GENERAL

Ahlenius (K.) Friedrich Ratzel och hans antropogeografiska lärobyggnad. (Ymer, Stckhlm., 1906, XXVI, 36-57.) Sketches the scientific labors of Ratzel and his anthropogeographical theories, with notes on his chief publications. Bair (J. H.) Education and medical advancement as precluding any further mental and physical evolution of the human race. (Univ. of Colo. Stud., Boulder, 1905, 11, 223-236.) Prof. B. argues that "all progress upward, so far as the individual is concerned, in bodily fitness and brain capacity, tends to be retarded by means of man's arbitrary arrangements in the form of education and science." New factors that will save the race are needed. Something can still be done in the way of developing sentiments and ideals along the lines pursued by Burbank in the vegetable world. Becker (A.) Ein Pestsegen. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 290–291.) Discusses the Zacharius plague-prayer,+ zia+dia + biz + sab+z+hgf+bfrs, used after the pest of 1547. Capitan (L.) Le XIII Congrès international d'anthropologie et d'archéologie préhistoriques. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 212-216.) Brief account of proceedings at Congress held at Monaco, April 16-22, 1906. (See American Anthropologist, VII, no. 3, 1906.)

Le Congrès international d'anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco. (Ibid., 261-282). Résumés papers and discussions relating to the prehistoric in the region about Monaco-eoliths, Quaternary classificatiou, African archeology, art of cave-man, transition from paleolithic to neolithic, origin of neolithic

culture, protohistoric Mediterranean civilizations, Hallstatt and La Tène culture, etc. M. Montané exhibited some pre-Columbian remains from a cave at Sancti-Spiritus, in Cuba - of the skulls some are negroid, others Mexicanoid.

et Arnaud d'Agnel (M.) Un curieux mode d'importation de silex taillés d'Orient en France. (Ibid., 6972, 9 fgs.) Treats of flints found in sacks of beans imported into France from Syria and other parts of Asia Minor. They are quite numerous and add to the difficulties of exactness in silexology. von Duhn (F.) Rot und Tot. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 1–23.) Treats

of the collocation and contrast of "red and dead (death)" in folk-thought and in the ceremonies and rituals of various tribes and peoples of all ages and countries. Ancient red-painted coffin boards from the Mediterranean region, red swaddling-clothes for the dead in ancient Greece and New Zealand, red as deathcolor in India, painting skeletons red, an old and widespread practice (from prehistoric Europe to the American Indians), painting of marble heads and statues in ancient Greece, red as life-color (the corpse or skeleton is given the appearance of life), smearing with blood, as in fetish (in Africa blood is the sacrifice that reconstitutes life), red as symbol of the power and pulsing of human life and energy. The Mediterranean region alone offers much evidence as to these ideas, which go back to very ancient times. Red-painting of bones, v. D. thinks, cannot be always explained as transference from painting of the skin, clothes-color, etc. To the literature cited should be added Hrdlicka's paper in the American Anthropologist, III, 701.

Eckert (M.) Zur Geschichte und Methode der Wirtschaftsgeographie. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 159161.) Résumé and critique of Dr Alois Kraus's Versuch einer Geschichte der Handels- und Wirtschaftsgeographie (Frankf. a. M., 1905).

Fischer (E.) Ueber Pigment in der menschlichen Conjunctiva. (Verh. d. Anat. Ges. zu Genf, 1905, XIX, 140-144, I fg.) Gives results of examination of the pigmentation of the conjunctiva in 20 Germans (Baden), one Italian, one Japanese and one Chinese, one Hindu, two Melanesians, and two Negroes. The Italian and the Germans had no trace of pigment. The order as to quantity of pig. mentation is Negro, Melanesian, Hindu, Chinese, Japanese (very little). These facts, according to F., support the Schwalbe theory of the originally dark skin of man; indicating also that the European lost pigment first. Giuffrida-Ruggeri (V.) In occasione delle onoranze a Cesare Lombroso. Antropologia normale e antropologia criminale. (A. d. Soc. Rom. di Antrop., 1906, XII, 335-337.) Discusses relation of normal and criminal anthropology. The somatic and psychic study of the degenerates of higher races is useful for comparison with the corresponding data concerning the lower races of man. The nexus of the somatic and the psychic belongs to both.

Il maggior peso dell' encefalo femminile dimostrato da Angelo Messedaglia (Ibid., 338-339). Cites from a MS. work on Calcolo dei valore medii left by the well-known statistician, Prof. A. Messadaglia (d. 1901), of which one chapter, Critica della teoria de Quetelet su l'uomo medio, has been published by Prof. Viola in the appendix to his Uomo medio Veneto (Padova, 1905), his demonstration of the fact that the female brain is proportionately (as to stature) heavier than the male.

Hervé (G.) De Charles Estienne et de quelques Recettes et Superstitions médicales au XVIe siècle. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 133139.) Cites from the L'agriculture et maison rustique of Charles Estienne, published in French in 1564 and in Latin as Prædium rusticum some time previously, "remedies which the farmer ought to know for the diseases of his people"- some 35 items. Estienne was humanist, grammarian, physician.

Hopf (L.) Ueber Jugendspiele bei Tieren und Menschen. (Corr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f. Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 46.) Discusses briefly play-theories, that of Groos in particular. The acme

of play is reached in the riddles, games, etc., of children. Landrieu (M.) Lamarck et ses précurseurs. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 152-169.) Article from a forthcoming volume by the author on Lamarck, le fondateur du transformisme. Treats of Maupertius, Diderot, Robinet, Buffon, etc.

Lasch (R.) Einige besondere Arten der Verwendung des Eies im Volksglauben und Volksbrauch. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 101-105.) Treats of the egg as food of the dead and as grave-gift, as oracle and in fortune-telling and prophesying, as symbol of betrothal and in wedding ceremonies, pubertycustoms, etc. The egg plays an important rôle in the "magic" of the folk and of primitive peoples. As symbol the egg has largely lost its magic and uncanny significance. But many relics of the old powerful "egg charm" still remain.

Lehmann-Nitsche (R.) Paläoanthropologie. Ein Beitrag zur Einteilung der anthropologischen Disziplinen. (Ibid., 222-224.) Discusses briefly paleoanthropology and its place in anthropological science. According to Dr L.-N.'s classification, paleoanthropology treats of the extinct forms of the human race, has two divisions (physical, psychic), each of these having also a zoo- and a phylo- subdivision. Anthropology itself is similarly divided.

Schädeltypen und Rassenschädel. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., V, 110-115.) Discusses views of Blumenbach, Nyström, Bartels, Virchow, Rieger, Rebentisch, Ranke, Papillault, etc. There are infantile, adult and senile varieties of the age skull-type; there are also individual skull-types and sexual skull-types; physiological or biological skull-types; culture skull-types; race skull-types. In America there is not merely polytypy in skull-forms but even poikilotypy. From various standpoints one and the same skull can be biological, sexual, racial, etc., in type. Manouvrier (E.) Une application anthropologique à l'art militaire. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 93-101.) Résumés M.'s Le classement

des hommes et la marche dans l'infanterie (Paris, 1905, pp. 98), which has also appeared in vol. XXXVIII of the Revue d'infanterie. The reform proposed is simply to arrange the infantry in each section according to the length of their legs, the short-legs preceding.

(L.) Conclusions générales sur l'anthropologie des sexes et applications sociales, II. (Ibid., 249-260.) Argues that the rôle of science in politics and sociology is exactly the same as in medicine and hygiene. Political and sociological science ought to adapt itself to the nature of psychological facts by the same right and in the same way as the art of medicine adapts itself to the necessities imposed by biological chemistry.

v. Mengden (W.) Bericht über den Ersten Internationalen Archäologischen Kongress in Athen im April 1905. (Stzgb. d. Ges. f. Gesch., u. s. w., Riga, 1905 [1906], 101-112.) Brief account of papers and proceedings of the First International Archeological Congress, Athens, 1905.

Müller (E.) Om de äldsta människora

serna. (Ymer, Stckhlm., 1906, XXVI, 121-138, I fg.) Treats of the problem of the oldest human race (Neanderthal, Spy, Trinil, Krapina, etc.) M. concludes that all the highest developmental forms in the organic realms, the Pithecanthropus, Homo primigenius, and Homo sapiens, are ramifications from a common, undifferentiated primitive form, about which we lack all knowledge. Nilsson (M. P.)

Totenklage und Tragödie. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 286-287.) Résume of an article in Swedish in Comment. philologæ in hon. Joh. Paulson (Göteborg, 1905). According to N. one of the roots of the tragedy lies in the death-lament over the dead hero-god; thus grief and pain were always characteristic of it. Its name comes from the fact that the orgiasts clothed themselves in the skin of the slain animal, usually a goat. Oberhummer (E.) Anfänge der Völkerkunde in der bildenden Kunst. (Corr.

Bl. d. D. Ges f. Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 127-130.) Treats of the beginnings of ethnology in the pictorial art of prehistoric man (femme au renne and "bison-hunter" of Laugerie-basse), primitive peoples (Australia, Africa, America), ancient civilized races (China, Japan, India, Egypt, Greece, Rome).

(A.

There is rich material for study in this direction. Perusini (G.) Sui caratteri detti "degenerativi" delle sopracciglia, vortici sopraccigliari e sopracciglio-frontali. d. Soc. Rom. di Antrop., 1906, XII, 279-292, 3 pl., bibliogr.) Treats of the so-called "degenerative" characters of the eye-brows (vortices, etc.) — meeting eye-brows are credited in folkthought and proverbs of several countries to witches and persons with sexual appetites. Some of the phenomena in question are residua of embryonic dispositions, others chance or individual facts of no "degenerative" significance. Preuss (K. T.) Religionen der Naturvölker. Allgemeines 1904-05. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 95-114.) Résumé-reviews of recent works on primitive religion by Hubert and Mauss (magic), Marett (spell and prayer), Beck (imitation), Frobenius (sun-god), Ehrenreich ( comparative American

mythology), Dieterich (mother-earth), and several by Dr P. himself (origins of religion and art, influence of nature on religion, etc.).

Rabaud (E.) Anomalie de la deuxième circonvolution pariétale. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 291293, I fg.) Describes a large fossa, "parietal fossa" it might be called, in the brain of a man who died of general paralysis. This may be, according to Dr R., a new degeneration-stigma, though other explanations are possible. Rademacher (L.) Walfischmythen. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 248-252.) Discusses the widespread myth of the man swallowed by a fish, recently emphasized by Frobenius in his monograph on the sun-god. R. cites also the tale in Lucian overlooked by F., comparing it with Polynesian, Livonian, Angolan, Greek, Magyar and other versions. Ranke (K. E.) Die Theorie der Korrelation. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 168-202, 6 fg.) Résumé and demonstration of the theory of correlation as developed in the works of Galton, Pearson and Yule.

Renard (L.) Henri Schuermans. Notice biographique. (Bull. Inst. Archéol.. Liégois, Liège, 1905, XXXV, 325-345, portr.) Sketch of life, appreciation and list of publications of the Belgian archeologist and epigrapher, H. Schuermans. (1822-1905)

Révész (B.) Der Einfluss des Alters der Mutter auf die Körperhöhe. Eine anthropologisch-soziologische Studie. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 160-167.) Cites Riccardi, Rácz, Duncan, Kézmárszky, Deniker, etc. Dr R. concludes that the younger the mother the smaller the child, the older the taller - individually and racially. Sudhaus (S.) Lautes and leises Beten. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, 1x, 185– 200.) Treats of loud and low prayer among the nations of antiquity (Romans, Greeks, Hebrews, etc.). The low or silent prayer is widespread and typical in the realm of charms and magic. Loud prayer is the older, corresponds to more primitive ideas of the relation of man to the gods, and is known to all the ancient nations. Prayer aloud persists still in Italy, etc. Silent prayer represents rather a modern idea, in some respects.

Thoroddsen (T.) Endnu nogle Ord om Landsbro-Hypotesen. (Ymer, Stockholm, 1906, XXVI, 93-101.) Discusses post-glacial land communication by way of the North Atlantic and replies to article by H. G. Semmons. If the landbridge existed in the time of the kitchenmidden people of Scotland, etc., they could have passed northward over the Faroes and Iceland to Greenland. Thulié (H.) Le terrain mystique.

(R.

de l'Ec. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 217-227.) Chapter II of a forthcoming volume on La mystique pathol ogique. Emphasizes the early time of life at which the signs of degeneration appeared and the precocity of the manifestations of diseased mysticism. Numerous instances are cited of mystics of both sexes exhibiting pathological traits. von Török (A.) Versuch einer systematischen Charakteristik des Kephalindex. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 110-129.) The author outlines a scheme based on consideration of extent of variation of greatest length, greatest breadth, and greatest height (Virchow) of skull, by which any skull of any race can be characterized at once in reference to these three dimensions, and found to be really long, short, etc. Pages 119-129 are occupied by a table for using the system. Walcher (G.) Ueber die Entstehung von Brachy- und Dolichocephalie durch willkürliche Beeinflussung des kindlichen Schädels. (Corr.-Bl. d. D. Ges. f.

Anthrop., München, 1905, XXXVI, 4345, I fg.) Reprinted from the Zbit. f. Gynäkol., 1905.

EUROPE

Andrae (A.) Hausinschriften aus deutschen Städten und Dörfern. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 181-189.) Cites numerous house-inscriptions (mostly in German dialects, some in Latin, etc.) from some 50 German towns and villages. They belong to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and are sometimes accompanied by house-marks. de Aranzadi (T.) Zur Ethnographie des Ochsenjoches und zur Baskenkunde. (Ibid., 298.) Adds to data in previous article of Prof. Braungart, concerning the ox-yokes of the Basques (the characteristic one is a horn-yoke with two pointed bows), etc. The name of the hazel (urra) is older in place names than those of the oak and the walnut. Olive and vine are lacking in place names. Bailly (F.) Notice sur les anciennes mesures de Bourgogne. (Mém. Soc. d'Archéol. de Beaune, 1904 [1906], XXIX, 223-306.) Interesting historical and explanatory account of the old measures (for liquids and semi-liquid substances) and weights, etc., of Burgundy. Bardon (L.) et Bouyssonie (J. et A.) Outils écaillés par percussion. (R. de l'Éc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 1906, XVI, 170-175, 4 fgs.) Treats of fragments and flakes of flint, tools produced by percussion, retouched pieces, etc., from the Coumbo-del-Boulton in Corrèze. These flaked tools occur most frequently in the old strata of the "glyptic" age, being absent from the typical Magdalenian. Bärwinkel (Dr) Die Körpergrösse der Wehrpflichtigen der Unterherrschaft des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1905, N. S., IV, 41-47, 3 maps.) Gives results of measurements of height of 9,608 recruits (1872-1901) from two towns and 48 other places. The average stature is 167.1, rather higher than that for the neighboring districts. No influence of calcareous areas on stature is noticed, nor of lowland and plateau.

Blümml (E. K.) Germanische Totenlieder, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Tirols. (Ibid., v, 149-181.) After a general discussion of Teutonic songs on death and related folk-verse of other