LILLE, lel, France, an important town, capital of the department of the Nord and chief fortress of the north, 154 miles north of Paris and seven miles from the frontier of Belgium. It is well built and has spacious, regular streets, lined with large, massive houses. In the northwest of the town stands the citadel, a masterpiece of Vauban. New fortifications include a circle of detached forts. Among the churches are Saint Maurice, in the flamboyant_style, recently restored; Notre Dame de la Treille, in 13th century Gothic; Saint Catherine; the Madelaine; and the Protestant Church. Among secular buildings are the Hôtel de Ville, with rich collections of pictures, drawings, etc.; the exchange (1652); the prefecture; the palace of justice; the arsenal; the Paris Gate, a triumphal arch in honor of Louis XIV; the general hospital; the theatre; and the concert-hall. Lille possesses a state university with four "faculties," a Roman Catholic university, lyceum, communal college, school of art, conservatory of music, public library of 100,000 volumes, botanic garden, zoological garden, etc. The industries include cotton spinning and weaving, fine linen thread, linen and cotton twist, broadcloth, beet-sugar (raw and refined), soap, oil, ribbons, tulles, tobacco-factories, engine-works, foundries, dye-works, bleach-fields, breweries and distilleries. Its situation on the frontier and extensive railway and water communication made Lille a great entrepôt of trade. Lille is said to have originated in 1030, when Count Baldwin IV of Flanders fortified the little settlement around the castle of Buc. From this as a nucleus, the town grew rapidly until it gained communal privileges. Its history has been a stormy one. It was destroyed in 1213 by Philip Augustus, rebuilt by Joanna, Countess of Flanders, and was retaken in 1297. It was finally given to the king of France in 1312. It became a Burgundian possession through Margaret, wife of Philip the Bold, during which régime it grew in prestige. It fell into Austrian and then into Spanish power and was finally recaptured by Louis XIV of France in 1667. Captured in 1708, it was restored to France by the Treaty of Utrecht. The Austrians were unable to conquer it in 1792. In 1914, after a stubborn resistance by the allied English, French and Belgian armies, during which the city changed hands many times, Lille was captured by the Germans and a heavy tribute was exacted. See WAR, EURO

PEAN.

LILLIBULLERO, lil''i-bu-lē'rō, a political ballad that "sung James II out of three kingdoms. A scurrilous attack on the Irish recruits, it is said to have been written by Lord Wharton in 1686 and the setting is ascribed to Henry Purcell.

LILLIPUT, lil'i-put, the name of a fabulous kingdom described by Jonathan Swift (q.v.) in Gulliver's Travels,' of which the inhabitants were not greater in size than a man's finger.

LILLO, lil'ō, George, English dramatist : London, 4 Feb. 1693; d. there, 3 Sept. 1739. The son of a Dutch jeweler, he was brought up to his father's trade, and was for several years in partnership with him. 'Silvia, or the Country Burial) (1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and was followed (1731) by the

famous 'London Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell, nowadays better known by its subtitle, which made its author famous, and held the stage for nearly a century. It had a marked influence in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor of the "domestic drama.» His other dramatic productions include 'Britannia, or the Royal Lovers' (1734); 'Fatal Curiosity) (1736); Arden of Feversham,' adaptation of an Elizabethan play, revised or completed by John Hoadly after Lillo's death.

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LILLY, lil'i, William, English astrologer: b. Diseworth, Leicestershire, 1 May 1602; d. Horsham, Surrey, 9 June 1681. In 1632 he became interested in astrology, and two years later was associated with others in an unsuccessful search for treasure in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey. In 1644 he published the first volume of his almanac, Merlinus Anglicus Junior, the English Merlin Revived, or a Mathematical Prediction upon the Affairs of the English Commonwealth,' which appeared annually till his death. The king of Sweden sent him a gold chain and medal in 1659 in recognition of a favorable horoscope cast for him a short time before. He published many works, and was frequently engaged in controversy. His chief writings are Christian Astrology, modestly treated in Three Books' (1647), reprinted in 1852 by Zadkiel as 'An Introduction to Astrology'; 'An Astrological Prediction of the Occurrences in England for the Years 1648, 1649, 1650) (1648); Monarchy and No Monarchy) (1651); True History of King James I and King Charles I (1651); 'Annus Tenebrosus) (1652); Anima Astrologiæ (1676); and Catastrophe Mundi' (1683). Butler satirizes Lilly in Hudibras under the name of Sidrophel. His autobiography was published in 1715.

LILLY, William Samuel, English controversial writer: b. Fifehead, Dorsetshire, 10 July 1840. He was educated at Cambridge and has been secretary to the Catholic Union of Great Britain from 1874. His works include 'A Century of Revolution' (1899); First Principles in Politics (1899); Essays and Speeches' (1897); A Year of Life' (1900); Renaissance Types (1901); India and Its Problems' (1902); Studies in Religion and Literature) (1904); Many Mansions' (1907); Idola Fori' (1910); The New France (1913).

LILY. The type genus (Lilium) of the family Liliacea (q.v.). The several hundred well-marked species which have been described are succulent herbs with scaly bulbs and usually leafy upright stems terminated by solitary or variously grouped six-segmented flowers of very diverse colors and markings. In general, lilies are among the most popular of garden flowers, having held this position for centuries. But in the United States they have not taken the high rank that they hold in Europe, especially in Great Britain. This is probably due largely to the dryer, hotter climate, and the injudicious planting of the bulbs where they cannot long survive.

The various species and their varieties are adapted to a wide range of soils, a few, such as L. tigrinum, L. canadense and L. superbum, often succeeding in heavy land if well drained, and some, such as L. washingtonianum, L. philadelphicum and L. concolor withstanding the