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and distribution of the Year-Book,' 'Farmers' Bulletins, and other bulletins, reports and circulars; supervises the Department's printing and binding in the government printing office; prepares the drawings for illustrations, and prepares and distributes official information and advance notices to agricultural writers. During 1915 the Division issued 913 new bulletins, pamphlets, circulars, reports and documents of all kinds, the printed copies aggregating 26,496,661.

The Bureau of Entomology.-Studies the entire field of insect life in its relation to humanity; primarily, insects injurious directly to man, to agriculture and horticulture, and to stored products; the geographic distribution of such insects, and their relations to climate. It conducts field and laboratory experiments with different classes of remedies, and reports thereon. It also studies beneficial insects - both those which are the source of industries, like the honey-bee, the silkworm and the fig-fertilizing insect and those indirectly beneficial by preying on injurious ones. It makes large collections of insects and of insecticidal machinery and chemicals.

The Bureau of Biological Survey. Studies the geographic distribution of animals and plants, and maps the natural life zones of the country; also investigates the economic relations of birds and mammals, recommends measures for the preservation of beneficial and the destruction of injurious species, and carries into effect the Federal laws concerning the importation of wild birds and other wild animals, and the interstate game laws.

The Office of Public Road and Rural Engineering-Investigates the United States system of road management and the best methods of road-making and maintenance; experiments on best methods of road-building and analyzes chemical and physical qualities of road materials; co-operates with agricultural colleges, experiment stations and local authorities in building short sections of road as object lessons, and conducts investigations into proper methods of irrigation and drainage.

The Division of Accounts and Disbursements. Audits and pays all accounts and adjusts claims against the Department; decides questions involving the expenditure of public funds; prepares advertisements, schedules and contracts for annual supplies, leases, agreements, letters of authority and all letters to the Treasury Department and Department of Justice; issues requisitions for the purchase of supplies and requests for transportation; prepares the annual estimates of appropriations,

etc.

The Library-The librarian purchases books and periodicals, supervises their arrangement and cataloguing, and has charge of the preparation of catalogues, indexes, bibliographies, etc.

Federal Horticultural Board.-Established to administrate the Plant Quarantine Act of 20 Aug. 1912, regulating the entry of foreign nursery stock and other plant products into the United States and providing for domestic and foreign quarantines on account of plant diseases and insect pests.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization.Enforces an act of 18 Aug. 1914 which taxes the privilege of dealing on exchanges, boards

of trade and similar places in contracts of sale of cotton for future delivery, whose object is to curb speculation. The office also makes a study of co-operative organizations among farmers with the object of extending such organization more widely and it requires and spreads information regarding improved methods in the marketing and distribution of farm products.

States Relations Service. A department which was formally established by Secretary Houston on 1 July 1915, in accordance with the provisions of the Smith-Lever Agricultural Extension Act of 8 May 1914, providing for a wide extension of the co-operative activities carried on with the various State colleges on a permanent basis. The Smith-Lever act appropriates money as follows: The sum of $10,000 of Federal funds is granted to each of the 48 States. In addition to the $480,000, the act appropriates for 1915-16 $600,000 additional, which will be increased annually by $500,000 until 1923, when the annual government appropriation will be $4,580,000. The additional appropriation is divided among the States in the same proportion that the rural population of each State bears in relation to the rural population of the country as a whole. Each State, on its part, must grant a sum of money toward the funds equal in amount to the Federal grant. The money from the States will bring the joint extension work funds up to $1,680,000 in 1916. In addition to all these provisions, however, the Department of Agriculture will, during 1916, spend from its own appropriations $1,025,000 for farmers' co-operative demonstration work and other field instruction in special subjects.

The new States Relations Service will include within its jurisdiction the former Office of Experiment Stations, which superintends the work of the experiment stations and sends its agents all over the world in search of useful plant life that may be introduced into the United States. Since the Service was established all the States have assented to the provisions of the Smith-Lever act. A single agricultural college in each State has been designated as the beneficiary of this act. In several where the college is not coeducational a cooperative arrangement for work in home economics has been made with the State college for women. All the State agricultural colleges receiving the benefits of the States Relations Service have entered into co-operative relations with the Department of Agriculture, and in 46 States these institutions and the Department are conducting all their extension work in agriculture and home economics under the terms of a general "memorandum of understanding, which is used as a basis for a great variety of co-operative project agreements.

One of the chief works which is being undertaken is the establishment of the "county agent system. The county agent is an agricultural expert who acts as the joint representative of the local community, the State through its agricultural college and the Federal Government through the Department of Agriculture. The functions of the county agent are various; he advises the individual farmers in their work, instructing them in all modern and scientific methods of planting or stock raising, assists them in the buying of their supplies on

a co-operative basis and advises them in the marketing of their products. His business is, in fact, to do all in his power to further the interests of his local community as an agricultural centre. Already 1,200 counties have established such county agent headquarters. Another line of extension work which will be greatly stimulated by the States Relations Service is the organization of agricultural clubs among school children, in connection with the work of the elementary schools. The same is true of the demonstrations in domestic economics, which will now be extended to the colleges which number girls among their students.

The following figures will give an idea of the relative attention that is being paid to the various fields of this work. Of a total of $4,782,270 the following sums will be spent on: Administration, $391,652; publications, $107,980; county agents, $2,497,426; home demonstration, $542,732; movable schools, $218,000; school children's clubs, $236,917. It will be seen that the largest item, over one-half of the total, is county agent work. The rest of the appropriation will be spent in minor sums on pig, poultry and live-stock associations.

JOHN H. CORNYN,

Editorial Staff of The Americana. AGRIGENTUM, ǎg-ri-jĕn'tům, a town in Sicily, of which this was the Roman name, the Greek name having been Agragas and the modern Italian name being Girgenti. It is thought to have been founded by Dorian colonists about 582 B.C. Its situation on the southern shore of the island was peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a bare and precipitous rock about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. During the Greek period Agragas rose to a position of great wealth and importance and was adorned with splendid temples and public buildings. Among Sicilian towns it was second only to Syracuse. In 406 B.C. the city received a blow from which its dignity and power never recovered, in its capture by the Carthaginians. Under the Roman dominion we do not hear much of the town, which, however, seems to have been always prosperous, having mines as well as the most fertile territory. The town is celebrated in Greek history as the birthplace of the famous philosopher Empedocles, and the celebrated and almost legendary tyrant Phalaris was ruler there in what capacity is not clearly recorded. In the history of fine arts Agragas was famous as the centre of a school of sculpture and refined architecture. We still have

vestiges of this in the extraordinary group of temples, that dedicated to Hera Lacinia; that called "Temple of Concord," a remarkably wellpreserved monument of the Doric style; that called "Temple of Hercules," much ruined; and, finally, the gigantic Temple of Zeus, a building wholly unique in Grecian art as having columns engaged in the walls of the cellar and a great interior evidently treated as a public hall.

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia), a genus of plants belonging to the family Rosacea, distinguished from the other genera of the same tribe (Rose) by having but two carpels enclosed in the deep tube of the calyx, from 7 to 20 stamens and small notched petals. A. eupatoria, or common agrimony, is an erect, hairy, herbaceous plant, native of Europe. Several species are widely distributed in eastern North America.

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AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM, Heinrich Cornelius, a versatile German diplomat, historian, philosopher and author: b. Cologne, 14 Sept. 1486; d. Grenoble, 18 Feb. 1535. He led a remarkably diversified life in France, Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and wrote among other works: 'De Occulta Philosophia' (1510) which describes and defends magic; 'De Nobilitate et Præcellentia Feminei Sexus, dedicated to Margaret of Burgundy (1532); and 'De Incertitudine et Vanitate Scientarium et Artium, atque Excellentia Verbi Dei Declamatio' (1527), a satire on sciences and on the pretensions of scientists. Consult Morley, H., Life of H. C. Agrippa,' (London 1856); Prost, A., Corneille Agrippe, sa vie et ses oeuvres' (Paris 1881).

AGRIPPA I and II. See HEROD AGRIPPA I; HEROD AGRIPPA II.

AGROPYRON, a genus of grasses including about 50 species, mostly perennials. The best known are A. repens, couch grass or twitch grass; A. caninum, bearded wheatgrass; A. divergens, wire bunch grass; A. pseudo-repens, western couch grass. and A. tenerum, slender wheat grass. A, repens is in some districts considered a pest to agriculture. It is extremely hard to eradicate. It is considered a good hay grass in western United States. The species are common in America, Europe and Australia. A. repens is considered a good binder grass for railroad embankments and places liable to washouts and its roots are used in medicine, having aperient properties.

AGTELEK, Ŏgʻtě-lěk, or AGGTELEK, Hungary, a village in the county of Gömör, 40 miles southwest of Kaschau, on the road from Budapest to Dobsina. Pop. 500. It is a famous tourist resort on account of the neighboring Baradla ("steaming place") stalactite cavern, which with its remarkable chamber, passages and subterranean stream extends underground for over five miles.

AGUADILLA, ä'gwa-de'lya, Porto Rico, capital of a municipality on the western coast, near the northern_extremity, 20 miles by rail from Mayaguez. The town, founded in 1775, is well built on a spacious bay forming an excellent trading outlet for the sugar, tobacco, coffee, cocoanuts, etc., of a fertile agricultural 6,200. district. Pop. of municipality 21,500; of town

AGUADO, a-gwä'do, Alejandro Maria, Marquis de las Marismas del Guadalquivir, Spanish financier and millionaire: b. Seville, 29 June 1784; d. Gijon, 14 April 1842. Of Jewish parentage, he early became a soldier, fighting in the war for Spanish independence. Exiled, he went to Paris in 1815 and in colonial trade and banking with Cuba and Mexico acquired great wealth. From 1823 to 1831 he negotiated four loans which saved Spain from bankruptcy. For these services he was ennobled by Ferdinand VII. He acquired large estates in France and became a naturalized citizen in 1828. He left a fortune of over $12,000,000 (60,000,000 francs), and a collection of splendid pictures which were acquired by the French government.

AGUAS CALIENTES, ä'gwas kä'lē-ĕn'tǎs, Mexico, capital of the state of the name, on the line of the Mexican Central Railroad, 860

miles south of El Paso, Tex., 364 miles north of the City of Mexico and 415 miles northwest of Tampico, on the Gulf of Mexico. Elevation 6,106 feet above the sea. It is especially noted for its hot springs (the name Aguas Calientes signifies hot waters), which have been highly prized ever since their discovery. Here are located the principal shops and one of the division headquarters of the Mexican Central Railroad, the result of which has been the establishment of a considerable colony of Americans. Here, also, is located one of the greatest silvercopper smelting plants in the world, employing a great number of men and adding materially to the business prosperity of the community. In the city and its immediate vicinity are several woolen factories, a flouring mill, a starch factory and other important manufacturing enterprises. Perhaps the most notable special industry, and for which the place has become really famous in domestic circles, is the making of drawnwork table cloths, napkins, doilies, handkerchiefs dress trimmings and accessories of every description, in which a considerable part of the female population is employed. Imposing church edifices and beautiful parks or plazas greet the eye on every side. The cause of education,- both primary and advanced,- has long received great attention in Aguas Calientes. The educational institutions are most creditable, not only in numbers and capacity but in the thoroughness and progressiveness of the professors and teachers by whom they are conducted. The local financial institution the Bank of Aguas Clientes,- has a capital of $600,000. The National Bank and the Bank of London and Mexico maintain branches here, and there is an agency of the Bank of Zacatecas. The library of the Institute of Sciences contain over 4,000 volumes. As a place of residence the city has long been a prime favorite.

AGUE. See MALARIA.

AGUESSEAU, a'ge-sō, Henri François d', chancellor of France: b. 1668; d. 1751. According to Voltaire, he was one of the most learned of Frenchmen and his long and honorable career is distinguished chiefly by his defense of the Gallican Church and the rights of the people, in opposition to the imposition of the "Unigenitus papal bull, favored by Louis XIV and his councilors. He also ranks high as a reformer of French jurisprudence. A complete edition of his works, edited by Pardessus, J. M., was published in 16 volumes (Paris 1818-20). Consult Butler, C., Memoir of the Life of H. F. d'Aguesseau' (London 1830).

y

AGUILAR Y CORREA, ä'ge-lär, Antonio, Marqués de la Vega de Armijo, Spanish statesman: b. Madrid, Spain, 30 June 1824; d. 1909.

He studied law in the universities of Seville and Madrid, then became prominent in the politics of the Union Liberal party. His first office was that of governor of Madrid and during his term of office he distinguished himself by his severity against vice. He next became minister of public works, then minister of the interior. On the downfall of his political party, 22 June 1866, he assisted in the preparations for the revolution, which was successful. In 1873 he was sent as the representative of Spain to France. After the restoration he recognized Alfonso XII. In 1883 he passed

over to the opposition and the following year was clected "Concejal" for Madrid. On the death of the King, Alfonso XII, his party returned to power and he was elected deputy for Madrid and Lucena. In 1889 he became minister of state, but a year later his party fell from power. Late in 1892, under the presidency of Sagasta, he was again made minister of state which position he resigned a few months later in order to be elected president of the congress, a position he held until March 1895, when Sagasta fell from power. In 1898 he was elected president of the congress of deputies. Aguilar was a member of the Royal Academy of Moral Sciences and Politics and the Royal Academy of History; and was for a time director of both.

AGUILAR, Grace, Anglo-Hebrew author: b. London, 2 June 1816; d. Frankfort-on-Main, 16 Sept. 1847. The Spirit of Judaism' (1842); 'The Jewish Faith' (1846) and Home Influence (1846), of which over 30 editions were issued, are her chief works. 'The Vale of Cedars, (1850); A Mother's Recompense' (1850) and The Days of Bruce) (1852), edited by her mother, appeared after her death.

AGUILAR DE LA FRONTERA, a'gē-lär dah la fron-tä'rą Spain, city of Cordova province, Andalusia, on the river Cabra, 26 miles by rail southeast of Cordova. A former fortified town on the Moorish frontier, it has an Its interesting history. modern importance is derived from its olives and white Montilla wine and the thriving agricultural and manufacturing trade carried on. Pop. 13,000.

AGUILAS, ä'gē-las, Spain, seaport town of Murcia province on the Mediterranean, the terminus of the Huercal-Overa Railway, 38 miles southwest of Cartagena. It is the commercial outlet for the iron, minerals and agricultural produce of the region, and imports large quantities of coal. Pop. 16,000.

AGUILERA, Ventura Ruiz, ä-gē-lä rä, ventoo'rä roo'eth, lyric poet, "the Spanish Beranger": b. Salamanca, 2 Nov. 1829; d. Madrid, 1 July 1881. After a medical course at home he became a Madrid journalist (1843) and an important official under Liberal governments; later a director of the Madrid Archæological Museum. His bold incisive editorials endeavored to instil fervid national patriotism into the masses, an aim also of his poems like 'National Echoes' and 'Satires.' His 'Elegies' (1862) were masterpieces translated into nearly all European languages. He wrote also 'The Book of the Fatherland' (1869); A Christmas Legend (1872); The Modern Arcadia'; collections of novelettes, etc.

AGUILLON, dä'gî-lyon', François d', Belgian Jesuit, philosopher and mathematician: b. 1566; d. 1617. He became rector of the Jesuit College at Antwerp and was the author of an important work on optics, containing the earliest description of stereographic principles, published in 6 volumes (Antwerp 1613).

AGUINALDO, ä'ge-näl-do, Emilio, leader of the insurgents in the Philippine insurrection of 1896, and their chief in the Spanish-American war of 1898: b. Imus 1870 of Chinese and Tagalog parentage. His father was a planter and he received his early education at the

In

College of St. Jean de Lateran and the University of St. Tomas in Manila. Later he became the protégé of a Jesuit priest, and was for a time a student in the medical department of the Pontifical University of Manila. 1888 he had some conflict with the authorities and went to Hongkong, there becoming interested in military affairs and acquiring a knowledge of warfare. He quickly learned something of the English, French and Chinese languages, together with various native tongues, achieved a reputation for intelligence, ability, shrewdness and diplomacy and had a personal magnetism which gave him great influence among his countrymen. On the outbreak of the rebellion against Spanish authority in 1896 Aguinaldo became a commanding figure with the insurgents. He was at the head of the diplomatic party, which succeeded in making terms with the Spanish government, the latter paying a large sum to induce the Philippine leaders to lay down their arms. Aguinaldo

quarreled with his associates in Hongkong over the division of this money and went to Singapore, where he came in contact with the United States consul shortly before the breaking out of the war between the United States and Spain. On the representations of the consul Commodore Dewey telegraphed to have Aguinaldo sent to him and the insurgent leader arrived at Cavité shortly after the battle of Manila Bay. Aguinaldo was given opportunity to organize the Filipinos against the Spanish authority; but no promises were made to him and the insurgents were never officially recognized by the Americans. Friction early arose and the Americans protested against the cruel treatment of Spanish prisoners by the Filipinos. The strain became serious at the capture of Manila, the insurgents claiming the right to sack the city, which the Americans denied. On 12 June 1898 Aguinaldo organized a so-called Filipino republic, with himself as president, but very soon proclaimed himself dictator. He protested against the Spanish-American treaty of peace, which ceded the Philippine Islands to the United States, and claimed the independence of the islands. Organizing an extensive conspiracy among the native population of Manila, he ordered the complete massacre of the Americans, together with the entire European population of the city, while yet at peace with them. The plot was discovered in time and failed. The intention of Aguinaldo to oppose by force the American occupation had been growing increasingly evident and on the evening of 4 Feb. 1899 his forces attacked the American lines in the suburbs of Manila. The news of this overt action caused the prompt ratification of the Spanish-American treaty by the United States Senate. Aguinaldo made a determined resistance to the Americans and the rainy season soon prevented the latter from following up their uniform successes in the open field; but early in 1900 organized insurrection, which was chiefly confined to the Tagalog nationality, was broken up, Aguinaldo driven into hiding and his correspondence, order books, etc., captured by General Funston, who captured Aguinaldo himself at Palawan, Luzon, 23 March 1901. On 2 April he took the oath of allegiance. Consult Wildman, 'Aguinaldo' (Boston 1901); Aguinaldo et les Philippins' (Paris 1900).

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AGULHAS, ä-gool'yäs, Cape, the most southern point of Africa, lies about 100 miles east southeast of the Cape of Good Hope, in lat. 34° 49′ S.; long. 20° 0' 40" E. The point is very dangerous for ships; fogs are frequent, the currents are uncertain and there are many rocks to seaward.

AGUR, a-goor', the name of an unknown Hebrew sage mentioned only in Proverbs xxx, 1. There he is called the son of Jakeh. Much discussion has arisen concerning the name. Jerome and many Jewish rabbis of his time held the name to be a pseudonym used symbolically. Agur is not mentioned as the author but as the collector of the book of Proverbs. It is thought by some that he was one of Hezekiah's men. Another theory is that he was the son of the Queen of Massa, whose kingdom was located near the head of the eastern branch of the Red Sea.

AGUTI. See AGOUTI.

AHAB, King of Israel 875-853 (?) B.C., son and successor of Omri (1 Kings xvi-xxii). He found his kingdom in extreme peril; whole districts in the north had been swallowed up by the growing Syrian kingdom with capital at Damascus, which menaced its very life; and Moab and Edom were possessions only to be held down by force, with Syria constantly inciting them to revolt. He proved a prince of great energy and ability; twice he drove back Benhadad of Damascus and he held down Moab with a strong hand, crushing a wholesale insurrection, as proved by the inscription on the Moabite Stone (q.v.); he made the kingdom of Judah an ally and perhaps a vassal, and gained at least the neutrality and perhaps some of the resources of the kingdom of Tyre by marrying the Princess Jezebel. Unfortunately this involved letting her establish the worship of the Tyrian Baal, called Melkart, and made the extremists of the Yahwé priesthood his irreconcilable enemies and defamers. Yet he was no deserter of Yahwé, but merely a cool politician, who felt that his first duty to his country and even to its national religion was to save it from absorption in Syria, which would end Israel and the Yahwé cult at once; and 400 priests of Yahwé prophesied before him previous to his last campaign. His entire internal policy has been blackened by the affair of Naboth's vineyard, and Jezebel is a name of execration. Certainly the judicial murder was a great crime, but it shows at least that even an Oriental monarch 2,750 years ago could not expropriate an obstinate holder by sheer violence; defiance of royal.orders was not as safe to let go for a precedent then as now and more than one king has had his hand forced by his queen. Nor in fact did these things prejudice the larger interests of his reign. In 854 we find him strangely allied with his old enemy Ben-hadad against Shalmaneser (q.v.) of Assyria, though one would suppose he would gladly have seen Bɩnhadad crushed, and Assyria was no immediate danger; possibly he was menaced from other quarters and dared not refuse. At any rate, Shalmaneser inflicted a crushing defeat on the allies at Kargar near the Orontes in 854 and Ahab recovered liberty of action if he had lost it; for the next year he engaged in a new campaign against Ben-hadad, in alliance with Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, and was killed in

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battle. The Biblical narrative is taken from two opposed sources; one embodying the popular tradition of Ahab as a brave, capable and popular king, the other the priestly view of him as a bad man and monarch. His contest with Elijah (1 Kings xvii-xix) is a picturesque rendering of the latter.

AHASUERUS, a-hăz'ü-ĕ'rus, Scripture history, a king of Persia, the husband of Esther, to whom the Scriptures ascribe a singular deliverance of the Jews from extirpation, which they commemorate to this day by an annual feast, that of Purim, preceded by what is called the fast of Esther. Different opinions have been entertained as to which of the kings of Persia mentioned in other historical books may be the Ahasuerus of the Bible. He is probably the same as Xerxes. Ahasuerus is also a Scripture name for Cambyses, the son of Cyrus (Ezra iv, 6) and for Astyages, King of the Medes (Dan. ix, 1). The word Ahasuerus is merely the Latin form of the Hebrew Ashashverosh and is believed by some to be a transcription of the Persian Khshayarsha ("venerable king") and this name may be reasonably supposed to have been originally an appellative, so that its application by foreigners, like the Jews, to different royal personages is explained.

AHAVA, ȧ-ha-vą, the name of a stream and a district or town in Babylonia, mentioned in the book of Ezra. The river was probably one of the canals of the Euphrates near the city of Babylon. On its banks Ezra assembled his company and camped for three days before returning to Jerusalem. The site and the river still remain unidentified although many conjectures have been made. In the apocryphal book of First Esdras the name is given as Theras.

AHAZ, the 12th King of Judah, succeeded his father Jotham, 742 B.C. Forsaking his father's religion, he gave himself up so completely to idolatry that he is said to have caused his own son to pass through the fire to Moloch, and plundered the temple to obtain presents for Tiglath-pileser, King of Assyria, whose assistance he desired to obtain. His powerful ally freed him from his most formidable foes by invading Syria, taking Damascus, killing Rezin, the King, transporting the inhabitants of Kir, thus putting an end to the Syrian kingdom of Damascus, and by stripping Israel of the whole country east of the Jordan.

AHAZIAH, two kings referred to in the Bible. The first was the son and heir of Ahab, and the 8th King of Israel, from 851 to 849 B.C. On assuming power the Moabites refused to pay tribute, but before he could march against them he fell from a window of his palace and was badly injured. He sent messengers to the god Baal Zebub of Ekron to consult him in regard to his injuries, but the messengers were met by Elijah, the Prophet of Yahwé, who sent them back with the information that the King would die. He was succeeded on the throne by his brother Joram. The second Ahaziah referred to was the son of Jehoram and of Arab's daughter, Athaliah, the 6th King of Judah. In 2 Chron. xxi, 17 he is called Jehoahaz and in 2 Chron. xxii, 6 Azariah, which is an error of transcription, as indicated by the Greek version. With his uncle, Jehoram,

he served in the latter's campaign against Hazael, King of Syria. Later he was slain by Jehu, after having been on the throne only a year.

AHIKAR, ȧ-he-kar, the vizier of Sennacherib. The story of Ahikar has recently been published. Scholars claim for it a greater antiquity than that of the Book of Tobit or the Book of Daniel. Both seemed to have borrowed from it. Ahikar being childless, adopted a boy named Nadan and treated him as his own son. He was not worthy of the care lavished upon him. He forged treasonable letters in Ahikar's name, thus procuring Ahikar's condemnation to death. The executioner spared him but imprisoned him. In time he was restored to royal favor and Nadan delivered to him for punishment. The text of the story is in a volume issued from the Cambridge University Press (1898). In condensed form the reader is referred to the American Journal of Semitics (Vol. 16).

AHITH'OPHEL, privy counselor to King David, native of Giloh, in Judæa and supposed to be the grandfather of Bathsheba. He was implicitly trusted by David and Absalom and joined the latter when he revolted. It was he who advised Absalom to take possession of David's throne and concubines. In despair because Absalom took other advice than his, he went home and hanged himself.

AHMADABAD, ä'ma-da-bäd', chief town in the district of the same name, in the presidency of Bombay, India. It is situated on the banks of the river Sabarmutti, 309 miles north of Bombay. It was founded in 1412 by Ahmed Shah. In 1818 it came under British rule. It has always been the centre of the skilled handicrafts, being famous for the manufacture of silk fabrics, objects of the goldsmith's art and pottery. It is now also the centre of a big trade in cotton, indigo and opium. The Jumna Masjid, a magnificent mosque, shoots its two lofty minarets above the centre of the city. Here too is the mosque of Sujaat Khan and the modern Jain temple of Seth Hathi Sinh. The city walls, once a very complete system of fortifications and later fallen into ruins, were restored in 1834. Ahmadabad has now a modern system of water works installed and contains quite a number of educational institutions, the most important of which is the Rat Guza College. The population is estimated at a little over 216,000.

AHMED FUAD, 2d Sultan of Egypt: b. 1868. He is the youngest son of the Khedive Ismail Pasha, and succeeded his brother Hussein Kamel (q.v.) on the death of the latter in October 1917. He received most of his education in Italy and is regarded as a broadminded and progressive ruler. Always noted for his consistently friendly attitude toward the British connection, he is expected to pursue the same steadfast and loyal policy as his predecessor. He is strongly interested in all matters of national importance, particularly education and agriculture. He is the eighth descendant of Muhammad Ali, the founder of the dynasty, and has two brothers and three sisters living.

AHMED MIRZA, äh'med mir'zä, Shah of Persia: b. Tabriz, 8 Jan. 1898. He is the son of Mohammed Ali, whom he succeeded on the