LUCIIDE, lu-si'i-dē, or ESOCIDÆ, the pike and pickerel family of bony fishes. These fishes have an elongated, somewhat compressed, powerful body, with rather small cycloid scales, an imperfect lateral line; the head and snout prolonged and depressed, the mouth large and lower jaw longest. The mouth is filled with strong teeth, and these fishes are the fiercest carnivores of the fresh waters. The family is widely distributed in northern waters, and may be traced back to the Miocene Age. See PIKE.

LUCILE, lū-sel', an epic poem by LORD Lytton. (Owen Meredith), published in 1860. The narrative was founded upon the French novel 'Lavinia' by George Sand.

LUCILIUS, lū-sil'i-us, Gaius, Roman author: b. Suessa, 180 B.C.; d. Naples, 103 B.C. He was grand-uncle to Pompey the Great on the maternal side. He served his first campaign against Numantia under Scipio Africanus, with whom he was very intimate. He is considered the inventor of the Roman satira, because he first gave it the form under which this kind of poetry was carried to perfection by Horace, Juvenal and Persius. His satires were superior, indeed, to the rude productions of Ennius and Pacuvius, but he in turn was surpassed by those who followed him. Horace compares him to a river which carries along precious dust mixed with useless rubbish. Of 30 books

of satires which he wrote only 940 fragments have been preserved. In his lifetime these satires had an uncommon popularity. Consult the edition by Lachmann and Vahlen (1876); Müller, 'Leben und Werke des Gaius Lucilius' (1876); Marx (2 vols., Leipzig 1904-05); Cichorius, 'Untersuchungen zu Lucilius' (Berlin 1908); and for criticism of these two later editions Knapp, C. (in American Journal of Philology, Vol. XXIX, New York 1908).

LUCIN CUT-OFF. A famous link in the Southern Pacific Railroad Overland route completed in 1903 across the centre of Great Salt Lake west of Ogden, Utah. At Lucin it joins the old line which circles far to the north around the head of the lake and climbs over several high ridges, one 680 feet high. It cuts off 44 miles and the new line is practically level for 72 miles. It consists partly of rock fill and about 12 miles of trestles.

Her

LUCINA, lu-si'na, in Roman mythology, the goddess of light, a surname of Juno (according to some of Diana; according to others the name of a daughter of Jupiter and Juno) derived from the root of luceo (I shine). festival was celebrated 1 March, on which occasion the matrons assembled in her temple, adorned it with flowers and implored a happy and brave posterity.

LUCIUS, lu'shi-us, the name of three popes, as follows:

LUCIUS I: d. March 254. He succeeded Pope Cornelius on 23 June and by some authorities is said to have suffered martyrdom under Gallus, but this cannot be proved.

LUCIUS II (GHERARDO CACCIANEMICI, gārär'dō kä'chē-ä-nā-mē'che): d. 15 Feb. 1145. He was legate to Germany from Honorius II, supported Innocent II against the antipope, Anacletus II, and became chancellor of the Holy Sce. In 1144 he succeeded Celestine II, but

was unsuccessful in quelling revolts against the papal authority in Rome and while heading his troops to suppress a disturbance, was killed by a paving stone thrown from the mob.

LUCIUS III (UBALDO ALLUCINGOLI, 00bäl'do äl-loo-chen'go-le); d. Verona, 25 Nov. 1185. He was the cardinal-bishop of Ostia and became Pope 1 Sept. 1181. He was the first Pope elected solely by the cardinals. The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa having claimed the estates bequeathed to the papacy by Matilda of Tuscany, Lucius demanded their surrender. Frederick refused and the quarrel ended in the expulsion of Lucius from Rome. He died an exile in Verona.

LUCK OF EDENHALL, The. See EDEN HALL.

LUCK OF ROARING CAMP, The, a celebrated short story of California mining life written by F. Bret Harte (q.v.), which was first published in the Overland Monthly in 1869. The story attracted attention in the East and appeared in book form the following year. It is perhaps the most notable of the many short stories of Western life written by this author.

LUCKENWALDE, luk'ĕn-väl'dě, Prussia, town in the province of Brandenburg, situated on the Nuthe, 30 miles south of Berlin, on the Berlin-Dresden-Leipzig Railroad. It is an including cloth and woolen manufactories, cotimportant industrial centre, its establishments ton, printing and dye works, metal and bronze works, foundries, machine shops, hat factories, paper, piano and cardboard factories, etc. Pop. 23,500.

LUCKNOW, India, former capital of Oudh, 666 miles northwest of Calcutta and 885 miles from Bombay. It is situated on both banks of the Gumti, and is connected by the Oudh and Rohlkund line with the general Indian railway system. The cantonment is in the southeast corner of the city. Lucknow has an imposing appearance at a distance which a nearer view fails to realize, but it has some beautiful open spaces, and has been called the "City of Parks." The principal buildings are the Kaiserbagh Palace, built in 1850, now occupied as government offices and forming a gorgeous pile of domes, pinnacles, terraces and fountains; the Imambara or holy palace, where Asuf ud Douelah is buried, now an arsenal; the great mosque or Jama Masjid; and the Hoseinalad or small Imambara with the mausoleum of Mohammed Ali. The Martinière College for half-caste children is a striking building founded by Claude Martin, a French soldier who became a general in the East India Company. Other educational institutions include Canning College, Colvin College and the Reid Christian College of the American Methodist Mission, which has also established a high school for girls. Its chief manufactures are of cotton, and chikan or embroidery in silk or cotton on muslin; also brass and copper work, wood carving, pottery, paper making, printing, shoemaking and tobacco stripping, and there are extensive railway workshops. A municipality was organized in 1864. Lucknow was founded by Lakshmana, brother of Rama Chandra. After the Mohammedan conquest it was occupied by Shaiks and Pathans. It rose to its highest splendor as the

capital of the kingdom of Oudh, established during the decay of the Mogul Empire; but a selfish and sensual race of rulers imposed heavy burdens on the people; and the country fell under British control in 1856. Lucknow is associated with some of the most stirring incidents in the Indian Mutiny (q.v.), when 1,200 men held out against 10,000 mutineers until relief came through re-enforcements brought by Havelock and Outram. The residency, the Secunder Bagh and the Alumbagh, where Havelock is buried, are interesting memorials of the siege. Pop. about 259,798. Consult Innes, 'Lucknow and Oudh in the Mutiny) (1905).

Lucknow also gives its name to a division of the United Provinces as well as to a district and tahsil. The division is the westernmost of Oudh, and it lies between the Ganges on the southwest and the Gogra on the northeast, and contains six districts. Area, 12,051 square miles. Pop. about 5,911,642. In 1901 87 per cent of the population were Hindus and 13 per cent Mohammedans. The district is the smallest in the United Provinces, and comprises three tahsils. Area, 967 square miles. Pop. about 764,411. In 1901 78 per cent were Hindus and over 20 Mohammedans. The tahsil, in which the city of Lucknow is situated, has an area of 360 square miles.

LUCKOCK, Herbert Mortimer, English clergyman: b. Great Barr, Staffordshire, 11 July 1833; d. Lichfield, 24 March 1909. He graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge, was twice vicar of All Saints, Cambridge, and was rector of Gayhurst with Stoke-Goldington. Subsequently he was residentiary canon of Ely and principal of the Ely Theological College, and in 1892 became dean of Lichfield. Among his writings are Tables of Stone'; 'After Death'; Footprints of the Apostles,' and Characteristics of the Four Gospels.'

LUCRETIA, lu-krē'shi-a, Roman matron of distinguished virtue, whose ill-treatment by Sextus Tarquin led to the destruction of the kingdom, and the formation of the republic of Rome. She was the wife of Collatinus, near relation of Tarquin, king of Rome. Sextus Tarquinius, who contrived to become a guest in the absence of her husband, whose kinsman he was, found means to reach her chamber in the middle of the night, and threatened, unless she gratified his desires, to stab her, kill a slave, place him by her side and then swear that he had slain them both in the act of adultery. The fear of infamy succeeded. She afterward summoned her husband, father and kindred, and after acquainting them with the affair stabbed herself to the heart. The story has been variously adapted by poets and romancers.

LUCRETIUS, lū-krē'shi-ŭs, Carus Titus, Roman author: b. probably 97 B.C.; d. 53 B.C. About his life almost nothing is known. He is supposed to have studied Epicurean philosophy at Athens. He is said to have been made insane by a philtre, in his lucid intervals to have produced several works, and to have committed suicide in his 44th year. We possess of his composition a didactic poem, in six books, the 'De Rerum Natura,' in which he exhibits the cosmical principles of the Epicurean philosophy with an original imagination, and in forcible language. The work is in six books, revised by

Cicero, and is entire but, evidently, not complete. The theory of corpuscles and their properties; the origin of the vital and intellectual principles; of the senses; of the world and the movements of the heavenly bodies; of the rise and progress of society; and of arts and sciences, with other expositions of natural phenomena, are successively treated. Lucretius purpose was to free his readers from the fear of death which he believed to be bound up with the superstitions of the popular religion. As a work of art his poem has received the unanimous praise of critics for the skill with which the most unyielding materials are reduced to a poetic diction full of life and sustained majesty. It has influenced the foremost English poets. (See DE RERUM NATURA). Consult Giussani, C., Note lucreziane) (Turin 1900); Masson, John, Lucretius: Epicurean and Poet (2 vols., London 1907-09); Mallock, W. H., Lucretius on Life and Death' (ib. 1900); Wallace, W., Epicureanism' (ib. 1880); Zeller, E., Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics' (ib. 1880).

LUCULLUS, lu-kul'us, Lucius Licinius, Roman soldier of the 1st century B.C. When a young man he served with distinction in the Marsic War, and accompanied Sulla as quæstor into Asia on the breaking out of the Mithridatic War, 88 B.C. He expelled Mithridates from Chios and Colophon and defeated him off Tenedos. After peace had been concluded with Mithridates he remained in Asia till 80 B.C. In 79 he was elected curule ædile, an office which he held in conjunction with his younger brother. Subsequently he held the office of prætor. On the conclusion of this magistracy he went to Africa, the administration of which province he conducted with ability and impartiality, and in 74 B.C. obtained the consulship with M. Aurelius Cotta. As consul he maintained the constitutional laws of Sulla. On the breaking out of the war with Mithridates he obtained the proconsulship of Cilicia and the command of the army. He vanquished the squadron of Mithridates near the island of Lemnos, and this victory enabled him to drive all the other squadrons of Mithridates from the Archipelago, The generals of Lucullus subdued meanwhile all Bithynia and Paphlagonia. Lucullus, again at the head of his army, although overcome by Mithridates in a battle, soon acquired such advantages that he finally broke up the hostile army, and Mithridates himself sought protection in Armenia. Lucullus now changed Pontus into a Roman province. Tigranes, king of Armenia, refusing to surrender Mithridates to the Romans, Lucullus marched against Armenia and vanquished Tigranes 69-68 B.C. Mithridates, however, contended with varying fortune, till Lucullus was prevented from effectively continuing the war by the mutiny of his soldiers. Lucullus was deprived of the chief command, which was bestowed first on Glabrio, and afterward on Pompey, and recalled 66 B.C. After a delay of three years he succeeded in procuring the merited recognition of his services in a public triumph. He laid out his gardens at Rome with such splendor that they became proverbial, and Pompey called him the Roman Xerxes.

LUCY, SIR Henry (William), English journalist: b. Crosby, near Liverpool, 5 Dec.

1845. He was for a time a member of the Shrewsbury Chronicle staff; in 1870-73 was connected with the Pall Mall Gazette (morning edition); and from 1873 with the Daily News, of which with the exception of the period January 1886-July 1887, when he was editor-inchief he was the Parliamentary correspondent. He visited the United States in 1883, on his way around the world; an account of which journey appeared in the New York Tribune in the form of letters, subsequently collected as 'East by West' (1885). On the death of Tom Taylor (q.v.) Lucy continued the former's 'Essence of Parliament' in Punch as 'The Diary of Toby, M. P., and as such has proved himself a racy and entertaining writer on British public men. Among his books are 'Men and Manners in Parliament' (1874); 'A Diary of Two Parliaments (1885-86), and on the same lines the diaries of the Salisbury, Home Rule, Unionist and Balfourian parliaments (1892, 1895, 1901, 1906). 'Memories of Eight Parliaments' (1908); Sixty Years in the Wilderness' (1909, 1912) and 'Nearing Jordan' (third series, 1916), are his most recent works. He was knighted in 1909.

LUCY, SIR Thomas, English landed proprietor: b. 1532; d. Charlecote, 7 July 1600. He was educated by John Foxe (q.v.), the martyrologist; and he foiiowed the Puritan sentiments of his tutor. In 1552 he came into possession of great estates in Warwickshire, in 1558-59 rebuilt the manor-house, which still exists, an excellent specimen of the Tudor style. He was knighted in 1565, and elected M.P. for Warwick in 1571 and 1584. His chief interest is in his alleged connection with Shakespeare (q.v.) whom he is said, in a story dating from the 17th century, to have prosecuted for deer-stealing. This story is now thought to be based on fact, though burdened with false details; and Shakespeare is believed undoubtedly to satirize him as Justice Shallow in 'The Merry Wives of Windsor.) Consult Lee Sir Sidney, Life of Shakespeare.'

LUDDITES, in British history a name given to rioters in 1811-16, in Yorkshire, Lancashire and Nottinghamshire, in England, who attributed the prevailing distress to the introduction of machinery in manufactures, and did a great deal of damage in destroying it. For a time these counties were in a perpetual state of disturbance, but on the return of prosperity the riots ceased.

LUDENDORFF, General Von, German 'soldier: b. Posen, Prussia, 1865. He passed out of the War Academy in 1895 and was soon afterward appointed to the Great General Staff in Berlin, where his high mental attainments won him recognition and rapid advancement. A born soldier, strong-willed, endowed with an iron constitution and obsessed with but one idea the perfection of the great fighting machine of which he was a part - Ludendorff became by far the most dominant figure produced on the German side during the war. At the end of 1912 he was chief of a department at the General Staff with the rank of colonel; in April 1914 he was promoted to major-general and placed in command of an infantry brigade at Strassburg. He was given another command shortly after the outbreak

of war, but before the war was a month old he was sent to East Prussia as chief of staff of the 8th army under Hindenburg. The impression prevailed that Ludendorff was responsible for the recall of Hindenburg from his retirement to command the 8th army operating against the Russian invasion, and that Hindenburg had returned the compliment by asking for Ludendorff as his chief of staff. From this stage the two men worked together and it would be difficult to assert how much the chief of staff contributed to Hindenburg's successes and made him for a time the idol of the German people. According to some authorities, Ludendorff was the brain and Hindenburg the arm of the German military power. A Russian officer declared in 1915 that Ludendorff had offered him a million francs to procure the murder of the Grand Duke Nicholas and a graduated scale of rewards for the suppression of Russky, Ivanov and Brussilov. The failure of Von Falkenhayn at Verdun in 1916 led to his being superseded by Hindenburg as virtual commanderin-chief, and Ludendorff became first quartermaster-general. It was also alleged that the shuffle of commands was a plot between the Kaiser and Falkenhayn to discredit Hindenburg and lower his enormous popularity by giving him free rein, in the certainty that he would run his head against a wall. A more probable explanation was that if the bitter truth had at last to be told the German people, he alone could perform the task and carry the nation with him. Ludendorff, however, was the principal power a mysterious personality that gradually overshadowed even the Kaiser. Mr. Gerard, former United States Ambassador to Germany, credits Ludendorff with forcing the break with America, and also with ordering the Belgian deportations. "Many persons in a position to know told me that the real dictator of Germany was Ludendorff." Silently and unobtrusively he matured strategic plans, intrigues and press campaigns in his solitary and closed office, making his calculations and solving his problems. With the collapse of German military power under the great Allied drive, the "German Napoleon," as he was frequently called, fell from his high estate, "a shattered idol lying in the dust." He encouraged the Bolsheviki and bribed them with millions. He dominated not only Germany, but all her allies for a time. When Count Czerrin came to tell him that Austria must have peace at any price, Ludendorff threatened the Dual Monarchy with war and invasion. He labored to promote strife in the Reichstag and discord among the Allies. All over Europe his cunning, unscrupulous system spread its tentacles. In November 1918, after the crash, the National-Zeitung of Berlin confessed that Ludendorff's malign policy had brought America into the war and caused four-fifths of mankind to feel that it was better to fight to the last man and perish than to witness the triumph of such a combination of dishonor and brutality. Already in August 1918 Ludendorff had launched peace kites and endeavored to persuade the Kaiser of the hopelessness of the struggle; it was he, also, who prompted the request by Germany for an armistice. When the inner history of the war is written on the German side, the diabolical genius of Luden

dorff, his rise and his fall, will stand as one of the romantic episodes in the great conflict.

LUDENSCHEID, lū'děn-shid', Prussia, town in Westphalia, 20 miles southeast of Hagen and 32 miles northeast of Cologne. It is a manufacturing town, with cutlery and hardware works, musical instrument factories, watch, umbrella, cane and wire works, iron foundries, cotton-mills, etc. Pop. 32,300.

LUDINGTON, Mich., city, county-seat of Mason County, on Lake Michigan and Marquette River. It is the terminus of the Pere Marquette Railroad, about 85 miles northeast of Milwaukee, Wis., 130 miles northwest of Lansing and 61 miles from Manitowoc on the opposite side of the lake. It has regular steamer communication with the large ports on Lake Michigan and direct freight connection, by ferry, with Manitowoc, Wis. It was settled in 1851, incorporated in 1867 and chartered as a city in 1874. The principal industries are connected with the manufacture and shipment of salt and lumber. There are large lumber mills, game-board factories, watch-case, printers' supplies, furniture and clothes-pin factories. Lumber, grain, flour, salt and fruit are among the articles shipped to outside markets. The city has many guests in the summer months, attracted by the cool climate and opportunities for fishing in the several lakes nearby. The Epworth League Training Assembly has nearby grounds and cottages. There are also a students' military camp, a Carnegie library, a courthouse, a station of the United States Weather Bureau, a clubhouse and park. The waterworks are owned by the city. Pop. 9,969.

LUDLOW, lŭd'lō, Edmund, English leader of the Republican party in the civil wars of Charles I and regicide: b. Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, about 1617; d. Vevay, Switzerland, 1692. He was graduated from Trinity College, Oxford, in 1636; fought at Edgehill in 1642; in 1646 was elected to Parliament from Wiltshire; and in December 1648 was one of the chief promoters of "Pride's purge” (q.v.). He was one of the judges who signed the death-warrant of Charles I, sat in the council of state in 164950 and was lieutenant-general of the horse in Ireland and a commissioner for the civil government of that country in 1650-55. In 1656, upon the proclamation of Cromwell as lord protector, he declined to recognize Cromwell's authority, or to give security to keep the peace. Having been allowed to go into retirement in Essex, he was elected to Parliament for Hindon in 1659, and upon the recall of the Long Parliament became a member of the committee of safety (7 May), of the council of state (14 May) and commander-in-chief of the Irish army, with rank of lieutenant-general July). He was impeached upon the Restoration (1660), surrendered, was allowed his liberty on providing sureties and escaped to Switzerland. His 'Memoirs) (1698-99) furnish a good account of the opposition to Cromwell and of the factional troubles which overthrew the republic. Of this work a new edition edited by C. H. Firth appeared in 1894.

(4

LUDLOW, Fitzhugh, American journalist: b. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 11 Sept. 1836; d. GeVOL. 17-46

He was

neva, Switzerland, 12 Sept. 1870. graduated from Union College in 1856, in 1858-59 studied law in New York, in 1859 was admitted to the bar, but from 1860 devoted himself exclusively to literature. In 1860-61 he was connected with the World and the Commercial Advertiser, for a time was dramatic, art and musical critic of the Evening Post, to which he long contributed, and held a similar post as critic on the Home Journal. He was also a frequent contributor to Harper's Monthly and other magazines. In 1863 he journeyed across the plains to Oregon and California, and in an article styled Through Tickets to San Francisco, laid out a route for a Pacific railroad largely identical with that later followed. He was among the earliest contributors to Northern Lights of Boston, upon the establishment of that magazine. Among his works are 'The Hasheesh Eater: Being Passages from the Life of a Pythagorean' (1857); 'Little Brother and Other Genre Pictures (1867); The Opium Habit' (1868); and The Heart of the Continent: A Record of Travel (1870).

LUDLOW, James Meeker, American Presbyterian clergyman and author: b. Elizabeth, N. J., 15 March 1841. He was graduated from Princeton in 1861, from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1864, entered the Presbyterian ministry and was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Albany 1864-68 and of the Collegiate Reformed Church of New York in 1868-77. His subsequent pastorates were that of Westminster Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1877-85), and that of the First Presbyterian Church of East Orange, N. J., 1886-1909. In 1885 he declined the presidency of Marietta College (Ohio). Dr. Ludlow received honorary title of D.D. from Williams College, and that of L.H.D. from Princeton University. In 1909 he resigned his pastoral charge in East Orange, becoming by vote of the people pastor emeritus. He has since spent much time in Italy. Dr. Ludlow is a member of New York Authors' Club; American Historical Association; New Jersey Historical Society; Long Island Historical Society; Washington Society of New Jersey and many other social and scholarly organizations. For many years he has been a director of the Union Theological Seminary in New York. He is a frequent contributor to the periodical literature of the day. His works are 'My Saint John' (1883); Concentric Chart of History) (1885);. 'Captain of the Janizaries,' a tale of Albania (1886); A King of Tyre,' a story of ancient Phoenicia (1891); That Angelic Woman' (1891); History of the Crusades (1896); 'Baritone's Parish' (1897); 'Deborah,' a story of the time of Judas Maccabeus (1901); Incentives for Life' (1902); (Sir Raoul, a story of Venice and the Fourth Crusade (1905); Jesse Ben David,' a story of the time of Christ (1907); Judge West's Opinion,' a study in optimism (1908); 'Discovery of Self,' lectures to young men (1910); 'Avanti! a story of Sicily in 1860 (1913).

LUDLOW, John Malcolm Forbes, English social reformer and author: b. Nimach, India, 8 March 1821; d. 17 Oct. 1911. He was educated at the College Bourbon, Paris, be

came a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, London, in 1843, and practised as a conveyancer till 1874. His interests, however, lay mainly outside his profession. Reforms in India and the Anti-Corn law movement deeply interested him, and he was associated with the beginnings of the Christian Socialist and industrial co-operative movements. He was chief registrar of Friendly Societies 1874-91, and has published 'Letters on the Criminal Code (1847); The Master Engineers and Their Workmen' (1852); 'British India: Its Races and Its History (1852); "Thoughts on the Policy of the Crown Toward India' (1859); Sketch of the History of the United States from Independence to Secession' (1862); 'President Lincoln Self-Portrayed' (1866); The War of American Independence) (1876), etc.

In

LUDLOW, Roger, American colonial statesman: b. Dorchester, England, 7 March 1590; d. Virginia, about 1665. He was by profession a lawyer, came to Boston in 1630, was there assistant to the General Court of Massachusetts in 1630-34, in 1634 became deputy governor, but was defeated for the post of governor, removed with a Massachusetts colony to Windsor, Conn., and was, it is thought, the first practising lawyer in Connecticut. In 1639 he was a member of the convention for preparing a constitution, and the document is believed to have been drafted by him. In Connecticut also he was made deputy governor, and here, too, John Haynes, who had defeated him for the governorship in Massachusetts, was again victorious in the gubernatorial election. chagrin Ludlow sought to evade his "evil genius," as he styled Haynes, by founding the town of Fairfield. Here he held each public office of any importance, was a commissioner to the New England congress and revised the laws of Connecticut (published 1672). The Indians having threatened Fairfield, the citizens declared war against the Dutch, at whose instigation the savages were believed to be acting; and Ludlow was made captain of the forces. The New Haven General Court, however, quashed this proceeding and punished Ludlow's subordinate officers. Ludlow then (1654) withdrew in high dudgeon with all the town records to Virginia, where he quite disappeared.

LUDLOW, William, American soldier: b. Islip, Long Island, N. Y., 27 Nov. 1843; d. Convent, N. J., 30 Aug. 1901. He was graduated from West Point in 1864, entered the engineer service, was chief engineer of the 20th corps in the Georgia campaign (July-September 1864), in 1864-65 was engineer of the army in Georgia, was assistant engineer on Sherman's staff in the "March to the Sea" and in the Carolinas, and 13 March 1865 was brevetted lieutenantcolonel, U. S. A., for meritorious conduct in the Carolinas campaign. After various service, he was chief engineer of the Department of Dakota in 1872-76, engineer in charge of the Delaware River and harbor improvements and defenses in 1882-83, by authority of Congress chief engineer of the Philadelphia water department in 1883-86, and was at different times in charge of lighthouse districts and engineering work. In 1895 he became president of the Nicaragua Canal Commission and 13 August was promoted lieutenant-colonel of engineers

in command of the lighthouse depot. In 189396 he was military attaché at the United States embassy in London. Commissioned brigadiergeneral of volunteers 4 May 1898, he became engineer-in-chief of the American army in the field in the Spanish-American War, served in the Santiago campaign, was made major-general of volunteers 7 Sept. 1898, and from 13 Dec. 1898 to April 1900 was military governor of Havana, in the rehabilitation of which city he took an important part. On 13 April 1899, he became brigadier-general of United States volunteers, and on 21 Jan. 1900 brigadier-general United States army. As president of the board of officers appointed for the consideration of the establishment of an army war college, he visited France, England and Germany for purposes of study. In 1901 he was ordered to the Philippines as commander of the Department of Visayas, but immediately returned on sick-leave. He wrote 'Explorations of the Black Hills and Yellowstone Country) and 'Report of the United States Nicaraguan Canal Commission.'

LUDLOW, England, market town and municipal borough of Shropshire, on the Great Western and the London and Northwestern railways, at the junction of the Corve and Teme rivers. It is picturesquely situated and has many interesting remains of antiquity, including an ancient castle, an old city gate, and an ancient church and grammar school. The town was once a royal residence. Tanning and flour milling are carried on. The fortifications were dismantled in 1689. Pop. 5,925. Consult Clive, 'History of Ludlow (London 1841) and Wright, 'History of Ludlow' (ib. 1851).

LUDLOW, Ky., city of Kenton County, situated on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati, Ohio, on the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railroad. Its industrial establishments include railway repair shops, sheet metal works, brass works, etc. The city is a residential suburb of Cincinnati. Pop. 4,160.

LUDLOW, Mass., town in Hampden County, five miles northeast of Springfield, on the Boston and Albany Railroad and on the Chicopee River. It contains the Stevens Memorial Institute, the Ludlow Hospital, Hubbard Memorial Library and fine school buildings. It manufactures carpet yarn, twine, webbing, sacking, etc. Pop. 4,948.

LUDWIG, loot'vik, Otto, German dramatist and writer of short stories: b. Eisfeld, Thüringen, 12 Feb. 1813; d. Dresden, 25 Feb. 1865. His father, Ernst Friedrich Ludwig (d. 20 Jan. 1825), was a well-known Central German jurist; his mother's maiden name was Sophie Christiane Otto (d. 21 Nov. 1831). He attended the gymnasium at Hildburghausen (1828-29), as well as that of Saalfeld (183233), made an unsuccessful attempt to enter business with his uncle, Christian Otto (whom he later called "der dicke Herr" the stout gentleman), and obtained his higher education chiefly by self-instruction, laying the foundations for a very extensive musical culture. The scene of his studies was mostly a pretty little garden and lodge, belonging to him, just outside the city of Eisfeld, where his friend Karl Schaller was his constant companion. One of the results of his musical studies was the opera