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chief object of writing the book was to trace the origin of the Indians to the Lost Tribes of Israel; a curious phantasm (especially as the tribes are known not to have been lost, and the differentiation of stocks must far antedate the Christian era) which has bewitched many enthusiasts since, and was revived and expounded by Dr. Elias Boudinot in his 'Star of the West (1816). Adair's views are summarized in H. H. Bancroft's 'Native Races' (Vol. V, p. 91).

ADAIR, John, American general and public officer: b. Chester County, S. C., 1759; d. Harrisburg, Ky., 18 May 1840. He served in the Revolution; removed to Kentucky 1787; in 1791 was major under St. Clair and Wilkinson in the northwestern Indian expeditions, and was defeated by the Miami chief "Little Turtle," near Fort St. Clair. He was a member of the constitutional convention which made Kentucky a State, 1 June 1792; was State Representative and Speaker, register of the United States Land Office, and 1805-06 United States Senator. He was volunteer aide to General Shelby at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. 1813; made brigadier-general of State militia November 1814, and as such commanded the State troops at New Orleans under Jackson, 8 Jan. 1815. He was governor of Kentucky 1820-24, and United States Representative 1831-33, on the committee on military affairs.

ADAIR, Robin. See ROBIN ADAIR.

ADALBERT, or ALDEBERT, a native of France, who preached the gospel in 744 on the banks of the Main. He is remarkable as the first opponent to the introduction of the rites and ordinances of the Western Church into Germany. He rejected the culture of the Saints and Confession, but distributed his own hair as sacred relics to his followers; was accursed of heresy by Boniface the apostle of Germany, and condemned by two councils, at Soissons in 744 and at Rome in 745. Finally escaping from prison, he is said to have been murdered by some peasants on the banks of the Fulda.

ADALBERT, SAINT, OF PRAGUE, the apostle of Prussia proper: b. 939; d. 23 April 997. He was the son of a Bohemian nobleman, and his real name was Voitech ("host comfort"); was educated in the cathedral of Magdeburg, and appointed the second bishop of Pragus in 983. He labored in vain to convert the Bohemians from paganism, and to introduce among them ordinances of the Church of Rome. Discouraged by the fruitlessness of his pious zeal, he left Prague (988) and lived in convents at Monte Casino and Rome until the Bohemians in 993 recalled him; but after two years he again left them, disgusted with their barbarous manners. He returned to Rome, and soon followed the Emperor Otho III to Germany; on which journey he baptized, at Gran, St. Stephen, afterward king of Hungary. He proceeded to Gnesen to meet Boleslas, Duke of Poland. Being informed that the Bohemians did not wish to see him again, he resolved to convert the pagans of Prussia, but was murdered by a peasant near what is now Fischhausen. His body was bought by Boleslas for its weight in gold, and became famous for its miraculous power. Its influence was greater than that of

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the saint himself; the Bohemians, who had refused to receive the ordinances of the Church, now suffered them to be introduced into Prague, on the sole condition that these miraculous relics should be transferred to their city. They were rediscovered in a vault in 1880 and deposited in the cathedral. Consult 'Life' by Heger, (Königsberg 1897); Voigt (Berlin 1898).

ADALBERT, "THE GREAT," archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg: b. about 1000; d. 17 March 1072; descendant of a Saxon princely house. He received his office in 1043 from the Emperor Henry III whose relation, friend and follower he was. He accompanied Henry to Rome in 1046 and was a distinguished candidate for the papal chair. Pope Leo IX made him his legate in the north of Europe (1050). He superintended the churches of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, converted the Wends, and aspired to a great northern patriarchate to vie with the Roman Curia. During the minority of Henry IV he usurped, in consort with Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, the guardianship of the young prince and the administration of the empire, and gained an ascendency over his rival by indulging the passions of his pupil. After Henry had become of age Adalbert exercised the government without control in his name. His pride and arbitrary administration induced the German princes in 1066 to remove him by force from the court; but after a short contest with the Saxon nobles, who laid waste his territory, he recovered his former power in 1069, and held it till his death in Goslar in 1072. His injustice and tyranny were instrumental in producing the confusion and calamities in which the reign of Henry IV was involved.

ADALIA, a-dä'lēa, Turkey in Asia, a seaport on the south coast, in the vilayet of Konieh, finely situated on the Gulf of Adalia, from which the houses rise in terraces like an amphitheatre, on a rocky hill and surrounded by fig, orange and mulberry gardens. It lies in a fertile but hot and unhealthy locality, producing grain, figs, oranges, wine, etc. It has a small but good port, and carries on a considerable trade, exporting grain, timber, cattle, volonia, etc. It was anciently called Attalia, later Satalia. Pop. about 30,000, 7,000 Greeks.

ADAM ("one made") and EVE ("living being," feminine). As the Old Testament almost invariably uses the article before "adam" ("the adam" "the made one" or "the man"), its use as a personal name is a mere misapprehension, and the implications drawn from it are no part of the text; nor is there any reason to suppose it was so intended by the writers who used it, or so understood by the Jews. This, however, is a minor point, as the narratives of the creation and fall, etc., have the same bearing whether the first created beings had names or not; they remain themselves no less. those narratives were certainly not understood by their compilers themselves, who merely took them from Babylonian sources (See CREATION), as implying literal history-which their discordance should render obvious and the difficulties involved in it result from being more Biblical than the Bible, as the Yahvistic portions of the later chapters disregard them, and the Yahvish adds to them at will. The accounts

But

ADAM

in Genesis are three: (1) The Elohistic (q.v.), in which "male and female" are created at the same time; that is, the whole race, just as the whole animal race is created at a stroke. The interpretation as "one couple" is thrown back from the second account. (2) The Yahvistic, in which "the adam" is made from the dust, and "the eve" from the adam; and which contains the theological part of the story the location in the Garden of Eden, the prohibition of God and its disregard, the expulsion, the birth of Cain and Abel, and the first murder. (3) The genealogical list in chapter v, where the race is derived through Seth, and Cain and Abel are unknown; and where the first generations of men are demigods with enormous spans of life. The last is not only later than the other two, and corresponding to Greek, Assyrian, etc., pedigrees carrying the race or its first families back to the gods, but it is entirely unconnected with the first two, which have a certain relation as efforts of early man to account for the origin and propagation of life on the earth, which every race has undertaken as soon as it attained selfconsciousness. The first, however, is that pure and simple, with no ulterior purpose. The second is quite other, combining the creation story of a single couple, the progenitors of the human race as with the Greek Deucalion and Pyrrha, etc. with a deeply moralized account of the origin of moral evil, and the rapine and violence, pain and disease and hardship, which it brought into a world previously free from them. It is this, reflecting the predominant religious tone of the Jewish mind, that has formed the basis first of the Jewish and then of its successor the Christian theology: Adam as the reason for and spring of human sin. This resulted in Paul's conception of two Adams: the fleshly one, whence come sin and death; and the spiritual one, whence springs salvation.

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Most of the later Jews regarded the story as an allegory. Philo, the foremost writer of the Alexandrian school, explains Eve as the sensuous part, Adam as the rational part, of human nature. The serpent attacks the sensuous element, which yields to the temptation of pleasure and next enslaves the reason. Clement and Origen adapted this interpretation somewhat awkwardly to Christian theology. Augustine explained the story as history, but admitted a spiritual meaning superinduced upon the literal; and his explanation was adopted by the reformers, and indeed generally by the orthodox within the Catholic and the various Protestant Churches alike. More modern critics, loath to abandon it wholly as legend, have sought to separate a kernel of history from the poetical accretions, and attribute the real value of the story not to its form, but to the underlying thoughts. Martensen describes it as a combination of history and sacred symbolism, "a figurative presentation of an actual event." The second narrative may be regarded as embodying the philosophy of the Hebrew mind applied to the everlasting problem of the origin of sin and suffering, a question the solution of which is scarcely nearer us now than it was to the primitive Hebrews. Hesiod describes man in his primitive state as free from sickness and evil before Prometheus (q.v.) stole fire from heaven, and Pandora (who corresponds to Eve) brought miseries to the earth. Prometheus gives man the capability of knowledge; his daring theft is

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for man the beginning of a fuller and higher life. Eschylus regards Prometheus as the representative of humanity led into misery by his self-will until he submits to the higher will of God. This corresponds with the story of Genesis, save that in the latter the spiritual features are clearer and more distinct. Consult Jeremias, 'Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients (1906); Schrader, 'Die Keilenschriften und das Alte Testament' (1902); Wünsche, 'Der Mid-rasch Rabba zu Genesis' (1882).

ADAM, Alexander, Scottish classical scholar and author: b. Forres, 24 June 1741; d. Edinburgh, 18 Dec. 1809. In 1768 he became rector of the High School, Edinburgh, and among his pupils were Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham and Jeffery. Edinburgh University conferred upon him an honorary LL.D. in 1780. His chief work, Roman Antiquities,' (1791) passed through several editions and was translated into German. He also wrote 'Principles of Latin and English Grammar) (1772); 'A Summary of Geography and History' (1794); and a Compendious Dictionary of the Latin Tongue) (1805).

ADAM, Graeme Mercer, Canadian author and editor: b. Scotland 1839; d. 1912. He was trained in Blackwood's publishing house in Edinburgh, and, emigrating, became a publisher in Toronto and New York. He later edited several Canadian periodicals, assisted Goldwin Smith on the Bystander, and founded with him the Canadian Monthly (1872). In 1879 he founded the Canadian Educational Monthly. In 1896 he became editor of Self-Culture. He wrote 'An Outline History of Canadian Literature' (1886); 'The Canadian Northwest' (1895); and with Ethelwyn Wetherald, the historical novel 'An Algonquin Maiden'; etc.

She

ADAM, Juliette, ad-än, zhü-le-et (MME. ADAM, née LAMBER), Parisian journalist and author: b. Verberie, Oise, 4 Oct. 1836. founded in 1879 the Nouvelle Revue, the organ of the Extreme Republicans, and edited it till her retirement in 1897; and her salon was a noted influence in Paris. Her second husband, Edmond Adam (later life senator, d. 1877), was prefect of police in Paris during the Prussian siege, and her first book was 'Le siège de Paris, journal d'une Parisienne' (1873). She has written largely (often under the pseudonyms Juliette Lamber and Comte Paul Vasili) on women's rights and various literary and social subjects; novels assailing Christianity for its crucifixion of natural instincts; 'The Hungarian Fatherland' (1884); General Skobeleff' (1886); 'Apres l'abandon de la revanche' (1910); Impressions françaises en Russie' (1912).

ADAM, ād'ām, Lambert Sigisbert, "Adam l'aîné- the elder," French sculptor: b. Nancy 1700; d. Paris 1759. The son of a provincial sculptor, he won the Prix de Rome in 1723. His masterpiece, "The Triumph of Neptune Stilling the Waves," is at Versailles. His brother ADAM NICOLAS SÉBASTIEN, "Adam le jeune the younger": b. 1705; d. 1778; also achieved fame as a sculptor. His chief work is the mausoleum of the Queen of Poland, Catherine Opalinska, wife of King Stanislaus, at Nancy. Another brother, ADAM, FRANÇOIS GASPARD BALTHASAR: b. 1710; d. 1761; was

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court sculptor to Frederick the Great at Berlin, and his works embellish the palaces and gardens of Potsdam and Sans Souci. Consult Lady Dilke, French Architects and Sculptors of the Nineteenth Century' (London 1900).

ADAM, ad-än, Paul, French author: b. Paris, 7 Dec. 1862. His first book, 'Chair molle,' a novel of the realist school, for which he was prosecuted and acquitted, appeared in 1885. His succeeding works, chiefly of the symbolist school include Robes rouges' (1891); 'Le mystère des foules' (2 vols., 1895), a study of the Boulangist period; 'La bataille d'Uhde' (1897); Letters de Malaise (1897); and four historical novels, 'La force' (1898); L'enfant d'Austerlitz (1902); 'La ruse' (1903); 'Au soleil de Juillet (1903). Other works are 'Basile et Sophia, a Byzantine romance (1900); La Ville inconnue (1911); and a problem novel, 'Stephanie' (1913).

ADAM, Book of, works dealing with Adam and Eve and the story of the Creation. One of the earliest of these, supposed to have been called 'The Life of Adam and Eve,' and of Hebrew origin, was published in Greek by Tischendorf in 'Apocalypses Apocrypha (1866) under the misleading title of 'Apocalypses of Moses,' because in the introduction the story is said to be recorded to Moses and later by Ceriani, in his 'Monumenta sacra et profana (1868). Conybeare, in the Jewish Quarterly Review (1895), has presented an English version of this work, translated from an Armenian text. An old Slavic version has been published with a Latin translation by Jagić in 'Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie der Wissenshaften' (1893). There is also a Latin Vita Adæ et Evæ,' of which the best text is that published by Meyer in 'Abhandlungen der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenshaften (1878). This work relates the story of the Creation, the Fall, the penitence of Adam and Eve, their restoration to divine favor and their death and burial. Apparently it dates from the 1st century before Christ and was written either in Hebrew or Aramaic. The Conflict of Adam and Eve' is obviously of Christian origin. An Ethiopic version, translated from the Arabic, has been preserved. The Ethiopic text has been published by Trumpp in 'Abhandlungen der Münchener Akademie der Wissenshaften' (1881). Translations were published by Dillman: Das Christliche Adamsbuch des Őrients' (1853); Migne's 'Dictionnaire des apocryphes' (1856); Malan's 'Book of Adam and Eve' (1882). There is manuscript copy of the Arabic text in Munich. An earlier version of this work is "The Treasure Cave, published by Sachau, first in German, Die Schatzhöhle (1883), then in Syriac (1888). The Arabic text was published by Mrs. Gibson in Studia Sinatica' (1901). Another work of Christian origin is in Syriac, "The Testament of Adam,' published by Renan, with a French translation, in Journal Asiatique (1853). Of this work Bezold published Arabic and Ethiopic versions in 'Orientalistche Studien Nöldeke gewidmet' (1906 p. 893). Renan proved conclusively that the original version had been written in Greek. Consult Fuchs. in Hennecke's 'Neutestamentliche Apokryphen' (1904); Ginzburg, in the 'Jewish Encyclopædia,' under the title "Adam,

Book of"; Schürer, 'Geschicte des jüdischen Volkes (1901, p. 396).

ADAM BEDE, the first long novel of George Eliot (MARY ANN EVANS), was published in 1859. The action takes place in the English village of Hayslope, where the hero, Adam, a simple workman of sterling worth, pursues his trade of carpentry. Very different from Adam is his brother, Seth, a gentle and loving spirit, whose religious emotions have been strongly engaged by Methodist revival of the time. Seth is devotedly in love with the leading exponent of the sect in the Hayslope community, Dinah Morris, but she, consecrated to her work of evangelical preaching, refuses to think of him except with sisterly and religious affection. Adam loves Hetty Sorrel, a beautiful but vain and shallow country girl, who encourages him but secretly hopes to make a much loftier marriage. When young Arthur Donnithorne, son of the village squire, falls in love with her, both her passion and her ambition are stirred. Arthur, who is kind-hearted but weak-willed, tries to resist his infatuation, but finally yields to it. When Adam discovers them together there is a stormy scene between the two men, and Arthur agrees to tell Hetty that he can never marry her. Hetty, in her loneliness after Arthur's departure, becomes engaged to Adam, not knowing that she is to be a mother. When at last she realizes her condition she goes to Windsor in search of Arthur. Finding, after a painful journey, that he has gone to Ireland, she wanders miserably to seek Dinah. The scene now changes to Hayslope, where the girl's long absence has aroused anxiety, and the reader learns, with Adam, that she is in prison, charged with the murder of her child. She is condemned to death, but at the last moment, when, supported by Dinah, she is going to the gallows, her sentence is commuted to transportation, the release from death being brought by Arthur Donnithorne. The subject of Hetty's sin is handled with peculiar delicacy, and her wretched journey is one of the most poignant incidents of fiction. The story ends with the marriage of Adam and Dinah, who have been unconsciously drawn together from the first.

The characters in the story, simple country people as they are, working on the farm or in the shop, are portrayed with unusual distinctness, and their appeal is direct and powerful. The analysis of Hetty's character is particularly keen. In the midst of pity for her fate the reader is never allowed to forget the girls' shallowness and selfishness. Finely contrasted with Hetty is_Dinah Morris, in her purity and selflessness. But the dominant figure is Adam Bede himself, level-headed and iron-willed, morally uncompromising, finding his best religion in work well done. The theme of the inevitable consequences of wrong-doing, which is ever present in George Eliot's novels, is strongly emphasized, and the story as a whole is not to be forgotten.

Bibliography.-"George Eliot as Author," by R. H. Hutton, in 'Some Modern Guides of English Thought); "Essays on George Eliot," by E. Dowden, in (Studies in Literature, and by W. C. Brownell, in 'Victorian Prose Masters.' JAMES H. HANFORD, Associate-Professor of English, University of North Carolina.

ADAM FAMILY. ADAMAWA

ADAM FAMILY, British architects, a celebrated 18th-century family consisting of William and his four sons, William, Robert, James and John of whom Robert ranks first and James next. The father was born in Fifeshire, Scotland, and his work was done in his native country: the town hall at Dundee, the library and university at Glasgow, and many other public and private buildings there and in Edinburgh, etc. Robert was born in Edinburgh, studied in Italy, and examined the noble remains of Dalmatia before settling in London; his work on Diocletian's palace at Spalato was a valuable advertisement to his talents and taste, and all the brothers increased their repute by publishing engravings of their plans. Under Robert's direction they constructed a great number of buildings in London,- the Adelphi Terrace and the streets around commemorates them specifically. He also did much to remodel the appearance of the city. Robert also built Lansdowne House, Kedleston Hall near Derby and Register House near Edinburgh. A special feature of the brothers' work was their careful attention to harmonious interior arrangement and decoration.

ADAM DE LA HALE, or HALLE, ad-än duh lä äl, French poet and composer: b. Arras about 1235; d. Naples about 1287; nicknamed the Hunchback of Arras, although he was not deformed. His satirical extravaganza, 'The Play of Adam, or the Play in the Arbor (1262), constitutes the earliest comedy in the vulgar tongue; while the pastoral drama, 'The Play of Robin and of Marion,' may be looked upon as the earliest specimen of comic opera.

ADAM HOMO, a poem by Frederik Paludan-Müller, and his most important work, appeared during the years 1841-48. It is of particular significance in Danish literature, as it marks the end of Romanticism in Denmark. In Oehlenschlaeger's 'Aladdin' which introduces the period of Romanticism, imagination is given full play; in Adam Homo' cool reason prevails. Oehlenschlaeger points to Aladdin, the favorite of fortune; Paludan-Müller shows us Adam Homo, man as he really is. (The name of the poem suggests that the hero represents the average man, as we find him in every-day life. Human life as it is, contrasted with the ideal, is the theme of the book). For 'Adam Homo' is realistic, and presents modern life with all its ugliness and wickedness. With shocking truthfulness the author shows how one may lose sight of ideals and squander a spiritual heritage. Adam is the son of a minister in Jutland, who over-emphasizes the material things of this world. His mother, a spiritual woman, tries to interest her boy in the higher life. While Adam studies at Copenhagen, his nobler impulses are kept alive by the loving letters of his mother and by his association with a pure-minded young woman. Unfortunately Adam succumbs to the temptations of new conditions, and almost without being aware of the fact he gradually loses sight of his ideals, and makes material gain and social recognition the goal of his efforts. Though he becomes a man of distinction in society, he leads a sordid life, for his enthusiasm for truth, beauty and goodness is gone. Consult V. Andersen, 'Paludan-Müller'; Georg Brandes, (Aesthetiske Studier (pp. 191-222); Georg Brandes, 'Danske Digtere' (pp. 251-313); P.

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Hansen, Illustreret Dansk Litteratur Historie' (pp. 295–303); Karl Mortensen, 'Litteratur Historie (pp. 248-261); Torvald Ström, 'Dansk Literaturhistorie' (pp. 286-291). JOSEPH ALEXIS, Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Nebraska.

ADAM OF BREMEN, German historian: b. probably in Meissen, Saxony; d. 12 October of an unknown year, probably 1076. He lived at Magdeburg, removed to Bremen in 1067, was made canon of its cathedral and next year principal of the cathedral school. His fame rests on his History of the Church of Hamburg' (1072-76), an inestimable mediaval classic, for which he gathered material far and wide; making a special trip to Denmark to interview King Svend Estridson, whose communications he gives. As an appendix to his last book he gives an account of the Danish, Swedish and Norwegian possessions, containing a passage of the first interest to Americans, as verifying the Saga stories of Vinland: "He [Svend] told of still another island found by many in that [Atlantic] ocean. It is called Wineland, because grapes grow there spontaneously. I have learned through definite information from Danes that unsown crops also grow there in abundance."

ADAM OF ST. VICTOR, famous mediæval hymnologist: d. in Paris c. 1192; nothing is known of him save his great hymns, the most numerous of any medieval writer, and among the foremost in rank. A few have been finely translated by J. M. Neale; a complete (so far as known) edition from the French of Léon Gautier was published in London (3 vols., (1881). Consult Duffield, Latin Hymns' 'Sacred (1888); French, Latin Poetry' (1874); Julian, 'Dictionary of Hymnology' (1888).

ADAMANT, a word loosely used to signify a substance of extreme hardness. It is probably derived from the Greek adamas, "unconquerable." Very possibly the name adamant was at one time applied to a definite substance; but it has been used to signify corundum, various gems, a hard metal (probably steel) that was used in making armor, the lodestone and various other substances. It is now chiefly used in a poetical or rhetorical sense.

AD'AMAN'TINE SPAR, a name sometimes applied to corundum (q.v.) on account of its hardness; especially to the dark colored, non-transparent varieties which are used in pulverized form for polishing gems.

ADAMAN TOID, a crystalline form belonging to the isometric system, and bounded by 48 similar scalene triangles. It has 6 octahedral solid angles, at the extremities of the principal axes; 8 hexahedral solid angles, at the extremities of the trigonal axes; and 12 tetrahedral solid angles, at the extremities of the digonal axes. Its name is due to the fact that the diamond usually occurs in this crystalline form. (Also, and more commonly, called hexoctahedron).

ADAMAWA, ä'da-mä'wą (formerly FUMBINA), an internally autonomous sultanate of central Africa, between lat. 6° and 11° N., and long. 11° and 17° E.: part of the Sokoto empire in northern Nigeria; area some 50,000 square

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miles. Much of the surface is mountainous, the mountains rising to about 8,000 feet. The principal rivers are the Benue and its tributary the Faro. The eastern part belongs to the German Kamerun; the western to British North Nigeria. A great part of the country is covered with thick forests, though there are also extensive and splendid pasture lands and cultivated fields. The native inhabitants are industrious and intelligent, but they have been in a great measure subdued by the Mohammedan Fulahs, who possess innumerable slaves. Slaves and ivory are the chief articles of trade. Pop. about 3,000,000. Chief towns, Yolo the capital, est. 12,000 to 20,000; Banjo, chief ivory mart; and Nganudere.

ADAMI, Friedrich Wilhelm, ä-dä'mē, frēd'riн, German author: b. Suhl, 18 Oct. 1816; d. Berlin, 5 Aug. 1893. He wrote stories, plays, etc., a very popular biography of Queen Louise, The Book of Emperor William (1887-90) ; 'Ein erlicher Mann (1850); 'Der Doppel gäuger) (1870), and contributed regularly to the Kreutzzeitung. His literary style was much admired.

ADAMI, John George, American pathologist: b. Manchester, England, 1862; educated at Owens College there and Christ's College, Cambridge. He studied at Breslau and Paris; became demonstrator of pathology at Cambridge in 1887, and fellow of Jesus College in 1891. In 1892 he came to Montreal as professor of pathology at McGill University; from 1894 has been head of the pathological department at the Royal Victoria Hospital there; from 1896 lecturer to the New York Pathological Society. He has published papers on pathological topics, and is the author of 'The Principles of Pathology) (1908); Inflammation: Introduction to the Study of Pathology' (1910).

ADAMITE (named for M. Adam, a French mineralogist), a mineral, isomorphous with olivenite, and occurring in small orthorhombic crystals that are often grouped in fine granular aggregations. It is an arsenate of zinc, having the formula ZnзAs2O8.Zn(OH)2, although copper and cobalt may also be present. Its hardness is 3.5, and its sp. gr. 4.35. Its color is variable. It occurs at Cap Garonne, near Hyères, France; and also at Laurium, Greece, and in certain parts of Chile.

ADAMITES. (1) A Christian sect said to have existed in the 2d century: so called because both men and women appeared naked in their assemblies, either to imitate Adam in the state of innocence or to prove the control which they possessed over their passions. The tradition is probably baseless, originating in a name of derision given to the Carpocratians. (See GNOSTICS). (2) Also called Picards, from the founder of their sect, Picard (perhaps also Beghards). He called himself Adam the Son of God, and advocated community of women. They appeared about the year 1421 on an island in the River Lusinicz, where Zisca surprised them, but was not able to destroy the whole sect. In the following year they were widely spread over Bohemia and Moravia, and especially hated by the Hussites (whom they resembled in hatred toward the hierarchy) because they rejected transubstantiation, priesthood and the Supper. They subsequently

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formed one sect with the remaining Taborites, who have accordingly been confounded with them. In 1849 a similar sect sprang up in Austria.

ADAMNAN, Saint (der. of Adam), Irish ecclesiastic and author: b. in Donegal, c. 625; d. 703 or 704. He was descended from a cousin of St. Columba and from powerful Irish chieftains. Entering the monastery of Iona, he became abbot in 697; but was involved in quarrels with his monks over Easter and the tonsure (enforcing the orthodox Roman view against the Irish Church view), which hastened his death. He wrote a most valuable life of St. Columba (q.v.), the founder of Iona, full of historical information about the early IrishScotch Church (best edition Reeves', 1857; English translation in the 'Historians of Scotland,' 1874, reissued Oxford 1895); and a hearsay but valuable report of matters in Palestine in his time, the first we have of that land in the early Middle Ages.

ADAMS, Abigail Smith, wife of President John Adams: b. Weymouth, Mass., 23 Nov. 1744; d. 28 Oct. 1818. She was daughter of a Weymouth clergyman, who opposed the match and took for a text "My daughter is grievously tormented with a devil." lacking strength and regular school education, Though

she became a self-made force of high order in American writers; her letters to her husband, public affairs and one of the best of early collected and published, are not only of great historical and social value, but full of delightful genial humor and acute comment and judgment. Her husband's position kept them apart for years; but she joined him in France in 1784, went with him to his life of torment in London, and lived in Washington 1789-1801; thence till death at Braintree, now Quincy.

ADAMS, Alvin, founder of Adams Express Co. b. Andover, Vt., 16 June 1804; d. 2 Sept. 1877. On 4 May 1840 he started an express business between Boston and New York which developed into the great company above named, formed in 1854 by the consolidation of several rival firms, including Harnden's, the initiator of the express business, with Mr. Adams as president. In 1850 he helped to organize the pioneer express service through the California mining camps, which on the consolidation above he sold out. In the Civil War the Adams Express Company was of immense help to the government; in 1870 it extended its business to the far West.

ADAMS, Arthur H., Australian journalist, novelist and poet: b. Lawrence, New Zealand, 6 June 1872. He was graduated from Otago University, New Zealand, studied law and became private secretary and literary advisor to C. J. Williams, the noted Australian theatrical manager. Later he went to China as war correspondent for Australian newspapers during the Boxer trouble; and he was in England from 1902 to 1905. Among his published works are: Maoriland and other Verses' (1899); The Nazarene' (London 1902); 'London Streets' (poems, 1907); Tussock Land' (a novel); and stories, poems and articles in numerous periodicals, magazines and newspapers. In 1906 he became an editor on the Sidney Bulletin.

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