61 St. James's Street. Most of the best-known continental winefirms have agencies in London, the addresses of which may be ascertained from the Post Office Directory. Claret and other wines may also be obtained from most of the grocers. Bazaars. These emporiums afford pleasant covered walks between rows of shops abundantly stocked with all kinds of attractive and useful articles. The most important are the Soho Bazaar, 4-7 Soho Square and 58 Oxford Street; Baker Street Bazaar, 58 Baker Street; Opera Colonnade, adjoining Her Majesty's Theatre, Haymarket; Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly; Lowther Arcade, Strand (chiefly for toys and other articles at moderate prices); Royal Arcade, 28 Old Bond Street. - Among these the Soho Bazaar is facile princeps. It has been in existence for half a century, and is conducted on very strict principles. A rental of twelve shillings per week is paid for each stall; some holders rent three or four contiguous stalls. Markets. The immense market traffic of London is among the most interesting and impressive sights of the Metropolis, and one with which no stranger should fail to make himself acquainted. The chief markets are held at early hours of the morning, when they are visited by vast crowds hastening to supply their commissariat for the day. The chief Vegetable, Fruit, and Flower Market is Covent Garden (p. 180), where all kinds of vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, and cut flowers are displayed in richest profusion. The best time to visit this market is about sunrise. Billingsgate (p. 111), the great fish-market, as interesting in its way as Covent Garden, though pervaded by far less pleasant odours, is situated in Lower Thames Street, City, near London Bridge. The covered market is a handsome building lately erected, with an open front towards the street and a façade on the river. Along the quay lie fishing boats, whence the fish are landed in baskets, and sold first to the wholesale, and afterwards to the retail dealers. Oysters and other shell-fish are sold by measure, salmon by weight, and other fish by number. Large quantities of fish are also conveyed to Billingsgate daily by railway; salmon chiefly from Scotland, cod and turbot from the Doggerbank, lobsters from Norway, soles from the German Ocean, eels from Holland, and oysters from the mouth of the Thames and the English Channel. The market commences daily at 5 a. m. Smithfield Market, Newgate Street, City, is the great meat-market of London. The covered market, opened in 1868, is most admirably fitted up (comp. p. 96). Subterranean lines connect it with the Metropolitan Railway, and thence indirectly with the Metropolitan Cattle Market. It was once the chief cattle market of London, and the famous Bartholomew Fair was held here down to 1853. A large Poultry Market was added to the meat-market in 1876, and Vegetable and Fish Markets have also been built (comp. p. 96). The Metropolitan Cattle Market, Copenhagen Fields, between Islington and Camden Town, is the largest in the world. The principal markets are held on Mondays and Thursdays, but on other days the traffic is also very considerable. Around the lofty clock tower are grouped a post-office, a telegraph station, banks, an enquiry office, shops, etc. At the sides are interminable rows of wellarranged stalls for the cattle. At Deptford is a great Foreign Cattle Market, for cattle imported from the Continent. Among the other important markets of London are Leadenhall Market (p. 107), Leadenhall Street, for poultry and game; Farringdon Street Market, at which watercress is one of the chief articles sold; Great Eastern Railway Market, for fish and vegetables; the Elephant and Castle Market, for fish; and the Shadwell Market, East of London Docks, also for fish. Columbia Market, Bethnal Green, was erected by the munificence of the Baroness Burdett Coutts, at a cost of 200,000l., for supplying meat, fish, and vegetables to one of the poorest quarters of London. The largest Horse Market is Tattersall's, Knightsbridge Green, where a great number of horses are sold by auction on every Monday throughout the year, and in spring on Thursdays also. Tattersall's is the centre of all business relating to horse-racing and betting throughout the country, - the Englishman's substitute for the continental lotteries. Aldridge's, St. Martin's Lane, is another important horse-mart. The Co-operative System. The object of this system may be described as the furnishing of members of a trading association, formed for the purpose, with genuine and moderately-priced goods on the principle of ready-money payments, the cheapness being secured by economy of management and by contentment with small profits. Notwithstanding the opposition of retail and even of wholesale dealers, it has of late years made astonishingly rapid progress in London, where there are now about thirty 'co-operative stores', carrying on an immense trade. The chief companies are the Army and Navy Co-operative Stores, Victoria Street, Westminster, and the Civil Service Supply Association. The Civil Service Supply Association consists of shareholders, of members belonging to the Civil Service, and of outsiders (who, however, must be friends of member or shareholders), who pay 5s. the first year and 2s. 6d. in subsequent years. The association now employs 1170 persons, who receive salaries amounting in all to 102,000l. annually. The cost of the string, paper, and straw used in packing goods for customers amounts to 12,000l. a year, and upwards of 26,0001. is spent annually for carriage 'and booking. The sales in 1888 reached the enormous sum of 1,760,0001., the net profit being about 21/2 per cent. The articles sold comprise groceries, wines, spirits, provisions, tobacco, clothing, books, stationery, fancy goods, drugs, and watches. The premises of the association in Queen Victoria Street (No. 136) cost 27,0001., while it has others in Bedford Street, Strand, and in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. The sales of the Army and Navy Stores reach a still higher total, amounting to 2,620,0001. per annum. Strangers or visitors to London are, of course, unable to make purchases at a co-operative store except through a member. Co-operative Working Societies. Another application of the co-operative system is seen in the various associations established on the principle of the Co-Partnership of the Workers. Among meritorious societies of this kind the following may be mentioned: Bookbinders' Co-operative Society, 17 Bury Street, Bloomsbury; Trunk and Bag Makers' Society, 9 Sherwood Street, Golden Square; Hamilton & Co. (shirt-makers), 326 Regent Street; Women's Printing Society, 21 в Great College Street, Westminster; Mrs. Alison (Co-operative Needlewomen; shirts, etc.), 34 Brooke Street, Holborn; Miss M. Hart (Decorative Co-operators' Association), 405 Oxford Street; Bag Manufacturing Supply Association, 11 Moor Lane, E. C.; Co-operative Printers, Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. 9. Cabs. Omnibuses. Tramways. Coaches. Cabs. When the traveller is in a hurry, and his route does not coincide with that of an omnibus, he had better at once engage a cab at one of the numerous cab-stands, or hail one of those passing along the street. The 'Four-wheelers', which are small and uncomfortable, hold four persons inside, while a fifth can be accommodated beside the driver. The two-wheeled cabs, called Hansoms, from the name of their inventor, have seats for two persons only (though often used by three), and drive at a much quicker rate than the others. Persons without much luggage will therefore prefer a hansom. The driver's seat is at the back, so that he drives over the heads of the passengers sitting inside. Orders are communicated to him through a small trap-door in the roof. There are now about 10,000 cabs in London, employing about 18,000 horses. FARES are reckoned by distance, unless the cab is expressly hired by time. The charge for a drive of 2 M. or under is 1s.; for each additional mile or fraction of a mile 6d. For each person above two, 6d. additional is charged for the whole hiring. Two children under 10 years of age are reckoned as one adult. For each large article of luggage carried outside, 2d. is charged; smaller articles are free. The cabman is not bound to drive more than 6 miles. Beyond the 4-mile radius from Charing Cross the fare is 1s. for every mile or fraction of a mile. The charge for waiting is 6d. for each completed 1/4 hr. for four-wheelers, and 8d. for hansoms. The fare by time for the first hour or part of an hour is 2s. for four-wheelers, and 2s. 6d. for hansoms. For each additional 1/4 hr., 6d. and 8d. Beyond the 4-mile radius the fare is 2s. 6d. for the first hour, for both 2-wheel and 4-wheel vehicles, and for each additional 1/4 br. 8d. The driver may decline to drive for more than one full hour, or to be hired by time between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. Whether the hirer knows the proper fare or not, he is recommended to come to an agreement with the driver before starting. Each driver is bound to possess a copy of the authorised Book of Distances, and to produce it if required. In cases of attempted imposition the passenger should demand the cabman's number, or order him to drive to the nearest police court or station. The driver is bound to deposit any articles left in the cab at the nearest police station within twenty-four hours, to be claimed by the owner at the Head Police Office, Scotland Yard. The Fly is a vehicle of a superior description, resembling the Parisian Voiture de remise, and is admitted to the parks more freely than the cabs. Flys must be specially ordered from a livery stable keeper, and the charges are of course higher. These vehicles are recommended in preference to cabs for drives into the country. Bank of England Bond Street, Piccadilly Covent Garden Grosvenor Square, N.W. London Bridge Oxford Circus. Piccadilly, Haymarket Regent Street, Piccadilly South Kensington Museum Tower Trafalgar Square Zoological Gardens s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.s.d. 1-1-1-6 1-1-6 1-2-62-1 1-6 1-1-1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-1 1-61-1-1-6 1-1-6 1-6 1-6 1 1-61-1-1-611-6 1-6 1-1 2-1-1-2-1-62-1-1-1-6 1-1-62-1-1-6 1-6 1-1-1-6 1-2-1-1-1- 1-1-1-1-1-1-2-1-611-1-62-1-2-1-2-62-1-6 1-61-1-1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-11-6 1-1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 2-1-12-1-612-612-61-62-12 Omnibuses, of which there are about 200 lines, cross the Metropolis in every direction from eight in the morning till midnight. The destination of each vehicle (familiarly known as a 'bus), and the names of some of the principal streets through which it passes, are usually painted on the outside. As they always keep to the left in driving along the street, the intending passenger should walk on that side for the purpose of hailing one. To prevent mistakes, he had better mention his destination to the conductor before entering. The first omnibuses plying in London were started by Mr. George Shilibeer in 1829. They were drawn by three horses yoked abreast, and were much heavier and clumsier than those now in use. At first they were furnished with a supply of books for the use of the passengers. The London service of omnibuses is now mainly in the hands of the London General Omnibus Co. and the London Road Car Co. Within the last year or two a number of small one-horse omnibuses have been started which ply for short distances for a fare of 1/2d. These vehicles have no conductor, and passengers place their fares in a box. Omnibuses of this kind run from Charing Cross over Westminster Bridge, from Oxford Street to Euston Road, from Farringdon Street Station over Blackfriars Bridge, etc. Special railway omnibuses ply between different railway-stations, as from Portland Road (Metropolitan Railway) to Charing Cross, from Baker Street to Piccadilly Circus, etc. In point of comfort the vehicles generally still leave much to be desired. The principal points of intersection of the omnibus lines are (on the N. of the Thames) the Bank, Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Circus, and the junction of Tottenham Court Road and Oxford Street. The chief point in Southwark is the hostelry called the Elephant and Castle. Those who travel by omnibus should keep themselves provided with small change to prevent delay and mistakes. The fare varies from 1/2d. to 6d., and is in a few cases 9d. For a drive to Richmond, the Crystal Palace, and other places several miles from the City the usual fare is 18. A table of the legal fares is placed in the inside of each omnibus. OMNIBUS LINES. The following is a list of a few of the principal routes: Atlas green Bayswater Light St. John's Wood, Baker Street, Oxford Street, Bow and Regent Dark Brompton Camberwell Gate Camden Town Charing Cross and Red Kilburn Chelsea green Stratford and Bow, Whitechapel, Cornhill, Yellow Camberwell, Walworth Road, Borough, Lon- Yellow Kentish Town, Haverstock Hill, Camden Town, Tottenham Court Road, St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross, Victoria; every 3-5 min. Kilburn, Edgeware Road, Oxford Street, Regent Street, Charing Cross; every 15 min. Chelsea, Sloane Street, Piccadilly, Strand, Fleet Street, Bank, and then by Bishopsgate Street and Bethnal Green Road to Old Ford, or by Moorgate Street to Hoxton; every 20 min. Choco late every 8 min. Victoria & King's White Victoria, Piccadilly, Long Acre, Great Queen Cross Hammersmith Street, Russell Square, King's Cross; every few minutes. Red Hammersmith, Shaftesbury Avenue, Charing London Road Car Brown West Kensington, Shaftesbury Avenue, Charing Co. Cross Road, Oxford Street, Liverpool Street |