carnivora and the ungulates. The birds according to M. Quinton are posterior and organically superior to the mammi. fers.

Ré

Lissauer (A.) Ueber den ersten Internationalen Archäologen-Kongress in Athen von 7-13. April 1905. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, xxxvII, 537-546.) sumés papers, etc., particularly that of Dörpfeld on cremation and burial of the dead in ancient Greece (cremation and then burial was the custom from prehistoric times to the Christian era; Homeric literature belongs to the younger Mycenæan epoch), and others by Evans, Montelius, etc.

Manouvrier (L.) L'Anthropologie à l' Exposition de Saint-Louis (U. S. A.) en 1904. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 231-256.) Brief account of anthropology at the St. Louis Exposition -exhibit of Bureau of American Ethnology, Section of Physical Anthropology and Laboratory, Indian Schools exhibition, Congress of Arts and Sciences, etc. Meisner (H.) Isocephalie und Degeneration. (A. f. Rassen- u. Ges.-Biol., Berlin, 1905, 11, 76-85.) Argues against the views of Waldenburg (in his dissertation on Das isocephale Rassens element unter Halligfriesen und jüdischen Taubstummen) that the presence of a high degree of shortheadedness (hyperbrachycephaly and isocephaly) in modern blonds is a sign of degeneration, and that deaf-mutism and mental diseases stand in a certain relation thereto. Statistics do not bear out W.'s opinion. Montelius (O.) The evolution of the lotus ornament. (Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., Lond., 1904 [1905], LXXIV, 700.) Brief notes on lotus ornament in Egypt, Assyria, Cyprus, Greece. In Greece lotus becomes common only in first millenium B. C., although known in Mycenæan times. The palmette and "Ionian capital" go back to the lotus. Newell (W. W.) In Memoriam : Washington Matthews. (J. Amer. Folk-Lore, Boston, 1905, XVIII, 245-247.) Brief account of life, 1843-1905, and scientific activities, publications, etc., personal character. Dr M. "was poet as well as artist." A biography by C. F. Lummis is in preparation. Northup (C. S.) A bibliography of comparative literature. (Mod. Lang. Notes, Balt., 1905, XX, 235-239.) Critical review, with corrections and numerous additions, of Baldensperger's new edition

(Strassburg, 1904) of Betz's La littérature comparée; essai bibliographique. Peet (S. D.) The story of the temptation, or the contest between good and evil. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 139-152, 8 fgs.) Treats this theme as represented in the Hebrew scriptures, the Orient, America (Iroquois, Aztecs, Mayas, etc.).

The story of the deluge. (Ibid., 201-216, 5 fgs.) Refers to deluge legends of ancient Semites, Greeks, Chinese, Hindus, American Indians (Algonquians, Navahos, Aztecs, etc.) The views of Prof. Suess are reported at some length.

Ancient alphabets and sacred books (Ibid., 265-280, 8 fgs.) Treats of cuneiform writing, Egyptian hieroglyphics, the alphabet and history, etc.

Spear-heads, knives, stone axes, and other edged tools. (Ibid., 297-304, 3 pl., I fg.). General discussion of flint implements, grooved axes, etc.

The boomerang and the bow and arrow. (Ibid., 233-250, 2 pl. 6 fgs.) Discusses generally the bow and arrow, the harpoon, with references to Tylor, Holmes, Mason. Prinzing (F.)

Die kleinere Sterblichkeit des weiblichen Geschlechts in den Kul

turstaaten und ihre Ursachen. (A. f. Rassen- u. Ges.-Biol., Berlin, 1905, II, 253-266, 369-382.) The proportion of women to 1000 men in the various European states ranges from 893 in Bosnia to 1090 in Portugal, averaging 1025. The female mortality is in almost all these countries lower than the male. The smaller mortality is conditioned by the smaller dangers to the life of woman during the period 15-40 years and in old age. In the period 5-15 years tuberculosis raises the death-rate and in the period 15-20 years the effects of civilization are perceptible.

Reinach (S.) Le serpent et la femme. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 178-180.) Author seeks to explain the "enmity between the serpent and the woman "(Gen. iii) by reference to the belief current in various regions of the primitive world (and recently reported from Portugal) that the menstrual flow is the result of the bite of a serpent. The heel of the Biblical narrative is euphemistic. Sastri (K. S. R.) Shakespeare and the Indian drama. (Educ. Rev., Madras, 1905, XI, 388-402.) Treats of develop

ment of Hindu drama in comparison with Greek and Shakespearean. Hindus have no tragedy; Hindu "fool" of lower type. Imitation of Shakespeare needed in development of plot, fusion of comic and serious, etc.

Schallmayer (W.) Die soziologische Bedeutung des Nachwuchses der Begabteren und die psychische Vererbung. (A. f. Rassen- u. Ges. -Biol., Berlin, 1905, 11, 36-75.) Discusses recent theories and investigations, particularly those of Sombart and Steinmetz concerning the size of the families of the more talented classes of the population, the social significance of their posterity, etc. S. thinks that the noticeable reduced fertility (in the well-to-do and the talented classes) is partly involuntary,— sexual diseases are more hurtful here than with the less talented and less wealthy. Bodily and mental heredity may exist, without, e. g., as Odin points out, genius or talent (i. e., special mental constructions) being inherited. Sébillot (P.) M. Girard de Rialle.

(Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, v S., VI, 149-150.) Brief sketch of scientific activities of the French ethnog rapher and folklorist. His brain and skull were left to the Society.

Siffre (A.) Les caractères de la dent carnivore chez l'homme et les anthropoides. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 137-149, 18 fgs.) Treats of the origin and nature of the human teeth (man has 8 heterodont groups) in comparison with those of the anthropoids. The differences in the form of the temporary and the permanent organs may represent stages of evolution.

Velde (-) Rachitische Bildung des Schädels. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 619-620.) Note on an individual with very marked rachitic skull and other characters.

Virchow (H.) Zwei Photos eines durch Formalin- Alkoholgemisch injizierten Kopfes mit präparierter Gesichtsmuskulatur.

(Ibid., 620–622.) Brief description of a head so prepared as to retain the physiognomic minutia and permit comparison with muscular forms.

Einen Kopf, der zur Hälfte aus dem Schaädel, zur Hälfte aus der Gesichtsmaske besteht. (Ibid., 781-785, 2 fgs.) By median section one half of the face of the head described in previous paper was removed, so that the head at present exhibits the natural outlines of the face

on one side and of the bones on the other. V. points out the advantages of this disposition for the reconstruction of the faces of historical personages from the skull, if preserved, and from paintings, the inaccuracies of the artist can thus be corrected. Also faces of primitive peoples.

Vorobieff (V. V.) The degenerate ear. Anatomo-anthropological sketch. (J. of Ment. Path., N. Y., 1905, VII, 57-75.) Résumés previous investigations and gives results of own. Bibliography of 30 titles. See American Anthropologist, 1902, N. S., IV, 767.

W. (R.) Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings. (Educ. Rev., Madras, 1905, XI, 356-358.) Notes on the language of a boy up to his third year. A few "original words" are noted; also grammatical peculiarities, etc. Weinberg (R.) Zur Theorie einer anatomischen Rassensystematik. (A. f. Rassen- u. Ges. -Biol., Berlin, 1905, II., 198-214.) Discusses and criticises particularly the systematic attempt of Ivanovski's (see American Anthropologist, 1905, N. S., VII, 547) attempt to arrange and classify the data available for a number of anthropological characters of the population of Russia (color of hair and eyes, stature, length of head, cephalic index, height index, facial index, cheekbones index, nasal index, length of face, length of trunk, chest-circumference, arm-length, length of leg). There are objections to the use of the so-called "difference-unity as a rule of comparison for diverse peoples.

Wood (F. A.) The origin of color-names. (Mod. Lang. Notes, Balt., 1905, XX, 225-229.) Discusses various ways in which color-names arise, "they are always transferred terms, and, in the old color-names at least, usually come from the restricted use of various descriptive terms," and "the color denoted depends upon association, not upon any inherent meaning in the word itself." The article résumés part of the author's Color-names and their Congeners (Halle, 1902).

EUROPE

Bandi (E.) Volkstümliche Handwerkskunst und bäurische Zierformen. (Schw. A. f. Volksk., Zürich, 1905, IX, 243-250, 5 pl., 2 fgs.) Treats of the pottery and stone-ware of the Swiss peasants, their

ornamentation, inscriptions, etc., particularly in Aargau. The crockery of Langnau is the richest in decoration; that of Heimberg is simpler. The new pottery does not compare with the old and the new ornamentation lacks character. Baudouin (M.) Découverte d'un menhir tombé sous les dunes et d'une station gallo-romaine aux Chaumes de St. Hilaire de Riez, Vendée. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 125134, 3 fgs.) Detailed description of a flat menhir covered with sand at a place called Creux d'Argent (legend has it that a treasure is hidden here), its situation, etc. Dr B. considers that this stone is not "an erratic block," conveyed naturally, but a block from the Cennuanian sands, coming from outside of Chaumes.

Bouchet (-) Les sépultures de l'âge

du bronze de la grotte de Courchapon, Doubs. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 309-316, 4 fgs.) Describes with measurements, 4 crania (indices 68.39, 78.82, 75.70, 77.96) from the grotto of Courchapon, belonging to the end of the bronze age, in the valley of the Ognon, Doubs. The cranial capacity is rather small. Affinity with the dolichochephals of the bronze age in the Rhine valley, southern Germany and Switzerland, is indicated.

Boule (M.) Les grottes des BaoussésRoussés. (Ibid., 503-506.) Notes on the chronology of the Grotto of the Prince, near Mentone, and on the age of the human skeletons from the Mentone grottos. According to B. the human remains from these caves belong to all periods of the Quaternary— the negroid skeletons go back to the epoch of the oldest Quaternary fauna.

L'origine des éolithes. (Ibid., 257267, 15 fgs.) B. cites evidence to show how flints identical with so-called

"eoliths" may be produced by the simple play of physical forces, as e. g., at Mantes. Some of the eoliths may have received their present form from the processes of their extraction by excava

Breuil (H.) Nouvelles figurations du mammouth gravés sur os à propos d'objects d'art découverts à St. Mihiel, Meuse. (R. de l'Éc. d' Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 150-155, 9 fgs.) Describes new engravings of the mammoth (or parts) or bones from the "shelter" of Roche-Plate near St. Mihiel. Flints were not numerous (several atypic). Bones and teeth of reindeer, horse, ox, goat (?) were found-those of the deer and larger animals were absent. Harpoons and needles also were lacking. This "shelter" belongs probably to a period earlier than the last epoch of the reindeer age.

L'âge du bronze dans le bassin de Paris. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 149-171, II fgs.) Treats of bronze axes from the basin of the river Somme, of which there are recognized four types (flat, straight-edged, "heeled," and winged). The rarest are the flat. The oldest types of metal axes are absent or are exceptional in Picardy. Busse (-) Das Brandgräberfeld bei Wilhelmsau, Kreis Nieder-Barnim. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 569–591, 33 fg.) Describes briefly the contents (weapons, implements and utensils, ornaments, etc., metal objects, etc.) of 55 graves in the cremation-cemetery of Wilhelmsau, investigated 1901-1904. These remains represent a Teutonic people of the third to the fourth century B. C. The pottery is essentially different from that of the La Tène and Hallstatt age. Noteworthy are a terra nigra vessel with a relief-frieze and a silver doubleroll fibula. See Kossinna, Lissauer. Capitan (L.) Les deux conférences de M. le Dr Capitan, à Bordeaux. Analyse par l'Abbé Brun. (Soc. Arch. de Bordeaux, 1903, XXXIV, 94-108.) Résumé of two addresses by Dr Capitan before the Archeological Society of Bordeaux on "The ethnographic method applied to the study of the drawings and paintings in the prehistoric grottos of Aquitaine." Capitan (L.), Breuil (H.), et Peyrony (M.) Figurations du lion et de l'ours des cavernes et du rhinocéros tichorhinus sur les parois des grottes par l'homme de l'époque du renne. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 237-238.) Brief account of engravings of cave-lions in the grottos of Font de Gaume and Combarelles; of cave-bear at Combarelles; of rhinoceros tichorhinus at Font de Gaume, etc.

Cartailhac (E.) Congrès préhistorique de France. Première session à Périgueux. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 507-519.) Brief account of meeting, with résumés of principal papers, etc. Cartailhac (E.) et Breuil (H.) Les peintures et gravures murales des cavernes Pyrénéennes. II. Marsonlas, près Saliesdu-Salat, Haute Garonne. (Ibid., 431444, 10 fgs.) Treats of the animal figures (goat, horse, etc.,) engraved and painted, tectiform, pectiform signs, arborescent figures, groups of points, cross, etc., on the walls of the cavern of Marsonlas. There are about a dozen rude sketches of human heads. At Marsonlas there are three distinct "pictorial layers," — black animal figures; polychrome animal figures with tectiforms and hands, enigmatic red figures, crosses and branchy bands. One painting with tectiform, arborescent, and punctillated figures is remarkable.

Cunningham (D.), Gray (J.), et al. Anthropometric investigation in Great Britain and Ireland. Report of Committee. (Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., Lond., 1904 [1905], 330-337.) Outlines scheme for establishment of central anthropometrical bureau (honorary consultative committee, bureau in London, measurers). Appended are brief notes on the pigmentation survey of the school children of Scotland carried out in 1903 by school teachers; Shrubsall's study of the physical characters of London hospital patients; measurements of the inmates of Scotch lunatic asylums (Tocher); measurements of Aberdeenshire and Glasgow school children (Tocher); measurements of Dorsetshire peasants (Gray).

Daleau (F.) et Manfras (É.) Le dolmen

De

du Terrier de Cabut, Commune d'Anglade, Gironde. (Soc. Arch. de Bordeaux, 1904, xxv, 84-91 3 pl.) scribes briefly the finds- metal objects (bronze dagger-blade, bronze fragments), objects of bone ("amulet," bone bead, pins, ornaments), limestone beads, necklace of shell beads, and numerous similar shell objects, pottery (resembling ordinary French neolithic), etc., at the dolmen of Terrier de Cabut, assigned to the Morgian epoch. Déchelette (J.) Les perles de verre. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 173-177, 2 fgs.) Résumès the second part of article by Reinicke on Glasperlen vorrömischer Zeiten aus Funden

mer

nördlich der Alpen, published in Altertüunserer heidnischen Vorzeit (Mainz, 1904, v, 60-72). Glass-making is of late origin in Europe and the beads discussed by Reinecke are of Mediterranean importation.

Les petits bronzes ibériques. (Ibid., 29-40, 6 fgs.) Discusses some of the material published by M. Pierre, Paris, in his Essai sur l'Art et l'Industrie de

l'Espagne primitive (Paris, 1903-1904, 2 vols.), the small bronzes, jewels, implements, and instruments of divers sorts, of Iberic origin (fibulæ in particular). D. concludes that the evidence shows that "in proto-historic Spain there was a sort of local school of sculpture, which, while receiving inspiration from Græco-Oriental models, succeeded, in spite of awkward execution, in giving its works certain undeniably original character." In industrial art the prototypes were Upper Italian rather than Greek or Carthaginian.

Deubner (L.) O. Basener, Ludi sæculares. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, VIII, 310-314.) Résumés O. Basiner's Ludi sæculares. Drevnyerimskiya ssyekulyarnyya igry (Warsaw, 1901, pp. cxv, 326), treating of the origin and history of the so-called ludi sæculares of the ancient Romans, their relations to the Gentile cult of the Valerii. Evans (A. J.) Excavations at Knossos, Crete, 1904. (Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., Lond., 1904 [1905], 322-324.) Reports briefly explorations of floor-levels, etc., within palace area, tracing of Minôan roadway, discovery of cemetery north of palace, and sepulchral chamber farther north. Wall-paintings, great pithoi, inscribed clay tablets, painted ware, bronze objects, Egyptian alabastra, etc., were found.

Evans (A. J.), Myers (J. L.), et al. Excavations on Roman sites in Britain. (Ibid., 337-339.) Describes briefly excavations at Silchester and Caerwent, 1903-1904; detailed accounts will appear in Archæologia. At Silchester the remains of the principal bath of the Roman town were discovered; and at Caerwent the south gate and the base of a statue dedicated to Mars (date 152 A. D.). Fürtwangler (A.) Charon. Eine altatlische Malerei. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, VIII, 191-202, 2 fgs.) Treats of a frieze-painting in black on a clay object unique in form, not a vessel, since

it has neither bottom nor belly, foot nor handle, properly an eschara of old Athenian provenance. The picture is valuable as being a good half-century older than the earliest hitherto known representations of Charon. It would appear also that Charon was a genuine primitive figure in old folk-thought and not the late creation of a poet.

Keller (C.) Le poulpe de l'allée couverte du Lufang, Morbihan. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 239243, 7 fgs.) Describes the figure of the octopus carved on the third support of the left of the covered way of Lufang in Morbihan. This prehistoric figure is compared with representations of the octopus on Mycenæan vessels and other objects. Kossinna (A.) Ueber das Brandgrubengräberfeld von Wilhelmsau. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 596-599, 5 fgs.) Describes some characteristic East Germanic objects (clay vessel, dagger-knife, iron knife, iron key, etc.). Neither the double-roll fibula nor the terra-nigra vessel with frieze is unique. See Busse; Lissauer.

Krause (E.) Ueber die Exkursion der Gesellschaft am 28. Juni nach Rüdersdorf. (Ibid., 783-785, 2 fgs.) Describes briefly some urns from the graves near the lake of Steinitz, and excavations made.

Ueber Mord- und Sühnekreuze. (Ibid., 618-619.) Cites evidence to show that stone-crosses in the highway related to murder and then penance. Some 10 instances are referred to.

Lehmann (W.) Ueber eine lappländische Zaubertrommel. (Ibid., 620.) Note on a drum formerly in possession of Olaus Wormius, and noteworthy as being perfect in all respects.

Lissauer (A.) Ueber die Bedeutung des Gräberfeldes von Wilhelmsau für die Kenntniss des Handelsverkehrs in der Völkerwanderungsperiode. (Ibid., 591596, 2 fgs.) According to L., the remains of Wilhelmsau indicate the extension of West Gallic trade-relations over the Elbe to the Spree, and of East Hungarian over Silesia and Brandenburg northward. The vessel with ornamental frieze dates from (latest) the end of the third century. A distribution-map for bronze kettles and sigillata vessels with relief is appended. See Busse; Kossinna.

Die Doppeläxte der Kupferzeit im westlichen Europa. (Ibid., 519

AM. ANTH., N. S., 7.-12

525, 2 fgs.) Describes briefly 18 copper "double axes" (hole in middle, blade at each end) from various parts of Germany (15), France (2), Switzerland (1). L. considers that these "double axes" were not weapon or implements, but imported axes from the southeast (Cyprus) in the early metal-age copper bars in the form of "double axes were brought into western Europe. The adornment of some of them indicates their appreciation.

66

Die Doppeläxt aus Kupfer von Pyrmont. (Ibid., 770-772, I fg.) Describes, with results of chemical analysis, a "double axe" of copper (pure practically) found in 1900 near Pyrmont. L. considers that the analysis confirms the view that these West-European double axes" belong to the earliest metal bars coming from Cyprus into Europe. Luchsinger (C.) Das Molkereigerät in den Alpendialekten der romanischen Schweiz. (Schw. A. f. Volksk., Zürich, 1905, IX, 177-186, 251-291, 33 fgs.) This excellent monograph, with wordindex and bibliography of some 70 titles, treats in general and in particular of the various instruments, implements, and utensils employed in the milk industry; their names (etymology, etc.), etc., in the Alp dialects of Romance Switzerland. Some 30 ideas are expressed by 195 words (150 of different roots, -66 percent Teutonic, II percent Latin). Mahoudeau (P. G.) Documents pour servir à l'ethnologie de la Corse. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 165-184.) Gives results of head-measurements of 354 individuals from various parts of Corsica (mountainous central region, Niolo; region about Corte, etc.). Both brachycephals and dolichocephals are old in Corsica, but the latter were probably the original type, tending toward mesaticephalism. In Corsica, as in France, the Pleistocene man of CroMagnon has been transformed into a modern race.

(R.

Meier (S.) Volkstümliches aus dem Frei- und Kelleramt. (Schw. A. f. Volksk., Zürich, 1905, IX, 128-150, 211-223, 306-313, 1 pl., 3 fgs.) Concluding sections of monograph. Treats of folk-customs and folk-ideas concerning Lent, Ash Wednesday, shrovetide, palm-Sunday (boys with palms, "Balme"), Good Friday and the Saturday following, Easter, first and last of April, school-examinations, "months'