The following information as to the girls' puberty ceremony was obtained on inquiry in 1903 among the Luiseño Indians of Pauma and Rincon in northern San Diego county. These Indians are of Shoshonean stock, while those at Campo described by Mr Rust belong to the Yuman family.

A fire was made in a hole in the ground. In this tule was placed. The girls were laid on this on their backs. Two flat stones were heated and laid on their abdomens. Several girls, generally relatives, were usually put through the ceremony at once. They were called as, and the ceremony weghenish. The ceremony lasted four or five days. A head-dress of a plant called engwish was worn by the girls for several months after the ceremony. During this period they could eat neither meat nor fish. The duration of this restriction does not seem to have been altogether fixed. The longer it was observed the better it was thought to be for the girls. In some cases it is said to have lasted a year. The ceremony was performed in order to make good women of the girls. They were talked to by their relatives and advised to be good and to give water and food to people.

The conclusion of the girls' period of restrictions at puberty was marked by paintings made by them on the smooth surfaces of large granite bowlders. These paintings, some of which can still be seen, especially near the old village sites, consist of geometrical arrangements of red lines, usually in patterns forming vertical stripes several feet high. After making her painting, a girl was again free to eat meat and salt. The paintings were called yunish.

At one period, apparently at the beginning of the ceremony, the girls ate tobacco. Several small balls of this, it is said without admixture of any other substance, were swallowed by them, after which they drank hot water. If they retained the tobacco they were said to be good; but if they vomited it, they were regarded as bad.

A REMARKABLE PIPE FROM NORTHWESTERN

AMERICA

BY HARLAN I. SMITH

In July, 1905, a remarkable pipe was procured by Mr George H. Pepper from Mr J. E. Standley, a dealer at Seattle, Washington, for the private collection of George G. Heye, Esq., of New York city. At the time of its purchase the pipe was labeled "A ceremonial pipe found in a mummy cave at Ellamar, Cook's inlet, Alaska."

This pipe, which is tubular in form and of the very remarkable length of 266 mm., is of mottled bluish-green steatite, apparently identical in character with that of which similar specimens of this type are made. The bowl of the pipe, which measures 53 mm. in length and forms a slight angle at its junction with the stem, is of the form characteristic of pipes of the Thompson River region.' Its upper edge is cut squarely across, while the bowl itself is gouged out longitudinally, in the process of which the wall in one place was broken through. The bowl is not circular, varying in diameter from 18 to 20 mm.

The stem, which is simply an extension of the bowl, the two having a common axis, is 204 mm. long, circular in cross-section, and larger toward its outer opening than where it joins the bowl.

The mouth-piece, which is 9 mm. in length by 31 to 32 mm. in diameter, is flat at the end, with slightly rounded edges, resembling in shape the end of a spool. There is a perforation through the flange of the mouth-piece, parallel with the axis of the stem, and one edge of the upper or larger end of the hole touches the stem (fig. 4). This end of the perforation enlarges for a short distance inward, as if drilled with a loose drill-point. From this enlarged part, as well as from the other end, the perforation of the flange 1 See Harlan I. Smith, Archæology of Lytton, British Columbia, Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, II, pt. 3, pp. 154-155, 157-158; also Archeology of the Thompson River Region, British Columbia, ibid., 1900, 11, pt. 6, pp. 428–429.

becomes constricted to a point almost opposite the upper edge of the disk-shaped part of the mouth-piece.

The bore through the stem of the pipe is smallest where it opens into the bowl, and becomes gradually larger until it reaches a point about 13 mm. from the end, when it suddenly enlarges, showing the concentric striations produced by the drill. At the end of the stem it is 9 mm. in diameter. The bore is not circular, but varies from 41⁄2 to 5 mm. in diameter at the break near the middle of the stem, where the latter is 14 to 15 mm. in diameter.

This specimen resembles the pipes from the interior of southern British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. A pipe from Lytton, B. C., shown in fig. 5 a,' has a bowl of the same general form, but varies from it in detail. In the Lytton pipe the bowl meets the stem in a gradual curve, not in an obtuse angle at the point of junction as in the Heye specimen. The mouth-pieces, however, closely resemble each other, although that of the Lytton pipe has a somewhat thicker base. The latter, which was found in a grave, is of greenish steatite; it is nicely made and well polished.

The mouth-piece of another pipe from a grave at Lytton (fig. 56)2 also somewhat resembles that of the specimen under discussion; but its base is divided by an incision and the upper and lower portions are serrated. The bowl of still another Lytton pipe (fig. 5 c),3 collected in 1877 by the late Dr G. M. Dawson, is almost identical in form with that of the pipe in Mr Heye's collection, having the rim squarely cut off and the same gradual curve, but with a raised double band at its junction with Steatite pipe the stem. from northwestern America.

FIG. 4.

Collection of

1

4

Of four pipes collected near Lytton by Lieut. G. T.

1 Reproduced from the writer's Archæology of Lytton, op. cit., fig. 103.

3 Ibid., fig. III.

4 American Museum of Natural History, cat. nos. 16.1-120 to 16.1— (Cat. no. 122, and 16.1-124. These are to be described in detail and illustrated in 4686.) 2. the writer's Supplementary Notes on the Archeology of Lytton (MS.).

Emmons, U. S. N., the first two and the last have bowls of the same shape, while the third has seemingly been changed from the usual form by being ground down after having been broken. The rims of

FIG. 5. — Pipes from British Columbia. 2. a, Of steatite, from Lytton (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., cat. no. 16-3083). b, Of steatite or allied material, from Lytton; collected by C. Hill-Tout (from a photograph of the specimen in the museum of the Geological Survey of Canada). c, of steatite or allied material, from Lytton (from a photograph of the specimen in the museum of the Geological Survey of Canada). d, Of steatite, from Kamloops (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., cat. no. 16–2519).

all are more or less squarely cut across. The first specimen has a somewhat cylindrical mouth-piece, the second a cone-shaped one, and the fourth a mouth-piece more or less specialized from the cone and decorated with incised lines. In the mouth-piece of each of these specimens the bore becomes suddenly constricted from the outer opening to the smaller bore of the stem.

The bowls of the pipes from Kamloops, B. C. (figs. 5 d and 6),' also resemble that of the Heye pipe in having the same peculiar outline and slight angle where the stem is met. The bowl of the

1 Reproduced from Smith, Archæology of the Thompson River Region, op. cit., figs. 374a, 374b.

FIG. 6.

first of these also has the rim cut squarely across and a small cylindrical mouth-piece. The stem of the second has been broken through in the making, as in the bowl of the Heye pipe.

The mouth-piece of a fragment of a pipe from Umatilla, Oregon (fig. 7a), is almost identical with that of the Heye pipe, showing the same form and having a perforation in the flange; but its base is shorter and less pronounced. The stem differs from that of the Heye pipe in that it is largest toward the bowl; and the bore of the stem instead of contracting suddenly from near the outer opening is smallest at the base and enlarges gradually toward the bowl.

A short steatite pipe in the collection of Mr W. H. Spalding, of Ellensburg, Washington, which was found on Blalock island, near Umatilla, Oregon, has a bowl with the same gradually curving outline, rim cut squarely off, and gouged-out interior. This bowl has been broken through from the outside in process of manufacture. The bore of the stem is oval in section and is largest at the mouth-piece, which is cylindrical. The general type of pipe above described is regarded as belong

Nat. Hist.,

cat. no. 162512).

2.

FIG. 7.Steatite pipes from northwestern America. 1⁄2. a, Fragment, from Umatilla, Ore. (from a sketch of the original in possession of D. W. Owen of Kennewick, Wash.). b, Fragment found under a shell-heap at Port Hammond, B. C. (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., cat. no. 16-4115). c, From a shell-heap near Sidney, B. C. (drawn from the original now in possession of C. F. Newcombe, Victoria, B. C.). d, From a shellheap near North Saanich, B. C. (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., cat. no. 16-7206).

1 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., neg. cat. no. 44, 504 (6-5).