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of Columbia in 1893, and one of the Venezuela boundary commissioners in 1896.

ALVORD, Benjamin, American soldier: b. Rutland, Vt., 8 Aug. 1813; d. 17 Oct. 1884. Received a military education at West Point and after serving in the second Seminole War and in the Mexican War also, was paymaster of the department of Oregon, 1854–62. He was brigadier-general of volunteers, 1862–65, retiring from the service in 1881 with the rank of brigadier-general. He published: "Tangencies of Circles and of Spheres (1855); and The Interpretation of Imaginary Roots in Questions of Maxima and Minima) (1860).

ALVORD, Henry Elijah, American soldier: b. Greenfield, Mass., 11 March 1844; d. 1904. He entered the army in 1862 and had risen to the rank of major in 1865. He was a cavalry captain in the regular army 1866-72, and chief engineer on General Sheridan's staff 1868-69. From 1886 to 1888 he was professor of agriculture in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and was president of the Maryland Agricultural College 1888-92. He was for many years prominent as an authority on agricultural questions.

ALWAR, ŭl'wūr, India, town and capital of the Rajput state of same name, situated at the base of a rocky range of quartz and slate, 80 miles south southwest of Delhi. The Rajah's palace is of cubical form and has its walls pierced with numerous small windows and is decorated with rude and glaring paintings; a pavilion of white marble, built by the late Rao Rajah, near a very deep tank which he had executed, displays no small degree of taste; and there are several Hindu temples in a style imitated from Mohammedan structures. A fort, crowning the lofty mountain which overhangs the town, is highly ornamented and serves the Rajah both as a summer palace and as an asylum in times of danger. Modern buildings include the Lady Dufferin hospital for women, a high school for young noblemen, and Catholic and Presbyterian churches. Pop. 41,500.

ALYTES, a'li-tez, the midwife toad, first discovered by P. Demours in 1741, on the border of a small pond in the Jardin des Plantes, in the very act of parturition which has rendered it famous. Alytes obstetricans is of special interest as the first known example of paternal solicitude in Batrachians, and although many no less wonderful cases have since been revealed to us, it remains the only one among European forms.

ALZOG, äl'tsôg, Johann Baptist, German theologian: b. Ohlan, Silesia, 29 June 1808; d. 1 March 1878. He studied at Breslau and Bonn and was ordained priest at Cologne in 1834. He was professor of church history at Posen 183544 and at Freiburg from 1844 until his death. With Döllinger he was instrumental in convoking the famous Munich assembly of Catholic scholars in 1863. He also took part in the preparatory work of the Vatican council. His fame rests mainly on his 'Manual of Universal Church History,' which is generally accepted as the best exposition of Catholic views.

AMADIS DE GAULA, the most famous romance of chivalry in prose, was printed in

its earliest extant edition at Saragossa in 1508. Its author was Garci Rodriguez or Ordoñez de Montalvo, governor of Medina del Campo in Old Castile, whose avowed purpose was to draw from "the ancient originals," which have since perished, a story that might inspire Spanish youth with a desire to emulate the noble deeds of knighthood. Montalvo, in expanding what seems to have been a Portuguese model from three books to four, and in adding a fifth, started upon its career the fiction destined to unfold in more continuations than any other known to literary history. It is presumed that the writer of the Portuguese original was João de Lobeira, a member of the poetical circle of King Denis of Portugal in the late 13th century. Like others of his coterie, Lobeira was subject to French influence and acquainted with legends of the prowess of the knights of King Arthur and Charlemagne; but his 'Amadis is distinguished from romances of the Arthurian and Carlovingian cycles by being wholly fictitious, founded neither upon tradition nor upon history. Another Lobeira of the 14th century (Vasco, q.v.) has been credited with the authorship of the Portuguese Amadis, since its ascription to him by a chronicler of the 15th century. His claim, however, is now no longer accepted by scholars, who at most will concede to him a later manuscript version rumored to have been lost in the Lis

bon earthquake. In any case, 'Amadis' achieved its renown, not in the Portuguese of either Lobeira, but in the Spanish of Montalvo, who probably had Castilian as well as Portuguese versions upon which to draw. If the origin of Amadis' be obscure, its place among the monuments of literature is certain. As Cervantes declared in 'Don Quixote,' it is "the best of all books of this kind that have ever been written." It is also, according to Prof. F. M. Warren, "our first modern novel." The time of the story is "not long after the Passion of our Lord"; its scenes are laid in a mythical Great Britain and an imaginary Firm Island. Gaula signifies Wales; Amadis of Gaul is a prince of Wales born of a secret amour, reared as a knight, and serving devotedly the fair English princess Oriana. For her sake he contends against monsters and enchantments, defends her father's kingdom from an oppressor, and opposes the Roman emperor as rival. He wins a victory over the emperor, whose suit is favored by the lady's father, but, in his hour of triumph, consents to spare the latter, and at last is formally united to Oriana in marriage. High ideals mark the workpride, honor, valor, love, loyalty to the king, and religion. It contains nothing of the extravagant code of faith and honor which grew up in the Spanish decadence, and exhibits comparatively little of the absurdity so characteristic of its fantastic continuations. Of such continuations the first was Montalvo's "Fifth Book" entitled 'The Deeds of Esplandian,' its hero the son of Amadis and Oriana. Most others followed the fortunes of some one of Esplandian's descendants, professing to be but additional books of the original 'Amadis.' That original may be read in Robert Southey's abridgment of its Elizabethan translation by Anthony Munday. The English reader should also consult Prof. F. M. Warren's "History of the Novel Previous to the Seventeenth

Century (1894). The best Spanish treatment of Amadis' is to be found in Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo's 'Origenes de la novela' (1905).

FRANK W. CHANDLER, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Cincinnati.

AMADO DE CONTRERAS, Ramón Ruiz, Spanish clergyman and writer on education: b. Castello d' Ampurias, Catalonia, Spain, 14 Jan. 1861. He received his education at the University of Barcelona; practised law from 1881 to 1884, when he entered the Society of Jesus. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1896 and in the same year was appointed teacher of humanities, Latin and Greek at the Vernela Scholasticate. He spent several years in literary work in the interests of education and in traveling in Germany, England and South America. In these travels he made a special study of the educational systems of Germany, England, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. In 1906-10 he was associate editor of Razón y Fe, and in 1910 became the founder of the review La Educación Hispano-Americana. He is one of the founders of the Academia Universitaria Católica de Madrid and for a time was professor of higher pedagogy. He has published several works on education, including: La Educación moral,', 'La Educación intelectual,' 'La Educatión religiosa,' 'Historia de la educación y la Pedagogia,' 'Educación femenina,' 'Educación civica,' 'Didactica ó el Arte de enseñar,' Compendio de Historia de España,' 'La Iglesia y la libertad de enseñanza,' 'La Historia de los Papas, translated from the German of Ludwig Pastor. He was a contributor to the 'Catholic Encyclopedia' and of articles on education to Razón y Fe.

numerous

AMADOR, ä'ma-dor, Manuel, the 1st President of the Republic of Panama: b. 1841; d. 1909. He was for many years minister of France in Panama. He was soldier, statesman, scholar and diplomat and was largely instrumental in establishing the new republic of Panama (q.v.) He adopted the practice of medicine in early life and became eminent in his profession. He sided with the revolutionist party against Colombia, which achieved the independence of Panama. Elected President of the new republic, 17 Feb. 1904, he was inaugurated to hold office four years and at the expiration of his term declined renomination. Since then the principal fortification of the Pacific end of the Panama Canal has been named in his honor, Fort Amador.

AMADOU, äm'a-doó, a soft leathery substance obtained from certain fungi, chiefly Polyporus fomentarius and P. igniarius, which are parasitic upon the trunks of trees. It is prepared chiefly in Germany by slicing the fungus and soaking the slices in a solution of saltpeter. It is used for tinder and in surgery as a moxa or styptic. It is also known as German tinder and punk.

AMAL, the name of the noblest family among the Ostrogoths, and that from which nearly all their kings were chosen.

AMALEKITES, an ancient tribe in the southeast of Palestine, frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as enemies of the Israelites.

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The name is celebrated in Arabian tradition, but the statements in regard to them are conflicting and confused and almost worthless from a historical point of view. They appear as a branch of the Edomites (Genesis xxxvi, 12), Amalek being represented as the son of Eliphaz, who was himself the son of Esau by Timina, a Horite woman. When the Israelites journeyed from Egypt to Canaan the Amalekites are said to have harassed them and because of this hostility it was divinely ordered that their memory should be blotted out (Deut. xxv, 17-19). A victory by them over Israel is mentioned (Num. xix, 45) and a defeat at Raphidin (Èx. xvii, 8-16). The statements, however, are obscure and the situation is further complicated by the account of Joshua's victory over the Amalekites in the Sinaitic peninsula. According to 1 Sam. xv, Saul received a divine command to destroy the tribe because of its enmity to Israel, and David conquered a marauding band of these ancient enemies of his people. The spirit of hostility is shown also in Balaam's prophecy "Amalek, first of nations, his latter end (will be) destruction" (Num. xxiv, 20). Even in the Psalms (lxxxiii, 7) Amalek is cited as the traditional enemy of Israel; later in the Book of Esther Haman, the arch-enemy of Israel, is termed "the Agagite," emphasizing his descent from Agag, King of the hated race, and is opposed to Mordecai the Bengamite. Consult Grimme, 'Mohammed' (1904); Meyer, Eduard, 'Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme' (1906); Nöldeke, 'Ueber die Amalekiter' (Göttingen 1864), and Schmidt 'Messages of the Poets (1911).

AMALFI, a-mäl'fe, Italy, town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, in the province of Salerno. It lies 12 miles southwest from the town of Salerno, at the mouth of a deep ravine, in the centre of splendid coast scenery, and is in consequence much frequented by tourists. It contains a splendid cathedral of the 11th century and a Capuchin monastery (now used as a hotel) with fine cloisters. In the 9th century it had a considerable trade with the East and was then an independent republic, with a population of some 70,000. In 1343 a large part of the town was destroyed by an inundation and its harbor is now of little importance. Its industries, too, have declined, and the paper manufacture has lost ground since 1861. Pop. (1911) 6,681.

AMALGAM, an alloy in which mercury is an important constituent. Silver and gold amalgams occur in nature to a limited extent, but most of the amalgams are of artificial origin. Four general methods of forming them may be noted: (1) By direct contact of mercury with the metal to be amalgamated. Amalgams of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, gold, lead, magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium, tellurium, thorium, tin and zinc may be obtained in this way. The different elements mentioned combine with the mercury with varying manifestations of affinity, the amalgamation of sodium being attended with the production of heat and light, while in the case of zinc it is often necessary to bring the zinc and mercury together in the presence of dilute acid before they will combine evenly and smoothly. (2) By immersing the metal to be amalgamated in a solution of a salt of mercury. Copper,

gold, platinum and silver can be amalgamated in this way. (3) By reversing the process last described and bringing mercury in contact with a salt of the metal whose amalgam is desired. The mercury, in certain cases, will partially replace the metal in solution, the portion so replaced combining with the mercury with the production of the desired amalgam. A valuable modification of this method consists in substituting for the metallic mercury an amalgam of zinc or of sodium, the zinc or sodium changing places with the metal in solution. Amalgams of bismuth, calcium, chromium, iridium, iron, magnesium, manganese, osmium, palladium and strontium may be prepared by the use of sodium amalgam. (4) By electrolysis, the metal whose amalgam is desired being used as the cathode in a solution of a mercurial salt. (The cathode may also be metallic mercury, and the electrolyte a salt of the metal whose amalgam is desired). This process is in commercial use for the production of sodium hydrate, a solution of sodium chloride (common salt) being electrolyzed with a mercury cathode. The cathode absorbs the sodium with the formation of sodium amalgam, which is subsequently decomposed by contact with water. In practice the process is continuous, a part of the mercury cathode being exposed to the electrolytic bath, while another part is simultaneously exposed to the action of the water.

In the formation of amalgams there is usually but little thermal effect. In the case of sodium and potassium, however, a very considerable amount of heat is evolved; and in the formation of amalgams of bismuth, lead and tin, heat is absorbed.

There is considerable evidence in favor of the view that many amalgams contain definite compounds of mercury and the other constituent metals. Thus when certain amalgams are heated (say) to the boiling point of sulphur, the excess of mercury present appears to be volatilized, so as to leave a body behind that has a definite chemical composition. In this way Sonza obtained amalgams having the apparent composition Au.Hg, AgHg, CueHg, NaзHg, and K.Hg, the last-mentioned being silvery in appearance and crystalline in structure. But it is said that all these amalgams, as well as many others, continue to lose mercury slowly when the temperature is maintained high; and this fact, while not disproving the existence of a definite compound of mercury and the metal, lessens its probability. Amalgams having the composition CuHg, AgHg, FeHg, ZnHg, PbHg and PtHg2 have also been prepared by expelling the excess of mercury from amalgams richer in that metal by exposure to a pressure of 70 tons to the square inch. One of the most interesting amalgams from the standpoint of chemical theory is the amalgam of the hypothetical radical "ammonium," which is described under AMMONIA,

The affinity of mercury for gold is put to practical use in mining for the recovery of small particles of gold from auriferous gravel or crushed quartz. The details of the process vary somewhat according to the nature of the material from which the gold is to be extracted; but in general it may be said that the pulverized gold-bearing quartz or gravel is washed, in a finely divided state, over a plate

of amalgamated copper, to which the gold particles adhere. From time to time the gold amalgam is scraped from the copper plate and more mercury is added. The presence of sulphur (from pyrites) seriously interferes with this process, by causing the formation of a sulphide of mercury which destroys the efficiency of the amalgamated plate. The mercury is then said, in miners' parlance, to become "sick." To prevent this the ore, if originally rich in pyrites, is roasted to expel the sulphur before being submitted to amalgamation. See GOLD.

Mirrors are silvered by amalgams. One of the simplest of those so used is composed of one part of tin to three of mercury. A superior amalgam for this purpose contains two parts of bismuth, one part each of lead and tin and four parts of mercury, In dentistry the "silver filling" used for closing the cavities in teeth is an amalgam. Its composition varies somewhat, but a preparation containing two parts of mercury and one part of pulverized zinc gives excellent results. It hardens quickly and expands slightly in solidifying, thus filling the cavity tightly. Amalgams of copper, silver, lead and tin have a volume smaller than the sum of the volumes of their constituents. BATTERY.

See

AMALTEO, ä-mäl'tā-ō, Pomponio, Italian painter: b. San Vito 1505; d. there 1584. He was a pupil and son-in-law of Pordenone, whose style he closely imitated. His works consist chiefly of frescoes and altar-pieces and many of them have suffered greatly from the ravages of time.

AMANA, äm'a-na, Iowa, town in Iowa County, 28 Miles west of Iowa City, the site of a German communistic religious colony founded in 1885. It includes the seven villages of Amana, the oldest and largest; East Amana; Middle Amana; High Amana; West Amana; South Amana and Homestead. The society is governed by a president and a board of 13 directors, and each village is controlled by seven or more elders appointed by the board of directors. Family life is kept up, but in every village are from four to 16 "kitchen-houses" where meals are prepared and served. The community owns and operates woolen, flour and saw mills, dye shops, machine shops and other industrial establishments, and agriculture is extensively followed. The inhabitants dress plainly and in sober colors. The community is primarily a religious organization, and the sect itself dates its founding from Eberhard Gruber, in Würtemberg, in 1714. By its members it is known as "The Community of True Inspiration." The total value of their property comprising 26,000 acres of land is valued at $1,800,000. Pop. 1,729.

AMANITA, a genus of fungi related to the genus Agaricus, to which the common mushroom belongs, and for which two of its poisonous members (see below) are sometimes mistakenly eaten. A. muscaria, the fly mushroom, so called from its use as a decoction in milk for killing flies, is commonest in the birch, beech and pine woods of Europe and America. It has a variously colored cap—white, yellow, orange, red, etc.- usually warted above and sometimes four or more inches in diameter; white or occasionally yellow gills, and a long

It is

white stem with bulbous base. Though universally considered poisonous it is said to be used by certain Old World peoples to produce a kind of intoxication. A. phalloides, death-cup, deadly agaric, deadly amanita, is commonly found in woods, especially in damp weather, from early summer until mid-autumn. usually white, sometimes light yellow or grayish; its cap is seldom as large as four inches in diameter; its gills white; its stem hollow and slender above, solid and bulbous at the base, which is surrounded by a cup which has suggested one of its common names. With reasonable caution on the part of the collector none of these species should be mistaken for the common mushroom, because all three grow singly in woods and have white gills and white spores; whereas the mushroom grows in clumps in pastures and upon lawns, occasionally in grassy open woods. Its gills are pink in young specimens and darker in old ones; its spores dark-colored, and it has no cup at the base of the stem.

AMANITIN, a strongly basic ptomaine (or perhaps leucomaine) occurring in the poisonous fungus Amanita muscaria (Agaricus muscarius), or fly agaric. Amanitin is not poisonous, but is converted by oxidation into muscarin (q.v.), to which the deadly effects of the fly agaric are due. Amanitin is believed to be. identical with cholin, neurin and sincalin. See NEURINE.

AMANUENSIS, a Latin word, derived from the phrase servus a manu, slave of the hand, a secretary, one who writes, from dictation or otherwise, on behalf of another.

AMAPALA, a-mä'pa-la, Honduras, a seaport on the north shore of the island of Tigre, in the bay of Fonseca. It has an excellent harbor and carries on an important exporting trade in silver, coffee, indigo, timber, hides and fish. It was founded in 1838. Pop. 4,000.

AMARA. See KUT-EL-AMARA.

AMARA SIN'HA, Sanskrit grammarian: lived about 375 A.D. Of his personal history hardly anything is known. Amara seems to have been a Buddhist; and a tradition asserts that his works, with one exception, were destroyed during the persecution by the Orthodox Brahmins in the 5th century. The exception is the celebrated Amara-Kosha) (Treasury of Amara), a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, in three books, and hence sometimes called 'Trikanda' or the 'Tripartite. It contains 10,000 words, and is arranged, like other works of its class, in metre, to aid the memory. An edition of the entire work, with English notes and index, appeared in 1808. The Sanskrit text was printed at Calcutta in 1831.

AMARANTHUS, the typical genus of herbaceous plants of the family Amaranthacea. This family consists of apetalous plants chiefly inhabiting tropical countries, and remarkable for the white or reddish scales of which their flowers are composed. In some species the flowers preserve their appearance after they are plucked and dried, and on this account poets make the plant an emblem of immortality. The name is from the Greek, meaning "not withering," and was originally Amarantus. The family contains about 500 species, some which, as love-lies-bleeding, prince's feather

of

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and cockscomb are common garden plants. In the wild state they are mostly troublesome and unsightly weeds, of which the tumbleweed and pigweed are well-known American examples. Some of the foreign plants are cultivated as pot herbs, and others for their medicinal properties. Their chief commercial value is as decorative plants, for which purpose immense quantities are used in the southern parts of Europe, where they are employed to ornament the churches when fresh-grown blooms are not procurable. The seeds of some species were formerly used by the American Indians for food.

AMARAPURA, ŭm'a-rä-poo'ra, Burma, formerly the capital of the Burmese kingdom, now a suburb of Mandalay. The town was founded in 1783, increased rapidly in size and population, and in 1810 was estimated to contain 170,000 inhabitants. In that year it was destroyed by fire, and this disaster caused a decline in the prosperity of the place. It was finally abandoned as a capital in 1860. The remains of the former palace of the Burmese monarchs still survive. It has a station on the Rangoon-Mandalay Railway. Pop. about 10,000.

AMARI, a-mä'rē, Michele, Italian orientalist and patriot: b. Palermo 1806; d. Florence 1889. He imbibed liberal principles at an early age, and was an active sympathizer in the various revolutions in Sicily. He came under the suspicion of the authorities and escaped to Paris, where he took an interest in Arabic studies. His translations and editions of Oriental texts, as well as his historical essays, made him a reputation. In 1844 he began his great work, 'La Storia dei Musulmani in Sicilia, but the revolution of 1848 plunged him into politics once more. On the expulsion of the Bourbons from Sicily he held various public offices. He soon after returned to Paris and resumed his Arabic studies. In 1859 he was appointed professor of Arabic at Pisa and afterward at Florence. He was the pioneer of Arabic studies in modern Italy, and he still remains the standard authority on the Mussulman domination of Sicily.

AMARILLO, Tex., city in Potter County, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf, the Fort Worth and Denver City, the Pecos and Northern Texas and the Southern Kansas and Texas railroads; 32 miles southwest of Panhandle. The city is the centre of a flourishing agricultural and stock-raising section, and has made a rapid growth. Its manufactures are conducted by 36 establishments (U. S. census 1914) employing 429 persons, of whom 311 were wage earners receiving $255,000 in wages. The capital engaged was $1,094,000, and the total output was valued at $986,000; of this, $477,000 was the value added by manufacture. Pop. (1900), 1,440; (1910), 9,957; (1914), 16,000.

AMARNA LETTERS a collection of several hundred cuneiform clay tablets discovered in 1887 at Tel-el-Amarna, a village on the Nile in middle Egypt, on the site of a city built by Amenophis IV. They comprise the correspondence of the Egyptian court about 1400 B.C., and with but three exceptions are in the Babylonian language. Some of them were written by Amenophis III and Amenophis IV and other royal personages contemporary with these, but

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the majority are by Egyptian officials and allies in Syria. Their discovery has thrown much light not only on the history of Egypt itself, but upon the condition of the Holy Land prior to the Hebrew invasion. An English translation of the letters, by Metcalfe, with the title 'The Tel-el-Amarna Letters,' appeared in 1896.

AM'ARYL'LIDA'CEÆ, a family of monocotyledonous plants, generally bulbous, sometimes fibrous-rooted. Their characteristics are a highly-colored flower, six stamens and an inferior three-celled ovary. They are natives chiefly of Africa; but species are found in the warmer parts of Europe, in America and tropical Asia, and a few in Australia. To this family belong the snowdrop, the snowflake, the daffodil, the belladonna-lily, the so-called Guernsey lily (probably a native of Japan), the Brunsvigias, the bloodflowers (Hamanthus) of the cape of Good Hope, different species of Narcissus, Amaryllis, Galanthus, Crinum, Agave, Atamasco lily, star-grass, spider lily, etc. The agave and sisal (q.v.) are of considerable commercial value, but the family as a whole is chiefly ornamental.

AMARYLLIS, a genus of bulbous plants of the family Amaryllidacea. The principal species is A. belladonna, the Belladonna lily, of southern Africa, much cultivated for its handsome reddish flowers. The name Amaryllis, however, is most commonly applied by gardeners to species of the nearly related genus Hippeastrum. This consists of 60 or 70 species, natives of tropical America. Many of them are widely cultivated as pot plants because of their large and showy flowers which range in color from white to deep red. This group of plants has been greatly improved, particularly in the size and color of the flowers, by hybridization.

AMARYLLIS, the name of a shepherdess in the Theocritean 'Idyls' and the Virgilian 'Eclogues'; also of a character in Spenser's 'Colin Clout's Come Home Again'; of the shepherdess in love with Perigot, in Fletcher's pastoral 'The Faithful Shepherdess'; and of a character in Buckingham's comedy The Rehearsal.'

AMASA (more correctly AMMISHAI), the nephew of David, King of Israel. He was commander-in-chief of Absalom's rebel army, and after its defeat received from David a promise of the same post in his own army in place of Joab. On the renewal of the revolt under Sheba, Amasa was assigned the task of collecting the men of Judah; as he did not appear when due (perhaps knowing too much about the disturbance), Abishai was sent in his place, and Joab's company took part without commission. Amasa met them at Gibeon, and under pretense of a salute Joab stabbed his cousin and rival (2 Sam. xx, 9).

AMASIA, a-mä-se-a, Asiatic Turkey, a city in the province of Anatolia, 335 miles east of Constantinople, famed as the ancient capital of Pontus and as the birthplace of the historian Strabo. Picturesquely situated in a deep valley, it is built almost entirely of stone and contains a massive citadel and a notably fine mosque. Silk is made here, and salt, wine, wheat and cotton are also exported. Pop. about 30,000.

AMASIS I, Egyptian king, the first monarch of the 18th dynasty. His rule lasted for some 20 years following 1600 B.C. He expelled the Shepherd Kings from Egypt and laid Palestine and Phoenicia under tribute.

B.C.

AMASIS II, Egyptian king: b. 570; d. 526 He cultivated friendly relations with the Greeks, and established Greek commerce at Naucratis. Pythagoras and Solon are said to have visited him. He greatly enriched Memphis.

AMATEUR. Up to the middle of the 19th century this now ever-recurring word was used exclusively to define those who for the love of the arts, and not for the profit to be derived from the exercise of them, painted, or engraved, or sang. In such of the recreations and sports as were then in vogue and which some men engaged in for pleasure and others for pay, the phrase used to distinguish the two classes varied. If a man of means rode a horse in a race or a steeplechase for the pure love of equestrianism, while others rode for fees, the one was called a "gentleman rider," and the rest were "jockeys." So again in cricket, those who participated in matches were designated by two titles: "gentlemen," denoting those who participated con amore, and "players," those who played for pay. It was always easy to recognize one from the other, for in the list of published names one class was always designated "Mr.," as "Mr. Somerville," while the "players" would lack that prefix and appear as "Thomas Sadler."

Golf of that period was more democratic; neither the word amateur nor any other distinguishment had appeared; cobbler and prince played together, and for stakes too, without a thought of one or the other losing caste. James II, King of England, while still Duke of York, chose an Edinburgh shoemaker as his golfing partner to play two Scotch peers for a goodly stake of money which he and the cobbler won. The Prince did the honorable thing by giving up his half of the stake to the shoemaker, with which and his own share the latter bought a house in the Cripplegate of the city.

The ancient exemption of golf from the distinction between amateur and professional persists even to this day; according to the rules formulated by the United States Golf Association, amateurs may play in contests against professionals, even for a prize, provided only the prize is not cash.

Football at that period was largely in abeyance, except among schoolboys, and the need of definitions had not arisen.

The word amateur in sports first appears in connection with rowing. Up to the year 1835 such rowing contests as had taken place had been on the one hand confined to watermen, who at that time had to serve apprenticeships and could not ply their trade without; and on the other hand to inter-collegiate and interuniversity crews. Neither class needed definitions. But at that time an open regatta was organized at Henley, in which it would have been manifestly unjust to allow watermen and others who had had a lifetime's experience and of hardened training to enter and compete against those for whom the regatta was really intended, that is, those who loved aquatic sport for its own sake and followed it only as a