by a tax on coal. Sir Christopher Wren received during the building of the cathedral a salary of 2001. a year.

The church, which resembles St. Peter's at Rome, though much smaller, is in the form of a Latin cross. It is 500 ft. in length and 118 ft. broad, and the transept is 250 ft. long. The inner dome is 225 ft., the outer, from the pavement to the top of the cross, 364 ft. in height. The diameter of the dome is about 112 ft. (27 ft. less than that of St. Peter's at Rome). In the original model the plan of the building was that of a Greek cross, having over the centre a large dome, supported by eight pillars; but the court party, which was favourable to Roman Catholicism, insisted, notwithstanding Wren's opposition, on the erection of the cathedral with a long nave and an extensive choir, suitable for the Romish ritual.

The church is so hemmed in by streets and houses that it is difficult to find a point of view whence the colossal proportions of the building can be properly realised. The best idea of the majestic dome, allowed to be the finest known, is obtained from a distance, e.g. from Blackfriars Bridge. St. Paul's is the third largest church in Christendom, being surpassed only by St. Peter's at Rome and the Cathedral of Milan.

EXTERIOR. The West Façade, towards Ludgate Hill, was brought better to view in 1873 by the removal of the railing which formerly surrounded the whole church. In front of it rises a Statue of Queen Anne, with England, France, Ireland, and America at her feet; the present statue, by Belt, erected in 1886, is a replica of the original by Bird (1712). The façade, 180 ft. in breadth, is approached by a flight of 22 marble steps, and presents a double portico, the lower part of which consists of 12 coupled Corinthian pillars, 50 ft. high, and the upper of 8 Composite pillars, 40 ft. high. On the apex of the pediment above the second row of pillars, which contains a relief of the Conversion of St. Paul by Bird, rises a statue of St. Paul 15 ft. in height, with St. Peter and St. James on his right and left. On each side of the façade is a campanile tower, 222 ft. in height, with statues of the four Evangelists at the angles. The one on the N. side contains a fine peal of 12 bells, hung in 1878, and the other contains the largest bell in England ('Great Paul'), hung in 1882 and weighing more than 16 tons. Each arm of the transept is terminated by a semicircular portico, adorned with five statues of the Apostles, by Bird. Over the S. portico is a phœnix, with the inscription 'Resurgam', by Cibber; over the N. portico, the English arms. In reference to the former it is related, that, when the position and dimensions of the great dome had been marked out, a labourer was ordered to bring a stone from the rubbish of the old cathedral to be placed as a guide to the masons. The stone which he happened to bring was a piece of a gravestone with nothing of the inscription remaining save the one word 'Resurgam' in large letters. This incident was regarded as a

favourable omen, and the word accordingly adopted as a motto. At the E. end the church terminates in a circular projection or apse. The balustrade, about 9 ft. high, on the top of the N. and S. walls was erected contrary to the wishes of Wren, and is considered by modern architects a mistake. A drum in two sections, the lower embellished with Corinthian, the upper with Composite columns, bears the finely-proportioned double Dome, the outer part of which consists of wood covered with lead. The Lantern above it is supported by a hollow cone of brickwork resting upon the inner dome. On the top of the lantern is a ball, surmounted by a cross, the ball and cross together weighing 8960 pounds. The ball is 6ft. in diameter, and can hold ten or twelve persons.

The church is open daily from 9a.m. to 5p.m. The monuments may be inspected, free of charge, at any time, except during divine service, which takes place daily at 10 a.m. (choral) and 4 p.m. (choral) in the choir, and on Sundays at 8 a.m., 10. 30a.m. (fine music), 3. 15 p.m., and 7 p.m. On week-days daily services are also held at 8a.m. and 8p.m. in the chapel in the crypt, and Holy Communion celebrated at 8 a.m. and a short sermon preached at 1.15 p.m. in the chapel at the end of the N. aisle. The choir is closed except during divine service, but the verger from time to time admits visitors who wait at the gate of the N. ambulatory. Tickets admitting to the Library, Clock, the Whispering Gallery, and the Stone Gallery (6d.) and to the *Crypt and Vaults (6d.) are obtained in the S. transept. At present no one is admitted to the Golden Gallery or to the Ball.

The usual ENTRANCES are on the W. and N. The INTERIOR is imposing from the beauty and vastness of its proportions, but strikes one as bare and dark. Recently, however, mainly owing to the praiseworthy exertions of the late Dean Milman, a considerable sum of money has been subscribed for the embellishment of the interior with marble, gilding, mosaics, and stained glass; but at present the scheme makes little or no progress. The dome is adorned with eight scenes from the life of St. Paul in grisaille by Thornhill, restored in 1854, but hardly visible from below (see p. 88). The three large mosaics in the spandrils of the dome, executed by Salviati from the designs of Watts, represent Isaiah, St. Matthew, and St. John. The other spaces have yet to be filled in. The Organ, which is one of the finest in Great Britain, is divided into two parts, one on each side of the choir, with connecting mechanism under the choir flooring. The builder, Mr. Willis, in constructing it, used some of the pipes of the old organ by Father Smith or Schmitz, which dated back to 1694. The choir contains some admirable wood-carving by Grinling Gibbons. Above the N. door is the tablet in memory of Sir Christopher Wren, with the inscription containing the celebrated words, 'Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice'. This tablet formerly stood at the entrance to the choir.

The numerous monuments of celebrated Englishmen (chiefly naval and military officers), which make the church a kind of national Temple of Fame (though second to Westminster Abbey, p. 193), are very rarely of artistic value, while many are remarkable for egregiously bad taste. The most interesting are the following, beginning to the left of the door of the N. TRANSEPT:

L. Sir Charles James Napier (d. 1853); statue by Adams, 'a' prescient General, a beneficent Governor, overnor, a just Man' (comp. p. 146). R. Admiral Lord Duncan (d. 1804), who defeated the Dutch in the naval battle of Camperdown; statue by Westmacott.

L. General Sir William Ponsonby (d. 1815), 'who fell gloriously in the battle of Waterloo', by Baily; a nude dying hero, crowned by the Goddess of Victory, with a falling horse in the rear.

L. Admiral Charles Napier (d. 1860), commander of the English Baltic fleet in 1854, with portrait in relief.

L. Henry Hallam (d. 1859), the historian; statue by Theed.
L. *Dr. Samuel Johnson (d. 1785), statue by Bacon.

We have now arrived at the entrance to the CHOIR, the most conspicuous object in which is the new Reredos, an elaborate marble structure in the Italian Renaissance style, designed by Messrs. Bodley & Garner and erected in 1888. The sculptures, by Guellemin, represent the chief events in the life of Christ; at the top are statues of the Risen Saviour, the Virgin and Child, St. Paul, and St. Peter. The verger also shows an elaborate altar-frontal worked in embroidered silk.

Along the S. wall of the ambulatory are the following five monuments: Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (d. 1826); a kneeling figure in episcopal robes, by Chantrey. The relief on the pedestal represents the prelate confirming converted Indians.

John Jackson, Bishop of London (d. 1884); by Woolner. Charles J. Blomfield, Bishop of London (d. 1857); sarcophagus with recumbent figure, by G. Richmond.

Henry Hart Milman, Dean of St. Paul's (d. 1868); sarcophagus and recumbent figure, by Williamson.

Dr. Donne, the poet, Dean of St. Paul's from 1621 till his death in 1631, a sculptured figure in a shroud, in a niche in the wall, by Nicholas Stone (the only uninjured monument from old St. Paul's).

Leaving the passage round the choir, we pass, at the entrance, on the left, a handsome pulpit of coloured marbles, erected to the memory of Captain Fitzgerald. Then

In the S. TRANSEPT:

L. John Howard (d. 1790), the philanthropist; statue by Bacon. On the scroll in the left hand are written the words 'Plan for the improvement of prisons and hospitals'; the right hand holds a key. He died at Cherson in the S. of Russia, while on a journey which he had undertaken 'to ascertain the cause of and find an

efficacious remedy for the plague'. This monument was the first admitted to St. Paul's.

L. Admiral Earl Howe (d. 1799), by Flaxman. Behind the statue of the hero is Britannia in armour; to the left Fame and Victory; on the right reposes the British lion. Adjoining

L. Admiral Lord Collingwood (d. 1810), Nelson's companion in arms (p. 88), by Westmacott.

L. Joseph Mallord William Turner (d. 1851), the celebrated painter; statue by Macdowell.

Opposite the door of the S. transept, in the passage to the nave, against the great piers:

L. *Admiral Lord Nelson (d. 1805), by Flaxman. The want of the right arm, which Nelson lost at Cadiz, is concealed by the cloak; the left hand leans upon an anchor supported on a coiled up cable. The cornice bears the inscription 'Copenhagen Nile Trafalgar', the names of the Admiral's chief victories. The pedestal is embellished with figures in relief representing the German Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the Nile, and the Mediterranean. At the foot, to the right, couches the British lion; while on the left is Britannia inciting youthful sailors to emulate the great hero.

R. Marquis Cornwallis (d. 1805), Governor-General of Bengal, in the dress of a knight of the Garter; at the base, to the left, Britannia armed, to the right two Indian rivers, by Rossi.

In the S. transept to the W. of the door:

L. Sir Astley Paston Cooper (d. 1842), the surgeon, by Baily. L. Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore (d. 1809), by the younger Bacon. The general, who fell at Corunna, is being interred by allegorical figures of Valour and Victory, while the Genius of Spain erects his standard over the tomb.

L. Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby (d. 1801), by Westmacott. The general, mortally wounded, falls from his rearing horse into the arms of a Highland soldier. The Sphinxes at the sides are emblematical of Egypt, where Sir Ralph lost his life.

L. Sir William Jones (d. 1794), the orientalist, who, in Dean Milman's words, 'first opened the poetry and wisdom of our Indian Empire to wondering Europe'; statue by Bacon.

In the S. AISLE:

L. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton (d. 1822), the first English bishop in India, by Louth. The prelate is represented in his robes. in the act of blessing two young heathen converts.

A little farther on is a recess, formerly used as the Ecclesiastical or Consistory Court of the Diocese, and now containing the *Monument to the Duke of Wellington, by Stevens. The bronze figure of Wellington rests on a lofty sarcophagus, overshadowed by a rich marble canopy, with 12 Corinthian columns. Above is a colossal group of Valour overcoming Cowardice. This imposing monument loses much of its effect by the confined dimensions of the chapel in