Siger (C.) Blancs et noirs. (Mercure de France, Paris, 1905, LVII, 543-550.) General discussion of the African question.

The soul of the black is evolving, but false humanity" on the part of Europeans leads him to infer feebleness. According to S. the beginning of philosophic wisdom, for white and black alike, lies in the respect for and consciousness of power.

Verneau (R.) Note sur quelques crânes du 2 territoire militaire de l'Afrique occidentale française. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 41-56, 6 fgs.) Describes with tables of measurements 4 Lobi, 2 Bobo, and I Tiefo skulls (all but one male) from French West Africa. The Lobis are not a homogeneous group. Mandingo influence has, apparently, made itself felt earlier among the Bobos than among the Lobis. The cephalic index of the latter ranges in the 4 skulls 65.95-78.02.

Vicente do Sacramento (J.) Apontamentos para a lingua macúa. (Bol. Soc. de Geogr. de Lisboa, 1904, XXII, 329– 338, 361-366; XXIII, 1905, 40-52, 125131, 187-196, 263-272, 300-306.) Grammatical sketch of the Macua language of Mozambique, with extensive Vocabulary ca. 2500 words. The terms for the genital organs are used for abuse and insult. Counting is treated with some detail (pp. 125-129). The conjugation of the verb óthúca, 'to anchor,' occupies pages 40-49.

ASIA

Albers (A. C.) Modern India. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 588-603, 657681, 20 fgs.) Treats of Hindu character, women (no girlhood), ceremonies (investiture of boy with sacred thread, bride-choosing, marriage ceremony, mourning), begging, religion and worship (Kali, Durga, Jaganat, Benares and its temples), caste, the stupa at Sarnath (where the enlightened Gautama delivered his first sermon), Buddha-Gaya (the Buddhist Mecca, where is the sacred Bo-tree), the Bhutanese, etc. Miss A. is head of a girls' school in India. Assmy (-) Eine Reise von Peking durch China und das tibetanische Grenzgebiet nach Birma. (Z. f. Ethnol. Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 481-500, 9 fgs.) Describes journey in 1906 from Pekin across China into Tibet. Contains some notes, on the peoples, etc., of the regions visited.

Bezold (C.) Syrisch und Aethiopisch. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, VIII, 286-304.) Notes on literature of 19031904 relating to Syrian and Ethiopian philology, mythology, religion, etc. Particularly valuable are works of Dussaud in Syrian mythology, Budge's translation of Palladsui's Historia Lausiaca (320 A. D.).

Buckley (E.) The Japanese as peers of Western peoples. (Amer. J. Sociol., Chicago, 1905, XI, 326-335.) Treats of physical characteristics, skill and industry, invention and science, philosophy, art, moral faculty, religion. B. concludes that there can be no "yellow peril" in the case of Japan, "only an honorable rivalry, profitable alike to yellow and white." Japanese art (both fine and decorative), which has won world-recognition, "is an exclusively Mongolianproduct."

Buddhist and Christian gospels. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 538-546.) Résumés the work done by A. J. Edmunds in comparative religion. His pamphlet on Buddhist and Christian Gospels was published in a second edition in 1904. Many interesting parallels are adduced.

Buffet (E. P.) A Buddhist in Jewry.

(Ibid., 622-630.) Cites parallels to the philosophy of Gotama from the book of Ecclesiastes.

Carus (P.) Assyrian poems on the immortality of the soul. (Ibid., 107-110,

2 fgs.) Cites poem concerning the visit of the gods to a dying man, a prayer for an Assyrian king, etc.

The Ainus. (Ibid., 163-177, 13 fgs.) Brief account of author's visit to the Ainu at the St Louis Exposition. Also extracts from Prof. Starr's recent book, The Ainu Group at the St Louis Exposition, on the bear-festival, etc.

Zoroaster's contribution to Christianity. (Ibid., 409-417, I fg.) Refers to the coming of the magi (Matth. II. I and the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy), King Cyrus (Is. XIV. 2), the Persian influence in the Apocrypha, the Persian doctrine of Ahuramazda and Angramainyu, Mithraism, etc., and find in Persia the anticipation of the "new faith that was to develop its full bloom in Christianity."

Moral tales of the treatise on response and retribution. (Ibid., 547562, 604-621, 14 fgs.) Gives translations of short stories with pictures by Chinese artists. See Suzuki. Dodge (A. P.) The Bahai revelation.

(Ibid., 56-63.) Criticises a previous article by Dr Carus on the new religious movement of the followers of Beha Ullah, "the blessed perfection," as he is usually called by believers in the Orient,

- the devotees are known as Babists.

Évolution de l'idée religieuse dans l'Inde. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 101-104.) Critical review and résumé of André de Paniagua's recent book, Les temps héroiques, in which the view is mistakenly set forth that India was the cradle of all human mythology, and the mater gentium. Ghosen el Howie (Mrs) Excavations at Sidon. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 223-225.) Notes on the remains of the temple of the Phenician god Eshmun. Inscriptions (possibly charms) were found on the hidden sides of the stones.

de Gourmont (J.) L'idée du retour éternel dans les religions de l'Inde. (Mercure de France, Paris, 1905, LVII, 338-356.) Author shows that the hypothesis of "the eternal recurrence of things," figuring so much in Nietzsche, -existing also in the so-called "platonic year" of German folk-lore, - goes back originally to the religions and philosophers of India; belongs with their cosmogonic ideas.

Hawkins (C. J.) Excavations and the

Bible. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX,

1-7.) Cites evidence to show that Israel was not an isolated nation, but absorbed much from the vast old-world civilization preceding her.

Herbertson (F. D.) Agricultural villages in the higher Himalayas. (Geogr. Teacher, Lond., 1905, 111, 23-27, 2 fgs.) Treats briefly of villages in the Panj or upper Oxus valley described by Olufsen in his recently published Through the Unknown Pamir, the method of irrigation, etc. In crossing streams the gupsar corresponding to the Mesopotamian inflated skin is in use.

ten Kate (H.) Neue Mitteilungen über die blauen Geburtsflecken. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 756758.) Notes occurrence in Tamil and Singhalese children in Ceylon, and cites item of Javanese folk-lore concerning toh, or skin-spot. The Singhalese name is upan happe, "birth spot." Ten K. reports that Ceylonese children, boys especially, have little of those child-like charms of face, etc., found in so many children of other colored races. Both in the Singhalese and Tamil adults the author noticed frequently a sort of pseudostupor. Ten Kate also finds the Dravidian to resemble strongly the Australian type.

(A.

Kohler (W.) Die Schlüssel des Petrus. Versuch einer religionsgeschichtlichen Erklärung von Matth. 16, 18, 19. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, VIII, 214-243.) K. concludes that this famous passage of the New Testament is not a λóyov Kupιakov, nor something taken over particularly from Judaism to Christianity, but a transference from the antique world, Mithraism is perhaps responsible for a good deal.

Latham (H. L.) The views of Shinto revival scholars regarding ethics. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 100, 106.) Cites extracts from Japanese scholars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries concerning Chinese ethics, the Mikado, example and precept, offenses, punishment and rewards, fear of the gods, etc. von Luschan (F.) Ueber alte Porträt darstellungen aus Sendschirli. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 624-625.) Discusses briefly the four heads from one of the large reliefs dug up at Sendschirli in 1888 they belong ca. 1300-1400 B. C. Von L. holds that the large nose is pre-Semitic, not Semitic, and that the old Asia Minor skull closely resembles the so-called "Alpine type", the Al

pine race came from Asia Minor, according to von L. Marquand (A.) The palace at Nippur not Mycenæan but Hellenistic. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 163–165.) Reprinted from the Amer. Jour. Archeol., Jan.-Mar., 1905. Masterman (E. W. G.) Explorations in the Dead Sea valley. (Ibid., 249-258, 3 fgs.) Reprinted from the Biblical World. Gives brief account of Costigan (1855), Molyneux (1847), and Lynch 1848) expeditions.

Nöldeke (T.) Mutter Erde und Verwandtes bei den Semiten. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, vIII, 161–166.) Cites examples of the Semitic concept of earth as "mother of all," "mother of all living," etc. Also the Semitic correlation of terms for " seed," sperma, offspring, e. g., the roots 2-r and drw. Offord (J.) The biblical Nisroch and the Assyrian and Babylonian Nusku. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 127–128.) Nusku was an important deity reported as worshiped by Sennacherib (II Kgs. XIX. 37), as "Nisroch, his god." The identification is doubted by some. Oppert (G.) Die Gottheiten der Indiert (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 501-513, 717-754.) Treats of the cul. of the aborigines of India (the highest spirit, in Tamil Aiyanārs; in Canarese, Ayyappa; the Dravidian Ellamma; the black goddess Kalamma or Kāli; Märiyammai or Mari; Visaharī and Manasā, etc.). According to O. "on the whole the basal character of the Gramadevată has remained unchanged, although Brahmans, Buddhists, Mohammedans and Christians have come in contact with it." Gramadevata ("village deity"), a Sanskrit long-word, is the usual name for the local god.

Phelps (M. H.) A representative Hindu. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 438439.) An account of Hon. P. Ramanáthan, solicitor-general of Ceylon, now visiting America.

Proctor (H.) Alphabetic origins. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 128130.)

Résumés recent articles of Petrie and Pitcher-the first considers that the Phenician alphabet is of non-hieroglyphic origin, the second believes that " 'alphabetic characters owe their form to arbitrary invention." P. thinks that the names were adopted from the sacred Hebrew square alphabet, which may be "the very character in which the Deca

Roux (P.) La prostitutée japonaise au Tonkin. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 203-210.) Treats of methods of recruiting, distribution, somatology, psychology, pathology, of the Japanese prostitute in Tonkin. Pauperism here, as elsewhere, lies at the basis of prostitution. The prostitutes are of ages from 14 to 30 (majority ca. 18), are small and not well built or well proportioned (the parts adjoining the genital system are prominent). They can all read and write and are not at all devoid of sentiment, are very loyal to their native country. Venereal diseases are very common. Even in the midst of their vicious profession these women preserve something of virtue-" the lotus, with roots in the mud, can produce beautiful flowers" (Japanese).

Note ethnographique sur les peuplades du Haut-Tonkin, Ive territoire militaire. (Ibid., 155-156.) Treats of the Ounis, Pulas, Thai or Thô (physical characters, intellect, religion and funeral rites, family, marriage, etc., foods and drinks, houses, industries, art, ornament), Niâns, Nhùngs, Mâns or Yàos, Meos of Upper Tonkin (fourth military district) numbering in all some 36,000,the Thaï, Niâns, Mâns, and Meos each count between 7000 and 8000. The written languages of the Ounis and Niâns employ Chinese characters. Several of the tribes write and speak Chinese. The Thaïs average 1.60 m. in height and 53 k. in weight. They are intelligent, courageous, honest, frank and good-natured. Although the Thai language is Siamese spoken and written, the Thaïs use Chinese characters in this region. The Thais are agriculturists and the arts are in a rudimentary state (pottery, e. g., comes from China or Annam). The Niâns and Nhúngs are shorter than the Thais. The dress of the Meos and Mâns

is very curious. Both of these peoples burn the forest for planting.

Schwally (F.) Alte semitische Religion im allgemeinen, israelitische und jüdische

Religion. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1905, VIII, 275-285.) Notes on literature of 1905 relating to ancient Semitic religion in general, religion of Israel, Judaism, — works of Curtiss, Lagrange, Torge, Matthes, Moulton, Dussaud, Sarre, Samter, Zimmern, Winckler, Nickel, Müller, Jeremias, Delitzsch, Budde, Hoffmann, Marti, Westphal, Bohn, Erbt, Meinhold, Kurtz, Lincke, Böhme, Bousset, Güdemann, Volz, Böklen, et al. are cited, besides periodical literature. Sternberg (L.) Die Religion der Giljaken. (Ibid., 244-274, 456-473.) This excellent article treats of cosmogonic conceptions, ideas about animals (especially bear and killer whale), deities (particularly gentile gods), the bear-feast and the ritual procedures accompanying the killing of a bear, evilspirits and shamanism, the fate of the soul. The Giliak is an animist, and for him man, the best known and most understood of all beings, is naturally the prototype, every visible thing is merely a form in which hides a god, -a man. The religion of the Giliaks is a composite of pantheism, animal-cult, fetishism, demonism, polytheism, etc., on a common substrate of anthropomorphism. Suzuki (T.) and Carus (P.) A religious book of China. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 477-493.) Translation, with introduction and notes, of the T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien, or "The Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution," a work of Taoist piety and ethics (consisting of an introduction, moral injunctions, description of evildoers and their penalty, sayings from various sources, conclusion). Velde (-) Eine Sammlung altchinesischer Hieb- und Stichwaffen. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 78-5 786.) Brief account of the collection of old Chinese weapons (lances, halberds, swords, daggers, battle-axes, blunt weapons of various sorts, "birds' claws," crescents, two-handed swords, etc.) in the Museum für Völkerkunde, — obtained in Pekin in 1898-1900. There are many fanciful forms of swords. The handles indicate the small size of the hands of the Chinese.

Virchow (H.) Weitere Mitteilungen über Füsse von Chinesinnen. (Ibid., 546-568, 4 pl., 2 fgs.) Treats of the plaster-cast of foot of a thirty-year old woman (foot bound from sixth year), and X-ray pictures of the feet of two

adult women and a girl of 10 years, the Chinese shoe, etc. V. styles the Chinese foot pes equino-varo - calcaneus. The Manchu and Hakka women and the women of fisher-peoples do not bind the feet.

Voirol (S.) Chez les Bâbis. (Mercure de France, Paris, 1905, LVIII, 523.) Describes a visit some three years ago to Abbas Effendi and to Abu-Chirazi, a celebrated theologian, who explained the teachings of Beha 'oullah, who gave new life to Babism.

Warren (W. W.) Newest light on our oldest mother country. (Open Ct., Chi

cago, 1905, XIX, 568-572.) Discusses Aryan origins and particularly Bal Gangâdhar Tilak's recent work, The Arctic Home in the Vedas, in which the theory is put forth that "the ancestors of the Vedic Rishis lived in an Arctic home, in interglacial times." W. had advanced in his Paradise Found the view that the cradle of the human race was at the north pole. Zaborowski (S.) Les Lolos et les populations du sud de la Chine d'après les ouvrages chinois. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, xv, 86-95, 4 fgs.) Based on photographs of the Lolos of KienChang by M. François and translations by M. Beauvais of Chinese works on the indigenes of Yunnan. Z. considers the Lolo physical type "sub-Caucasic," related rather to the peoples of Assam, Burma, etc., than the Tibetan. The Lolos burn their dead and are monogamous. The old Chinese records describe them as they are to-day, the mass of the population of this region having long been Lolo. The Lolos form a solid block even now. Valuable data are contained in the Chinese documents.

INDONESIA, AUSTRALASIA,

POLYNESIA

Igorotes, The. (Open Ct., Chicago, 1905, XIX, 113-122, 13 fgs.) Brief general description. Based on government information.

Klaatsch (H.) Reisebericht aus Sydney. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 772-781.) Describes travels in Australia Sept. 27, 1904, to Feb. 17, 1905, and gives account of the mummy of old "King Narcha" from the Boenje country, which K. obtained at much trouble and expense. Another mummy and 45 crania (30 had also most of the other

bones) are among the remains secured by the author. From kitchen-middens many primitive flints ("eoliths") were obtained, some tribes have such rude artefacts still beside polished axes, the origin of which is doubtful. Dr K.'s

visit to Australia has been rich in material and ethnic data.

Negritos, The, viewed as pygmies. (Amer. Antiq., Chicago, 1905, XXVII, 130-131, I fg.) Extract from Jenks' Report.

Pöch (R.) Ueber den Hausbau der Jabimleute an der Ostküste von DeutschNeuguinea. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 514-518, 4 fgs.) Describes the construction of the ordinary house and the two-story lum (bachelor house; or assembly house) of the Jabim of Simbang in eastern German New Guinea. Houses are on piles, even on dry ground. The walls are adorned with figures of fishes and snakes; human and animal figures in relief and painted. Jabim house-building has some analogies with Malayan, the view of von Luschan as to the relation between Malay and Melanesian house-building is confirmed.

Schellong (O.) Weitere Mitteilungen über die Papuas (Jabim) der Gegend des Finschhafens in Nordost Neu-Guinea, Kaiserwilhelmsland. (Ibid., 602-618.) Gives data additional to those recorded in 10 previous publications, concerning hair and hair-dressing (cutting, or shaving), boring of nasal septum (with pinna of sago-palm), sense of smell (predilection for pleasing odors), language (multiplicity of dialects often seemingly unrelated), trade (private; auctionmarkets), industries (special places for manufacture of nets, spears, etc.), children ("good" and well-behaved), politeness (sometimes covers deceit), tobacco, betel-chewing, property, theft, fishing and fish-weirs, bird-catching, meal-time (one big meal toward evening), food, use of coco-palm and products, diseases, burial, mourning, treatment of widow, etc.

Seurat (L. G.) Les engins de pêche des anciens Paumotu. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 297-307, 17 fgs.) Describes hooks for bonito, sharks, murenæ, attachment of line to hooks, manufacture of shell hooks, canoes and their outfit, implements, etc., in use formerly among the inhabitants of Paumotu (Low Archip.). European manufac

tures have now driven out almost entirely the ancient native devices.

Les maræ des îles orientales de l'archipel des Tuamotu. (Ibid., 475484, 5 fgs.) Describes the mara, or altars, of the ancient natives of the islands of Niuhi or Fakalina (at Tahitinui, Katipa) and Fagatau (at Ramapohia). There are also mare on the island of Napuka, but none on Pukapuka. These mare are numerous and each family has its own. They differ in type from those of Temoe and Marutea, in the southeast of the archipelago. The principal part of the mara is an oblong construction of piled stones.

Thomas (N. W.) Ueber Kulturkreise in Australien. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 759-767, 2 fgs.) Criticises the conclusions of Dr Gräbner (See American Anthropologist, 1905, N. S., VII, 720) with respect to culture areas in Australia, arguing for a bringing together of all data concerning the chief characters of aboriginal culture rather than the imperfect consideration of a large number of characters. T. points out that Roth, Spencer and Gillen deal with territory outside Grábner's so-called "West Papuan culture area." The change from maternal to paternal succession is not due to Papuan influence. Distribution of canoes, knocking out of teeth, etc., are discussed. Descent is overestimated.