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. Sources. BULLINGER's printed works (stated to be 150 by Scheuchzer in "Bibliotheca Helvetica," Zürich, 1733). His manuscript letters (mostly Latin) in the Thesaurus Hottingerianus" and the

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Simler Collection" of the City Library at Zürich.-The second volume of the Acta Ecclesiastica, of Zürich.-The Zürich Letters or the Correspondence of several English Bishops and others with some of the Helvetian Reformers, chiefly from the Archives of Zürich, translated and edited for the "Parker Society" by Dr. H. Robinson, Cambridge (University Press), 2d ed. 1846 (pp. 576). I. SALOMON HESS: Leben Bullinger's. Zürich, 1828-29, 2 vols. Not very accurate.- CARL PESTALOZzt: Heinrich Bullinger.-Leben und ausgewählte Schriften. Nach Handshcriftlichen und gleichzeitigen Quellen. Elberfeld, 1858. Extracts from his writings, pp. 505-622. Pestalozzi has faithfully used the written and printed sources in the Stadtbibliothek and Archives of Zürich. -R. CHRISTOFFEL: H. Bullinger und seine Gattin. 1875.-JUSTUS HEER: Bullinger, in Herzog2, II. 779–794. A good summary.

* An advance chapter from the seventh volume of the Author's Church History.

Older biographical sketches by LUDWIG LAVATER (1576), JOSIAS S (1575), W. STUCKI (1575), etc. Incidental information about Bullin Hagenbach and other works on the Swiss Reformation, and in MEYER Gemeinde von Locarno, 1836, especially I. 198–216.

AFTER the productive period of the Zwinglian Reformat which embraced twelve years, from 1519 to 1531, followed period of preservation and consolidation under difficult circ stances. It required a man of firm faith, courage, moderat patience, and endurance. Such a man was providenti equipped in the person of HEINRICH BULLINGER, the pu friend, and successor of Zwingli, and second Antistes of Zür He proved that the Reformation was a work of God, a therefore, survived the apparent defeat at Cappel.

He was born July 18, 1504, at Bremgarten in Aargau, youngest of five sons of Dean Bullinger, who lived, like ma priests of those days, in illegitimate, yet tolerated, wedlock The father resisted the sale of indulgences by Samson in 151 and confessed, in his advanced age, from the pulpit, the do trines of the Reformation (1529). In consequence of this a he lost his placc. Young Henry was educated in the school the Brethren of the Common Life at Emmerich, and in th University of Cologne. He studied scholastic and patrist theology. Luther's writings and Melanchthon's Loci led hi to the study of the Bible and prepared him for a change.

He returned to Switzerland as Master of Arts, taught school in the Cistercian Convent at Cappel from 1523 t 1529, and reformed the convent in agreement with the abbot Wolfgang Joner. During that time he became acquainted with Zwingli, attended the Conference with the Anabaptists a Zürich, 1525, and the disputation at Bern, 1528. He married Anna Adlischweiler, formerly a nun, in 1529, who proved to be an excellent wife and helpmate. He accepted a call to Bremgarten as successor of his father.

*The bishop of Constance allowed priests to keep concubines for an annual tribute of four Rhenish guilders, called the Hurensold. See Christoffel, Zwingli, II. 337, and Pestalozzi, p. 5.

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After the disaster at Cappel, he removed to Zürich, and was unanimously elected by the Council and the citizens preacher of the Great Minster, Dec. 9, 1531. It was rumored that Zwingli himself, in the presentiment of his death, had designated him as his successor. No better man could have been selected. It was of vital importance for the Swiss churches. that the place of the Reformer should be filled by a man of the same spirit, but of greater moderation and self-restraint.*

Bullinger now assumed the task of saving, purifying, and consolidating the life-work of Zwingli; and faithfully and successfully did he carry out his task. When he ascended the pulpit of the Great Minster on Dec. 23, 1531, many hearers thought that Zwingli had risen from the grave.† He took a firm stand for the Reformation, which was in danger of being abandoned by timid men in the Council. He kept free from interference with politics, which had proved ruinous to Zwingli. He established a more independent, though friendly relation between Church and State. He confined himself to his proper Vocation as preacher and teacher.

In the first years he preached six or seven times a week; after 1542 only twice, on Sundays and Fridays. He followed the plan of Zwingli in explaining whole books of the Scriptures from the pulpit. His sermons were simple, clear, and practical, and served as models for young preachers.

He was a most devoted pastor, dispensing counsel and comfort in every direction, and exposing even his life during the pestilence which several times visited Zürich. His house was open from morning till night to all who desired his help. freely dispensed food, clothing and money from his scanty in

He

* Pestalozzi, p. 25: "Zwingli und Bullinger—welche Verschiedenheit! Zwingli's rasches, feuriges Temperament, Bullinger's Ruhe und Gelassenheit; Zwingli's schneidender, stechender Witz, Bullinger's einlässliche Gründlichkeit; daher auch Zwingli's Kürze, Bullinger's Ausführlichkeit in den meisten seiner Arbeiten. Wie geeignet zur gegenseitigen Ergänzung!"

+"Talem concionem detonavit," wrote Myconius to Schenck, "ut multi putarent Zwinglium non defunctum, sed ad Phænicis modum renatum esse.” Hottinger, Helv. K. Gesch, III. 28.

come and contributions of friends, to widows and orphan strangers and exiles, not excluding persons of other creeds secured a decent pension for the widow of Zwingli, and cated two of his children with his own. He entertained p cuted brethren for weeks and months in his own house, or cured them places and means of travel.*

He paid great attention to education, as superintenden the schools in Zürich. He filled the professorships in the Ca linum with able theologians, as Pellican, Bibliander, P Martyr. He secured a well-educated ministry. He prepar in connection with Leo Judæ, a book of church order, wh was adopted by the Synod, Oct. 22, 1532, issued by author of the burgomaster, the Small and the Great Council, and co tinued in force for nearly three hundred years. It provid the necessary rules for the examination, election, and duties ministers (Predicanten) and deans (Decani), for semi-annu meetings of synods with clerical and lay representatives, a the power of discipline. The charges were divided into eig districts or chapters.†

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Bullinger's activity extended far beyond the limits of Zürich He had a truly Catholic spirit, and stood in correspondend with all the Reformed Churches. Beza calls him "the commo shepherd of all Christian Churches; Pellican, "a man o God, endowed with the richest gifts of heaven for God's hono and the salvation of souls." He received fugitive Protestants from Italy, France, England, and Germany with open arms, and made Zürich an asylum of religious liberty. He thus protected Celio Secondo Curioni, Bernardino Ochino, and Peter Martyr, and the immigrants from Locarno, and aided in the organization of an Italian congregation in Zürich. Following the example of Zwingli and Calvin, he appealed twice to the king of France for toleration in behalf of the Huguenots. * See the beautiful description of Pestalozzi, pp. 153 sqq.

There are copies of several editions of this book in the City Library at Zürich, of 1532, 1535, 1563, etc. It is also printed in Simler's Sammlung aller und neuer Urkunden, I. 25–73.

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e dedicated to Henry II. his book on Christian Perfection 551), and to Francis II. his Instruction in the Christian eligion (1559). He sent deputations to the French court r the protection of the Waldenses, and the Reformed congreation in Paris.

The extent of Bullinger's correspondence is astonishing. It mbraces letters to and from all the distinguished Protestant vines of his age, as Calvin, Melanchthon, Bucer, Beza, aski, Cranmer, Hooper, Jewel, and crowned heads who conalted him, as Henry VIII., Edward VI., of England, Queen lizabeth, Henry II. of France, King Christian of Denmark, hilip of Hesse, and the Elector Frederick of the Palatinate. Bullinger came into contact with the English Reformation om the time of Henry VIII. to the reign of Elizabeth, pecially during the bloody reign of Mary, when many promient exiles fled to Zürich, and found a fraternal reception under s hospitable roof. The correspondence of Hooper, Jewel, andys, Grindal, Parkhurst, Foxe, Cox, and other church gnitaries with Bullinger, Gwalter, Gessner, Simler, and Peter artyr, is a noble monument of the spiritual harmony between e Reformed Churches of Switzerland and England in the dwardian and Elizabethan era. Archbishop Cranmer invited ullinger, together with Melanchthon, Calvin, and Bucer, to a -nference in London, for the purpose of framing an evangelal union creed; and Calvin answered that for such a cause he ould be willing to cross ten seas. Lady Jane Grey, who was headed in 1554, read Bullinger's works, translated his book a marriage into Greek, consulted him about Hebrew, and dressed him with filial affection and gratitude. Her three ters to him are still preserved in Zürich. Bishop Hooper of loucester, who had enjoyed his hospitality in 1547, addressed m shortly before his martyrdom in 1554, as his "revered ther and guide," and the best friend he ever had, and recomended his wife and two children to his care. Bishop Jewel, in letter of May 22, 1559, calls him his "father and much teemed master in Christ," thanks him for his "courtesy and

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