manse

Dictionary of National Biography it appears that "the eminent or prominent children of the clergy since the Reformation have been 1,270," while in all English history the corresponding numbers for the children of lawyers and doctors are respectively, 510 and 350. The distribution of eminent children of clergymen among the various walks of life is discussed. In Scotland "the sons of the have long had repute. Woodruff (C. E.) Complexions of the insane. (N. Y. & Phila., Med. J., 1905, Repr., pp. 7.) Gives results of the records, by Dr Russell, of the N. Y. Commission in Lunacy, of the color of eyes, hair, and skin, of 1,439 insane individuals. The native-born insane seem to be of lighter type than the population from which they are drawn. According to Major W., blond invalids (tuberculous especially) should be kept north, "only brunet invalids will do well in the south."

The neurasthenic states caused by excessive light. (Med. Rec., N. Y., 1905, Repr., pp. 21.) Major W. holds that "the main result of excessive light, which is not of sufficient degree to cause necrosis of protoplasm, is some kind of a chemical breaking up which renders it paretic." The effects of the tropics on blonds, the good results of sanitoria in the north for southern neurasthenics, the therapeutic uses of light, complexions, seasonal mortality, etc., are briefly discussed. Old estimates of the excellence of sunny climes must be revised. The most healthful spot in the country, according to the last report of the Surgeon-General, is the northwestern corner, a very cloudy and rainy area.

The identity of variations and modifications. (Amer. Med., Chicago, 1905, X, 661-665, 706-710.) After discussing various theories of variation, Major W. argues that "modification is a variation in the soma due to a temporary change in the environment"-both are identical and neither is hereditary unless the causes are repeated, and (paradoxically) each is hereditary as long as the cause exists. Return to the normal is almost a universal rule in all organisms, if the environment is restored. Similarity of environment may evolve similarity of types of man in widely separated areas, e. g., the Amazonian Leggs and the aquatic Malays.

I

EUROPE

Anderson (Nina) A tour in Corsica. (Cheltenham Ladies' Coll. Mag., Chelt., 1906, 27-35.) Notes on Bastia, San Fiorenzo, Ajaccio, Corte, Bonifacio, etc. At a church near Bastia is a collection of relics which includes a clod of earth from the garden of Eden, a sample of The bergerie manna, Moses' rod, etc. is typical of the more peaceful life of the people about Ajaccio of to-day, but it has little in common with an English sheep-farm." Murder is still the national vice of the Corsican. Batky (Zs.) Blaue Sgraffito-Geschirre. (Anz. d. Ethnogr. Abt. d. Ung. Nat.Mus., Budapest, 1905, 111, 48-50, I pl., fg.) Describes briefly the blue "sgraffito-ware" of which a collection (20 jugs and 34 plates) dating from 1786 to 1846, is in the Hungarian National Museum. The flourishing period of this ware was 1799-1813; the earliest known specimen goes back to 1781. Baudouin (M.) Découverte d'un menhir tombé sous les dunes et d'une station gallo-romaine aux Chaumes de SaintHilaire-de-Riez, Vendée. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 271-278, 2 fgs.) Describes, in continuation of previous article, the Pierre du Trou d'argent (a fallen megalith), a polished axe, some pseudo-flints, human bones and some dozen skeletons, GalloRoman vases, some copper or bronze rings, etc., found in 1902-1905 at what appears to be a Gallo-Roman "station," of the second or third century A. D.

Les gravures sur os de l'époque gallo-romaine à la nécropole de Troussepoil, au Bernard, Vendée. (Ibid., 310-320, 6 fgs.) Gives account of graffiti, marks resembling the Roman figures, V, VI, XI, VII, VIII, IX, IV, X, and heads of animals, etc., on bones of the Gallo-Roman epoch found in 19021903 in the sepulchral pits of the necropolis of Troussepoil. They are probably ancient, isolated signs, only resembling Roman figures. E. Rivière reports similar"figures" from the necropolis of Hameau, Paris.

Bennett (J. I.) Esculapius the miracle

worker. (Union Univ. Q., Schenectady, N. Y., 1905, 1, 252-265.) A somewhat wit-moved discussion of the labors of "the John Alexander Dowie of the Greeks."

Breuil (H.) Prétendus manches de poignard sculptés de l'âge du renne. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1905, XVI, 629632, 3 fgs.) The Abbé B. argues that the so-called poniard handle of Laugerie-Basse, which figures in G. de Mortillet's Le Préhistorique is not such but simply an incompleted piece of sculpture, as the figures of reindeer carved one behind another, e. g., from Bruniquel, indicate. Their exact use is undetermined,

- they may have been clothes-buttoners. Brunner (K.) Ueber Funde bei Iwno, Kr. Schubin, Posen. (Z. f. Ethn., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 899-912, 19 fgs.) Describes briefly nine finds (chiefly pottery urns, and other clay objects; stone hammer, flints, amber bead, etc. ), from graveplaces of the early bronze age at Iwno in Posen. The human remains had quite disappeared.

Busse (H.) Urnenfeld bei Wilmersdorf

in Kreise Storkow-Beeskow. (Ibid., 920.) Notes finds of urns and seven subsidiary vessels, stone hammer, bone beads, and other objects. Capitan (L.) Présentation de silex de Guerville près Mantes, pseudo-éolithes. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ves., VI, 373-378. ) Describes some "pseudo-eoliths," of the sort discovered by M. Laville at the cement factory of Guerville, near Mantes. These "pseudoeoliths" are made by the machinery that breaks up the masses of slate and chalk (the latter often containing pieces of flint, etc.); they resemble closely the so-called "eoliths" of Rutot, etc.

Recherches dans les graviers quaternaires de la Rue de Rennes à Paris. (Ibid., 269-270.) Brief account of the discovery of a tooth of the rhinoceros tichorhinus and a tooth of a mammoth in the quaternary gravels exposed during the construction of the metropolitan subway in the Rue de Rennes, city of Paris. No flints of undisputed human make were found, except a few "eoliths."

Congrès préhistorique de France, xre session tenue à Périgueux. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 373385.) Résumés papers read at the French Prehistoric Congress held at Périgueux Sept. 26-Oct. 1, 1905. A large portion of the communications dealt with "cave man" and related topics. A. de Mortillet read a paper on Bolivian primitive implements (stone spades, mallets, etc.), based on a collection made by him in the region of L. Titicaca.

Charbonneau-Lassay (L.) L'abri sous roche et les quartz taillés de SaintLaurent-sur-Sèvre, Vendée. (Ibid., 344-346, 4 fgs.) Describes two "coup-de-poing "of quartzite of paleolithic type from the immediate neighborhood of the rock-shelter of St Laurentsur-Sèvre. These are the only Chellean objects so far known representing a paleolithic industry in the Vendean granite. Cook (A. B.) The European sky-god. III: The Italians. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1905, XVI, 260-332.) Treats in detail of Jupiter, his names and appellations, characteristics, functions (sky-god, weather-god, water-god, earth-god), sacred-tree (oak, beech, poplar, mistletoe), symbols, the "golden bough, the manes, the king as an embodiment of Jupiter, recognition of Jupiter in popular heroes, latent belief in a human Jupiter, emperors and Jupiter, the king as representative of the sky-god, killing the effete king, the Poplifugia and Regifugium, the Nones, etc.

Da Costa-Ferreira (A.) La capacité crânienne, chez les criminels portugais. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, ve s., VI, 357-361.) Based on study of data of Dr Ferraz de Macedo. The author concludes that Portuguese criminals, in general, have a cranial capacity larger than that of normal individuals and are also more corpulent, this corpulence is the chief factor in increasing such capacity. Determination of criminal type from cranial capacity is impossible. Elworthy (F. T.) A solution of the Gorgon myth. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1905, XVI, 350-352, 2 fgs.) Adduces further evidence of the Perseo-lobster explanation.

Favreau (Dr) Ueber Kiesgrubenfunde bei Neuhaldensleben. (Corr. -Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 63-66.) Discusses the probable age of the flints found in the Neuhaldensleben gravel-pits. These belong, according to the animal remains accompanying them, to the interglacial period. Fritsch (G.) Eine verzierte Hirschgeweihstange. (Z. f. Ethn., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 969-970.) Brief account of a piece of red-stag horn (ornamented with numerous marks all over one side and on part of the other) from Stargard in Lausitz.

Giovanetti (-) Quelques observations et corrections se référant au travail de

M. Merejkowsky sur le crânes de la

Sardaigne. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve S., VI, 287–288. ) Corrects errors in a table of cephalic, nasal-facial and orbital indices of Sardinian skulls given by Merejkowsky in Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1882, p. 164.

Girard (P.) Les origines de l'épopée en Grèce. (R. Int. de l'Enseignm., Paris, 1906, LI, 97-114.) Discusses Homer and the pre-Homeric Greece revealed in the last few years. The Iliad is relatively modern and composite. Neither it nor the Odyssey lies near the birth of culture. The Greeks were the Greeks because they made Homer; and because in Homer they have set their ideal humanity."

Gönczi (F.) Brunnen und Steige im Göcsej. (Anz. d. Ethnogr. Abt. d. Ung. Nat.-Mus., Budapest, 1905, III, 7-12, 4 fgs.) Treats of the wells (usually in front of the houses) and stiles among the Magyars of Göcsej in the western part of the district of Zala. Sweepwells (csigáskutak, “roll-wells"), tubwells (bodonkut), their preparation, apparatus, etc., are described. The stiles formerly served for entrance into the yard or even the house. Groos (W.) Die Murichowo, ein Gebiet für deutsche Forschung und Unternehmung. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 293-295, I fg.) Describes a European terra incognita, Murichowo on the river Vardar in Macedonia, which probably contains some of the descendants (non Slav in speech) of the first hordes of Asiatic Bulgars. It contains also a settlement of Germans, a "culture island."

Günther (C.) Coblenz und Umgebung in vorgeschichtlicher, römischer und frankischer Zeit. (Corr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., 1905, XXXVI, 57-59.) Brief account of prehistoric, Roman and Frankish remains in and about Coblenz. Paleolithic objects occur at Metternich and Rhens (flint implements, bones of mammoth, teeth, etc.); neolithic at Urmitz ; Hallstatt at Neuhäusel. The early Roman period is represented at Urmitz, etc., while the city of Coblenz itself was the site of a castellum, and Roman remains occur all around. Frankish remains occur in Lützel Coblenz. Hahne (H.) Ueber die Beziehungen der Kreidemühlen zur Eolithenfrage. (Z. f. Ethn., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 10241035.) Discusses the so-called "chalk

AM. ANTH, N. S., 8-26

mill fragments," - pseudo-eoliths,-and the recent articles in particular of Boule and Obermaier. These flints, which so closely repeat the forms of the famous eoliths, were first discovered by Laville at Mantes in France. Material analogous to that of Mantes is cited by H. from Sassnitz. See Capitan (L.).

Hervé (G.) Les alsaciens sous le rapport moral et intellectuel. (R. de l'Ec. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, XV, 281-301, 317-336, 8 fgs). Treats of literature (three times, in the thirteenth century, in the Hohenstaufen era of Old Germanic epics, at the end of the Middle Ages in the beginnings of German prose and with the mystics, and in the time of the precursors of the Reformation,- Brandt, Marner, Fischart, etc.,- Alsatian influence was dominant), public men and men of science, teachers, scholars, etc. (Hirn, Wurtz, Reuss, Friburger, Koch, and many historians, philologists, etc.), political ideas (in the Alsatian the "sense of monarchy "is lacking), psychic temperament, art and music (Goethe erred in ascribing to Teutonic genius all the monumental architecture of Alsace). The first great period of Alsatian literature lasted from the ninth century to beyond the Reformation.

Heyne (-) Ueber Körper und Gesichtsbildung der alten Germanen. (Corr.Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 61-62.) Résumés data from Tacitus, Ausonius, etc., as to the bodily and facial characters of the ancient Teutons (men and women). Their white skin and rosy appearance were praised, but not their voices. Ausonius of Bordeaux fell in love with and married the Swabian slave Bissula. The names Bruno and Bruna seem to refer to complexion. Later, stature appears to have decreased somewhat, hair and skin color alone remaining of the old Teutonic ideals.

Hoffmann (W.) Heidentum, Katholizismus und Protestantismus in unserer rheinhessischen Landbevölkerung. (Hess. Bl. f. Volksk., Leipzig, 1905, IV, I-24.) Treats of Rhenish-Hessian folk-thought, heathen (of old beliefs and customs not a few fragments still remain: the so-called Mai-Kuren," the straw-rope of St Sylvester's night, some folk-beliefs about the vine and its products, the fabled fountain-origin of infants, etc., beliefs about fire, New Year's, Easter and other practices, customs connected with birth,

66

baptism, courting and married life, death and funerals, spirits, the devil, charms, taboos, etc.), Catholic (remains of Catholic influence in Protestant Hesse are seen in current belief as to the relation of man to God and of man to man; as to the sacrament, sin, etc.; the position of the clergyman; the nomenclature of the calendar, etc.), and Protestant (antiCatholic feeling regarding images, vestments, individualism, rationalism, etc., but not to the exclusion of pietism). Jaeger (J.) Die Tegernsee. (Globus,

Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 357-362.) Treats of geology of this Bavarian lake, human occupation (no traces of man of stone or metal ages yet discovered; nor did the Romans settle here; not till the sixth century, when the old Bajuwari came, was this region really inhabited), place-names, the cloister (founded in 756), which had a noted and useful career, etc. Kahle (B.) Die verschluckte Schlange. (Ibid., 233-234.) Discusses the old

Norse tale of the "snake" in the stomach of the beautiful princess Ingeborg and her cure.

Kárpáty (K.) Votiv-Gaben aus TransDanubien. (Anz. d. Ethnogr. Abt. d. Ung. Nat.-Mus., Budapest, 1905, III, 45-47, 2 fgs.) Notes on votive-gifts (animal forms, limbs, etc.) in wax from trans-Danubian Hungary. These objects are difficult to obtain, as they are melted into tapers by the religious authorities after they have been offered in procession or at the altar. Kiessling (M.) Das ethnische Problem des antiken Griechenland. (Z. f. Ethn.,

Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 1009-1024.) First part of a general discussion of ancient Greek ethnology-geographical and linguistic (folk-names and placenames) data. K. considers that when the Hellenic tribes entered Greece from Central Europe they found there an "autochthonous" people whose original home was in Asia Minor. From the mingling of these arose the ethnos of Hellenic culture. Knoop (O.) Pölnische Dämonen. (Hess.

Bl. f. Volksk., Lpzg., 1905, IV, 24-32.) Discusses various Polish " demons," djabelek my jacy ("wash devil"), a recent creation; "bis," plonnik (a neighbor in league with the devil), kusy (the one with too-short clothes," a euphonism for "devil"), boruta and rokita (the former is "the Polish national

devil," who lives in a subterranean part of an old castle near Gnesen; the latter has more of a peasant character), with brief legends, etc. Lehmann-Nitsche (R.) Ueber die Adalbertsteine zu Strelno, Kujawien. (Z. f. Ethn., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 946-951, 2 fgs.) Describes the "Adalbert stones" (erratic red granite blocks) in front of a church at Strelno, believed by the author to indicate a cult-place of the old heathen period. Certain reverence attaches to them on the part of the Polish Catholic population.

Lissauer (A.) Eine Doppelaxt aus Kupfer von Ellierode, Kr. Northeim, Hannover. (Ibid., 1007-1009, 2 fgs.) Describes a double-axe of pure copper (the nineteenth hitherto known) from Ellierode in Hanover, between Börssum and Pyrmont. The axe, which evidently could not be used as a tool, was probably a form of “ copper bar," intended for insignia of honor, ex-votos, "money," or the like.

Zweiter Bericht über die Tätigkeit der von der Deutschen anthropologischen Gesellschaft gewählten Kommission für prähistorische Typenkarten. (Ibid., 793-847, 37 fgs., map.) This second report of the committee on maps of prehistoric types treats of the different varieties of special axes (stop-ridged and flanged, West European; northern; north German ; Bohemian), listing places where they have been found. The West European and northern types belong to the older bronze age, the north German to the epoch from the middle of the second period of Montelius far into the third period of Montelius, the Bohemian to the epoch from the second to the third period of Montelius.

"The

Lovett (E.) The Whitby snake-ammonite myth. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1905, XVI, 333-334, I pl.) Notes on the snakeheaded ammonites once figuring on town arms of Whitby -the legend was that there were snakes turned into stone by St Hilda (Scott's Marmion, ii. 13). Maclagan (R. C.) Additions to Games of Argyleshire." (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1905, XVI, 340-349, 4 fgs.) Treats of hopping games, imitative games, incorrect speaking, knife games, leapfrog, marbles (one game is "American tag"), mental agility. Madarassy (L.) Das Putri (Hütten-) Viertel. (Anz. d. Ethnogr. Abt. d. Ung. Nat. Mus., Budapest, 1905, III, 53-57,

3 fgs.) Describes briefly the putri or "hut" quarter, or gypsy section (pariah class) of Hungarian towns, etc. Mahoudeau (P. G.) Découverte d'une sépulture néolithique à Martigny près Vendôme, Loir-et-Cher. (R. de l'Ec. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, xv, 420-421.) Brief account of the discovery, reported by M. G. Renault, of a neolithic burialplace at Martigny near Vendôme. Through carelessness of the farmer's employés in their search for treasure, at least 20 human skeletons were destroyed. The "furniture" of the grave consisted of a single fine lance-point of flint. Manouvrier (L.) Crânes de l'époque Mérovingienne. (Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1905, ve s., VI, 361-362.) Notes on 5 skulls (two of the sixth century from the Merovingian cemetery of Cléry; three from the cemetery of Maurepas, one of the eighth, the others of the eleventh or twelfth century) presented to the Society by M. C. Burlanger of Péronne. No measurements. Ethnic types are not very marked in these skulls. One, however, has strong individual characters, prognathism, etc. Mehlis (C.) Neolithische Näpfchensteine.

(Globus, Brnschwg., 1905, LXXXVIII, 184, 2 fgs.) Describes pitted stones from Wallböhl and notes various theories as to their use: amulets and pectoralia; for making holes in skins, etc.; nutbreakers (sambaquis of Brazil); primitive palettes for colors; for shaping clay pearls.

Mielke (R.) Ein tönerner prähistorischer

Fusz. (Ibid., 354, I fg.) Brief note on a prehistoric clay foot from Uckermarck. The markings indicate that in the middle of the bronze age, at least, sandals were in use.

von Miske (K. Frh.) Mitteilungen über Velem-St. Veit. (Mitt. d. Anthr. Ges. in Wien, 1905, xxxv, 270-277, 13 fgs.) Describes briefly prehistoric finds (bronze ornaments, implements, etc.; pottery) from the foot of Mt Velem St Veit and forged iron from fibulæ of the Glasinac type. The use of the clay pyramids is not clear although they seem to be connected in some way with the hearth. de Mortillet (A.) La trouvaille morgienne de Glomel, Côtes-du-Nord. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthr. de París, 1905, XV, 337-343, 12 fgs.) Describes 13 bronze objects (an axe and 12 dagger-blades), now in the Museum of St Omer, found in 1840-1845 (in connection with the

making of the Nantes-Breste canal, etc.) at Glomel, in the department of the Côtes-du-Nord, Brittany. No arrowpoints were found with them. De M. considers it a votive deposit and not the "cache" of a manufacturer or a trader. Murko (M.) Zur Geschichte des volkstümlichen Hauses bei den Südslawen. (Mitt. d. Anthr. Ges. in Wien, 1905, XXXV, 308-330, 8 fgs.) This first part résumés briefly the Slavonic literature of the subject, discusses Meringer's works on the Bosno-Herzegovinian house, the "High German" house in the adjacent countries, etc.

Näcke (P.) Syphilis und Dementia paralytica in Bosnien. (Neurol. Cbl., Leipzig, 1906, XXV, 157-164.) Dr N. finds that while syphilis in Bosnia (also Herzegovina and probably Dalmatia) is extraordinarily common, brain-softening and tabes dorsalis are very rare.

Oesten (E.) Bericht über den Fortgang der Arbeiten zur Rethra-Forschung. (Z. f. Ethn., Berlin, 1905, XXXVII, 981-990, 7 fgs.) Résumés the results of the excavations, etc., in November, 1904, and January, 1905, at 10 different spots in Prillwitz. Remains of a bridge, and at the end of it, of a large building, not the Rethra temple, but the approach to it, were discovered. Other relics of the ancient Redarii were also found. Osterheide (A.) Zwei Kleinigkeiten zum "Martinsfest." (Hess Bl. f. Volksk., Lpzg., 1905, IV, 33-38.) According to O., the St Martin's day customs still bear evidence of "a contest of summer and winter." Text (two versions) and music of the "Martin song," as it is still given by children in Moers a. Rh. Pasquale (M.) Lo sviluppo fisico nei ragazzi delle scuole della Città e Provincia di Roma. (Int. A. f. Schulhyg., Lpzg., 1906, 11, 270-297, 28 tables, 6 curves.) Gives results of investigation (stature, weight, chest-girth, strength of hand) of 2005 boys and 1530 girls, from the elementary schools of the city and province of Rome, between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Up to 10 years the boys surpass the girls in height, but from 10 to 15 the latter exceed the former, the maximum difference occurring between 12 and 13. The chest girth follows stature but with less marked differences. In strength of hand the girls are at all ages inferior to the boys-the left hand is inferior in both sexes. In height the boys of the city of Rome surpass those of