GENERAL

Bair (J. H.) Human infancy-its causes, significance, and the limits of its prolongation. (Univ. of Colorado Studies, Boulder, 1905, III, 25-29.) Infancy "came as the direct result of increased cerebral capacity, and it affords a basis for learning by experience." Lack of pliability prevents acquisition or adaptation to the higher spiritual environment among lower beings, individuals, races. Malthusianism and the Barclay (J. W.) declining birth-rate. (Ninet. Cent., Lond., 1906, 80-89.) From study of recent statistics B. concludes that man can and does increase subsistence faster than population can multiply; that a declining birth-rate marks the growing well-being of a people and does not indicate with even approximate accuracy the growth of the population; that the birth-rate declines with the death-rate, and their close correspondence suggests the existence of a natural law that ultiThe su mately controls conception. perior fertility of the lower and the inferior fertility of the higher classes insures proper social mixture. Baudouin (M.) La technique moderne

des fouilles des sépultures mégalithes. (R. Scientif., Paris, ve s., V, 136–141.) Discusses excavation and investigation, finds, and descriptions of work, restoration. Such investigations should be carried out according to a technique justified by experience and by competent savants. von Bechterew (W.) Ueber Messung des Gehirnvolums. (Neurol. Cbl., Leipzig, 1906, XXV, 98.) Note on the watermethod of measuring brain-volume, approved by Prof. B., -a device for this process was described by him in 1892.

Blunt (W. S.) The genealogy of the thoroughbred horse. (Ninet. Cent., Lond., 1906, 58-71.) Review and critique of Ridgeway's recent work. B. thinks with Piétrement that the horse was "first tamed in the northern plains, that is to say, in some of the cold regions of Upper Asia or Eastern Europe, where snow lay long in winter, and so may have suggested the using of animals for draught in sledges rather than for any purposes of riding." The modern Kehailan is indigenous to Nejd.

Bongrand (Dr) La valeur de l'expérimentation sur l'homme en pathologie expérimentale. (R. Scientif., Paris,

ve S., V., 362-365.) Dr B. maintains that subject and experimenter should not be one and the same person, that a committee is preferable to a single individual, that frequent repetitions are desirable. Boule (M.) "La Fable éolithique." (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 726-731.) Résumés a recent article by M. de Lapparent in the Correspondant "the eolithic fable." M. de L. facetiously suggests as a good title for a book that would add to the gayety of nations: Les silex taillés par eux

on

mêmes.

Burbank (L.) The training of the human plant. (Century Mag., N. Y., 1905, LXXXII, 127-138.) Argues in favor of differentiation in training (children should be reared for the first ten years of life in the open), being honest with children, keeping fear away, using sunshine, fresh air, nourishing food (avoiding overfeeding as well as underfeeding), metamorphosis of the abnormal, B. is strengthening of the weak, etc. against the marriage of "first cousins

reared under similar environments," and would prohibit altogether the marriage of the physically unfit. He believes also that "ten generations should be ample to fix any desired attribute.” Capitan (L.) Les éolithes, d'après Rutot. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, Notes 1905, XV, 274-279, 13 fgs.) concerning the "eoliths" described and figured in Rutot's Coup d'œil sur l'état des connaissances relatives aux Industries de la Pierre à l'exclusion du néolithique, and the stratigraphy of the place where they were found.

et Papillault (G.) L'identification du cadavre de Paul Jones et son autopsie 113 ans après sa mort. (Ibid., 269273.)

Brief account of the identification

of the remains of Paul Jones on the basis of historical records, the busts by Houdon and the data yielded by the corpse itself, 113 years after death. See also Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve S., VI, 363-369.

Charvilhat (M.) Anatole Roujon 18411904. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, về S., VI, 256–259.) Appreciation, sketch of scientific activities and list of publications (257-259) of Dr A. Roujon. His writings were chiefly concerned with prehistoric archeology and ethnology. In 1873 he published in the Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris an article on Photographies mexicaines établissant l'existence dans ce pays de Mongoloides et d' Australoïdes. Costantin (J.) L'ancêtre de l'homme d'après les anciens. (R. Scientif., Paris, 1905, ve s., V, 1-6, 33-37.) Discusses

the argonaut and its actions, the legends about it, etc., Mycenaean cephalopods, etc. The ancients thought the male of the argonaut was a young cuttle-fish. The cuttlefish was regarded as the "sketch" of a man. The ancestor of man was a "fetus-fish ; " the cuttlefish, according to the old Assyrians, Greeks and Romans, was the precursor, if not the ancestor, of the human race. Cutore (G.) Di una rara monstruosità nell'uomo, perobrachius achirus. (Anat. Anz., Jena, 1906, XXVIII, 222-229, 2 fgs.) Describes, with bibliography, the case of an otherwise normal individual (with normal ancestry and connections) from Catania, whose left fore-arm is reduced in length, with the fingers represented by five little fleshy appendices. Dwight (T.) Numerical variation in the human spine, with a statement concern

ren

ing priority. (Ibid., 33-40, 96-102.) Résumés recent important papers by Bardeen, Adolphi, and Ancel and Sencert, with criticisms, in the main confirmatory of D's conclusions of 1901, except as to theory of irregular segmentation. Additional data from the WarMuseum collection are given (7 specimens). Dwight and Tenchini hit upon the idea of compensation independently at about the same time. Fourdrignier (E.) Les étapes de la céramique dans l'antiquité. Chronologie céramique. Vases Susiens. Poterie dolmenique. Anciens procédés de fabrication. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 222-246.) Discusses early Athenian, Mycenæan, Cretan, Susian, neolithic pottery. According to F., "the origin of pottery goes back at least to the very commencement of the neolithic period." The dolmenic ceramic remains indicate a crude and infant industry.

Giuffrida-Ruggeri (G.) Discussioni di antropologia generale. (Mon. Zool. Ital., Forenze, 1905, XVI, 148-158.) Discusses and criticizes chiefly Stratz's recent work, Naturgeschichte des Menschen (Stuttgart, 1904), in which he sets forth a monogenetic conception of the precocious autonomous evolution of the human stock, exclusive of the anthropoids. Dr G.-R's scheme differs from S's in regarding the white race not as a direct descendant of the primitive type, but as the last chronological succession of the three principal human directions (black, yellow, white).

Grahl (F.) Angeborener ausgedehnter Naevus pigmentosus in Verbindung mit Pigmentflecken im Gehirn. (Beitr. z. path. Anat., Jena, 1906, XXXIX, 66-81, I pl., I fg.) Describes a case of extensive Naevus pigmentosus associated with pigment-spots in the brain, — newborn well-nourished female infant of 50%1⁄2 cm. from Cologne. On the optic thalami are two small dark spots; part of the cerebellum also shows coloration. The body has a broad band of color around the middle and spots occur also elsewhere. Hadley (A. T.) Mental types and their recognition in our schools. (Harper's Mo., N. Y., 1905, CXI, 123-129.) Proposes grouping of students "according to their mental habits" as an improvement for the mass on the elective system so successful with the few.

Helm (K.) Die Heimat der Indogermanen und der Germanen. (Hess. Bl. f. Volksk., Lpzg., 1905, IV, 39-71.) Discusses the question of the primitive home of the Indo-Europeans and the Teutons from the points of view of anthropology, culture-history, archeology, etc. H. cites proof of the continuity of west European culture, - 66 the men of the shell-heaps were the ancestors of those peoples (i. e., the Teutons) who, proceeding thence in historic times, occupied a large portion of Europe and other continents." They formed a small section of the Indo-Europeans, who had a much more extended primitive home. The advances in culture noted in the later stone age are due, not to the immigration of a culturally superior people, but to the fact of independent development in loco of native stock, or their rise, slowly and laboriously under foreign influence to a higher stage of civilization.

Laurent (O.) La trépanation rolandique et la ponction ventriculaire dans l'arriération. (C. R. Acad. d. Sci. Paris, 1906, CLXII, 356-359.) Describes three experiments (girl of 4 months, boy of 10 years, child of 5 years), with more or less ameliorative results.

Laussedat (M.) Sur le relevé des monuments d'architecture d'après leurs photographies, pratiqué surtout en Allemagne. (Ibid., 435-438.) Discusses the restitution (common in Germany) of architectural monuments with the aid of photographs. From 1885 to 1905 some 835 monuments have been thus reconstituted in 185 different localities.

Le Roy (A.) Le rôle scientifique des Missionaires. (Anthropos, Salzburg, 1906, I, 3-10.) Beside his first duty ("to propagate the gospel") the missionary, by his vocation, comes to have a knowledge of the country (geography), its social conditions, religious beliefs and practices, languages, etc. He must serve God, but he may be a discoverer and investigator as well.

Libby (M. F.) Hall on growth. Précis and comments. (Investig. Dept. Psy. and Ed. Univ. Colorado, Boulder, 1905, III, I-23. Résumés G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence (2 vols. 1904). Loisel (G.) L'oeuf femelle. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 361-366.) Contains interesting data as to the nature of the female egg, female births, etc. the rare cases where it was possible to differentiate it the female egg was dis

In

tinguished from the male by being larger and better protected. Instances are recorded of a man having 26 girls in succession (no boy) by the same woman; another had 24 boys without a girl. von Luschan (F.) Ziele und Wege eines modernen Museums für Völkerkunde. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 238-240.) Discusses the objects, nature, uses, etc., of a modern ethnological museum. For academic uses small collections are quite sufficient. Good photographs of objects, types, ceremonies, etc., can be well employed for instruction. Museums should be neither collections of rarities nor art-hoards. The "show side" must be divorced from the scientific. Neither school-boys nor Cook tourists need to rush past everything in the building. Marie (Dr) et Pelletier (Madeleine) Craniectomie et régénération osseuse. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve S., VI, 369-373, I fg.) Discusses ineffective this case proves the uselessness of craniectomy as a therapeutic means in idiocy" trepanning in a male microcephal of 18 years. An osseous regen

eration, almost complete, had taken place, contrary to the opinion generally entertained by surgeons and anatomists. Monseur (E.) L'âme pupilline. (R. de l'Hist. d. Relig., Paris, 1905, LI, 1–23.) Treats of the folk-lore of the pupil of the eye. Endeavors to prove that "the pupil soul" was a very ancient conception, primitive man easily seeing in the image in the eye of him at whom he was looking, the guardian spirit, soul, etc., of the other. The "evil eye" is also discussed. The little man of the eye" has a long ethnic history.

L'âme poucet. (Ibid., 361-376.)

Discusses the Tom-thumb soul" in folk-lore, etc.,- the idea of the soul as a little man an inch or so high resident in the head, etc.

Montané (L.) La infancia de la humanidad. (R. de la Fac. de Letr. y Ci., Univ. de la Habana, 1905, 1, 168–183, 2 fgs.) Based chiefly on Verneau's L'enfance de l'humanité. Treats of prehistoric man in western Europe, the various epochs and their characteristics,

etc.

Moutier (A.) De l'influence de la vieillesse sur la pression artérielle. (C. R. Acad. d. Sci., Paris, 1906, CLXII, 599600.) Experiments of M. show that hypertension of the arteries is not as common in the old as is generally

believed, and when it does occur is the result of arterio-sclerosis and not due to the normal evolution of the organism. von Negelein (J.) Die Pflanze im Volksglauben. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 318-320, 347-349.) Treats of the folk-lore of flowers (Teutonic and Indo-European), water-origin of flowers and flower-nymphs, flower-names for girls and their significance, flower-symbols, parallelism of human beings and plants, spring-lore, plant-medicine, etc., ancestral tree-worship, soul-lore, etc. Reinach (S.) L'origine des sciences et la religion. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 657-663.) R. argues that the cultivation of cereals and the domestication of animals is due originally to religion and superstition; indeed religion is at the beginnings of everything. The history of mankind is merely a sort of progressive laicization. Magic is the strategy of animism. This subject is further developed in the second volume of the author's Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1906).

Salomon (P.) Description d'un fœtus achondroplase. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 303-308.) Describes, with some detail, a male achondroplasic still-born infant (almost at term), figuring since 1864 in the Dareste collection in the Lille Museum as phocomelian. In a future memoir Dr S. intends to study the rôle of achondroplasia in the production of phocomelian

monsters.

Schmidt (W.) Die moderne Ethnologie. (Anthropos, Salzburg, 1905, 1, 134163.) First part, German text with French version on opposite page, — of a general discussion of the nature and extent of ethnology, its divisions, etc. Schrader (F.) Sur les conséquences physiques et historiques du retrait des anciens glaciers. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, xv, 408-414.) Discusses the effects upon man and his migrations of the retreat of the glaciers. According to S., the human swarming of the neolithic epoch was due to the disappearance of the glacial régime and the gradual return of the temperate flora and fauna, and the attraction exercised upon a certain human group by these new conditions. The rapports of Asia and Europe are also discussed. To glacial Europe corresponded a more European Asia. As Europe became more habitable Asia became less. The desiccation influenced

the evolution of the peoples, beyond the hives of India and China lay barbaric tribes and nomadic hordes, where civilization was largely inhibited. Schwalbe (G.) Zur Frage der Abstammung des Menschen. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 159-161.) Critique reply to a previous article by Kollmann. S. maintains that the Neanderthal man, homo primigenius, is the predecessor of the present human race, homo recens. Also argues against K.'s theory of the priority of small races, such pygmoid remains as have been noted being rather individual variations within the limits of one and the same race.

Taylor (J. W.) The Bishop of London on the declining birth-rate. (Ninet. Cent., Lond., 1906, 219-229.) Author concludes that the steady decline in the birth-rate is due to "artificial prevention" (both the legitimate and the illegitimate birth-rates are so affected, the latter being no longer a criterion of morality). The result is grievous physical, moral and social evils for the whole community. The paper of Barclay is severely criticized. See Barclay (J. W.).

Thulier (H.) Discours prononcé à l'inauguration du monument de Gabriel de Mortillet. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, xv, 385-388.) Brief appreciation of scientific activities, and list of chief publications. Tschepourkowsky (E.) A quantitative study of the resemblance between man and woman. (Biometrika, Cambridge, 1905, IV, 161-168.) Discusses stature, cephalic index, nasal index, head length, facial index, relative arm length, with respect to the various peoples of the Russian empire (as reported by various authorities, particularly Ivanovski). In three of the characters compared woman is more variable than man, though in five the difference is not sensible. Verworn (M.) Ueber die ältesten Spuren des Menschen. (Corr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 6364.) Discusses the question of the "eoliths," etc. M. concludes that "at the close of the miocene period there already existed a somewhat differentiated culture," when man is silent, stones speak. Welldon (J. E. C.) The children of the clergy. (Ninet. Cent., Lond., 1906, 230-238.) From the statistics of the