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Commerce of the
United States
BY
EMORY R. JOHNSON,
T. W. VAN METRE, G. G. HUEBNER, AND D. S. HANCHETT
225554
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, PUBLICATION No. 215A. (IN TWO VOLUMES, VOLUME II.)
VRAMELL GROTHATZ
PRESS OF GIBSON BROTHERS, INC.,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
CONTENTS.
PART I. THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1789.
BY G. G. HUEBNER.
CHAPTER XXII.
PAGE
Survey of American Foreign Commerce at the Beginning of the National
Period. By Emory R. Johnson..
3
American industries in 1790, 3. Foreign and domestic trade in 1790, 6. The
status of the fisheries, 9. Conditions affecting American shipping, 10.
tages of American shipping in competition with British shipping, 11.
outlook in 1790, 12.
Disadvan-
Commercial
CHAPTER XXIII.
The First Quarter Century, 1790 to 1815....
Activity in the foreign trade from 1790 to 1807, 14. Reasons for growth of export
trade, 15. General growth of exports and imports, 20. Growth of Oriental trade
and extension of trade into distant countries, 25. Growth of the carrying trade, 27.
Decline of foreign trade and shipping, 1807-1815, 29.
CHAPTER XXIV.
The Foreign Trade from the Treaty of Ghent to the Civil War. . . . .
The abnormal advance from 1815 to 1818, 31. Causes for the enlarged exports, 33.
Reasons for the increase in imports, 35. Twelve years of trade recession, 1819-
1830, 37. Causes of the stagnation in the export trade, 1819-1830, 38. Six years
of improvement, 1831-1836, 41. Localities affected by growth in foreign trade, 43.
A decade of irregular foreign trade, 1837-1846, 44. Fourteen years of buoyant
foreign trade, 1847–1860, 46. Value of imports and exports, 1846–1860, 48. Desti-
nation of exports, 50. Revival of the foreign carrying trade, 51. Summary and
conclusion, 51.
CHAPTER XXV.
Changes Effected by the Civil War.....
Effects of the war upon export trade, 54. Trade of the blockade-runners, 57-
Foreign trade in cotton, 58. The war and the import trade, 58. After-effects of
the Civil War upon industry, 59; commerce of the South, 60; shipping, 61, and
import duties, 62. The Civil War an epochal period in the history of the foreign
commerce, 63.
CHAPTER XXVI.
The Foreign Trade from the Civil War to the Close of the Nineteenth
Century....
Increase in import and export trade, 64. Price fluctuations, 1870-1900, 65.
Changing relations between imports and exports, 66. The leading exports of the
United States, 66. Growth in value of each, 1865-1900, 67. Domestic exports
classified according to uses, 70. The growth of foreign markets, 72. Value by
groups of the leading imports of the United States, 77. Sources of the imports
into the United States, 78. Widened basis of American foreign trade, 81. The
carrying trade, 84.
14
31
54
64
CHAPTER XXVII.
The Foreign Trade in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century,
1900-1913..
Extraordinary growth in foreign trade, 86. The balance of trade in favor of
United States, 87. Changes in nature of exports, 87. Increase in exports of manu-
factures, 88. Exports of raw materials, 89. The shift from exports of agricultural
to exports of manufactured commodities, 89. Changes in the foreign markets for
exports, 90. Higher tariffs imposed by foreign countries, 91. Progress made in
exports to non-European countries, 91. Changes in the nature and source of
imports, 92. Restriction on imports of finished manufactures, 92. Relative
progress made by the ports in the export and import traffic, 94. Development of
foreign markets for American manufactures, 95. Obstacles encountered and
progress made in the competition with foreign manufacturers, 96.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Trade with Non-Contiguous Possessions...
Commercial importance of outlying possessions of the United States, 98. The
trade with Alaska, 99. The trade with the Hawaiian Islands, 101. The sugar
industry of Hawaii, 103. The trade with Porto Rico, 104. Trade of the Philippine
Islands under Spanish dominion, 107. The trade of the Philippines since American
acquisition, 109. Advance in Philippine trade with the United States, III. Com-
mercial value of non-contiguous possessions summarized, 112. Statistics of trade
between the United States and its non-contiguous territories, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1910,
1913, 114.
CHAPTER XXIX.
The Organization of the Foreign Trade...
Trading companies prior to 1664, 117. The merchant carrier, 117. The common
carrier on the ocean, 118. Charter and line services, 119. Steamship lines:
organization, consolidations, conferences, 121. International express service, 124.
International mail services and payments, 126. Cable and wireless telegraphy, 127.
International trade organization, 128. Financing international trade, 130. Marine
insurance, 132. Export trade developed by "trusts," 134.
CHAPTER XXX.
Commercial Treaties of the United States...
General commercial and navigation treaties, 135. Most-favored-nation clause, 137.
The treatment of shipping, 138. Special commercial treaties and agreements, 140.
Treaties concerning river and lake navigation, 141. Treaties regarding interoceanic
canals, 141. Concerning Canadian canals, 143. Special trade reciprocity treaties,
144. Commercial treaties with China, 145. Commercial treaties with Japan, 149.
International conventions, agreements, unions, and other acts, 152.
PART II.-The Fisheries.
BY T. W. VAN METRE.
CHAPTER XXXI.
The Fisheries of New England, 1789-1860......
Prosperous condition of fisheries, 1789-1860, 157. The whale fishery, 158. Whal-
ing expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, 159. Whale products in the foreign trade, 159.
The whaling industry at Sag Harbor, Nantucket, and New Bedford, 160. Decline
of the whaling industry, 161. The cod fishery, 161. Bounties in aid of the cod
fishery, 162. Provisions of act of 1819, 161. Increase in tonnage of cod fishing
fleet, 163. Fishing rights opposed by the British Government in 1815, 164. The
beginning of the "fishery question" in 1818, 165. Exports of cod, 1830 to 1860, 165.
The mackerel fishery, 166. Herring, halibut, menhaden, oyster, and lobster
fisheries, 167.
86
98
116
135
157