book of the Passion (Wittenberg, 1521), illustrated by Cranach; old playing cards (Amman, Nuremberg, 1588); first edition of Holbein's Dance of Death (Lyons, 1539); Breydenbach's Journey to the Holy Land (Mayence, 1486), illustrated. CASE XII. contains books bearing the autographs of the authors or early owners: Wittenberg Bible of 1541, with Luther's signature; autographs of Calvin, Lord Bacon, Melanchthon, Michael Angelo, Tasso, Voltaire, Ben Jonson, Catharine Parr. There is also a collection of broadsides, including Luther's 95 Theses against the Indulgence of 1517.

CASE XIII. is assigned to typographical and literary curiosities: Queen Elizabeth's prayer-book; miniature breviary (beginning of 16th cent.); Horace, printed in microscopic type (Didot, Paris, 1828); the first edition of the Book of Common Prayer (1549); first editions of several of Shakspeare's works; also of Cervantes, Milton, Defoe, and many others.

CASE XIV. contains specimens of Japanese block-printing in colours. CASES XV., XVI., XVII., and XVIII. are filled with bound books, many of which are very beautiful specimens of the art of bookbinding, including some by Grolier.

CASE XXI. contains various maps, including a facsimile of General Gordon's map of his route from Souâkin to Berber and Khartûm, drawn by him at Khartum on Mar. 17th, 1874.

CASE XXII. contains specimens of early printed music. CASE XXIII. contains a facsimile (by Rev. F. T. Havergal) of the Mappa Mundi in Hereford Cathedral (1290-1310; see Baedeker's Great Britain).

CASES XXIV-XXVIII. contain good relief maps of Palestine, Mont Blanc, the Western Alps, Mt. Vesuvius, and Mt. Etna. Near the middle of the hall stands a large celestial globe by Coronelli (Paris, 1693), the constellations on which are very finely engraved.

At the end of the King's Library is a staircase, leading to the collections of oriental art and ethnography (comp. p. 249). In the meantime, however, we retrace our steps to the entrance hall, and pass out of it, to the left, into the *Sculpture Gallery. The first room we enter is the

Roman Gallery. On the left side are Roman antiquities found in England. The compartments below the windows contain rough-hewn sarcophagi, while by the intervening pilasters are specimens of old Irish characters (Oghams). Above, on the walls to the right and left, are fragments of Roman mosaic pavements, discovered in England. On the right (N.) side of the room is ranged a collection of Roman portrait busts and statues (the numbering begins at the W. end of the gallery): 2. Julius Cæsar; 3. The youthful Augustus; 4. Augustus; 5. Tiberius; 7. Drusus; 8. Caligula; 9. Statue of a Roman consul wearing the toga; 11. Nero; 12. Otho; 14. Domitia (?); 15. Trajan (of Greek marble); 17, 18. Hadrian; 20. Antinous, favourite of Hadrian; 21. Julia Sabina, Hadrian's consort; 19. Statue of Hadrian in military costume (legs and arms restored); 23. Hadrian in civil costume; *24. Antoninus Pius; 25, 26, 27. Marcus Aurelius; 28. Faustina, his spouse; 30. Lucius Verus; 34. Crispina, consort of Commodus; 35. Pertinax; 36. Septimius Severus; 37. Caracalla; then on a shelf above, near the W. end, 55 and 56. Demosthenes; 58. Epicurus; 77. Olympias; 78-81. Heads of Roman children. In the centre of the floor: 1. Bust of Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Proprætor of Cyrene; *45. Equestrian statue, representing Caligula; 46. Torso of the statue of a Roman emperor; Two sarcophagi with alto-reliefs, the one representing scenes from the life of Achilles, the other the labours of Hercules. We next reach the

First Græco-Roman Room. This and the two following rooms contain sculptures, executed in Italy, but chiefly by Greek artists or from Greek models; also perhaps a few Greek originals.

L.: 109. Satyr playing with the infant Bacchus (from the Palazzo Farnese at Rome); 110. Youthful Bacchus (from Cyrene); 111. Head of Juno; 112. Statue of Diana; 113. Bust of Diana; *114. Apollo Citharœdus (replica of the statue in the Capitol at Rome); 116. Statue of Venus; 117. Bust of Homer; *118. Dancing Satyr (from the Palazzo Rondanini at Rome); 119. Bust of an unknown Greek poet; Head of Venus, with remains of flesh colour on the face and neck; 122. Head of Jupiter; 123. Head of Athena; 124. Jupiter; 126. Athena (the eyes, which were of coloured stone, are wanting); 127. Sitting figure of Hades, with the attributes of Zeus; 128. Bust of Athena (the bronze helmet and drapery are modern); 130. Statue of the triple-bodied Hecate; 131. Bust of Jupiter Serapis; 132. Statue of Apollo; 133. Ceres as Isis (time of Hadrian); 134. Heroic figure (limbs restored). In the centre of the gallery is a "Greek cratera from the Villa of Hadrian, round the upper part of which are reliefs of Satyrs making wine.

Second Græco-Roman Room. In the recess on the left: *136. The Townley Venus, found at Ostia; opposite, *135. Discobolus, or the 'quoit-thrower' (ancient copy of the statue by Myron). Round the room are several heads: 156. Muse; *137. Dione (?); 138. Apollo Giustiniani (late - Romanesque replica of the head of the Apollo Belvedere); 97. Hercules; 139. Bearded head (of a Macedonian king?); *140. Apollo Musegetes.

Third Græco-Roman Room. On the right (N.) side: *141. Colossal head of Hercules; 143. Sleeping Cupid, with the attributes of Hercules; 144. Hercules subduing the Cerynæan stag (archaic relief); 145, 146. Cupid bending his bow; 147. Relief of a youth holding a horse; 148. Endymion asleep; **149. Iconic female bust (the so-called Clytie), perhaps of a Roman empress; 150. Head of a wounded Amazon; *151. Head of hero (Greek original), restored by Flaxman; *155. Statue of the Muse Thalia, from Ostia; 157. Relief of Nessus and Dejanira (?); 159. Apotheosis of Homer, relief with the name of the sculptor, Archelaus of Priene (found at Bovillæ, of the time of Tiberius); 160. Head of woman in Asiatic costume; 161. Bust of unknown person (bust and nose restored); 162. Youth in Persian costume, restored as Paris; 163. Mithras sacrificing a bull; 165. Actæon devoured by his dogs (from Lanuvium); 166. Head of Venus; 169. Relief, Victory sacrificing to Apollo. *171. Mercury; *Boy extracting thorn from his foot, found on the Esquiline Hill (marble, under glass); 35. Head of Mercury from Tivoli. - South side: 176. Relief, Bacchus visiting Icarius; 177. Midas(?); 179. Part of a Bacchic Thiasus; 172. Torso of Venus; 188, 190. Fauns; Diana in the archaistic style of the 1st cent.; 183, 184. Satyrs; 185. Venus (from Ostia); 178. Satyr, freely restored; 189. Bacchus and Ambrosia; 186. Part of a group of two boys quarrelling at play; 191. Relief of Ariadne (? Penelope, from Cuma); 193. Youthful Bacchus; 195. Bacchic relief with two sitting satyrs;

West side: